Acol

For the village in Kent, England, see Acol, Kent.

Acol is the bridge bidding system that, according to The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge,^[1] is "standard in British tournament play and widely used in other parts of the world". It is basically a natural system using four-card majors and, most commonly, a weak no trump.

It is named after the Acol Bridge Club, previously located on Acol Road in London NW6, where the system started to evolve in the early 1930s.^[2] According to Terence Reese, its main devisers were Maurice Harrison-Gray, Jack Marx and S. J. Simon.^[3] Marx himself, writing in the Contract Bridge Journal in December, 1952, said: "...the Acol system was pieced together by Skid Simon and myself the best part of 20 years ago."^[4] In another account, Marx and Simon...

progressively, infected and re-infected each other with the virus of the game. In interminable slow walks...they would wander round and round the quiet streets, endlessly discussing the refinments of the enthralling game. Out of these conversations—surely a strange gestation—was born Acol as we know it and play it to-day.
— Guy Ramsay, Aces All (1955), Museum Press Limited, London, p. 170.

The first book on the system was written by Ben Cohen and Terence Reese.^[5] Skid Simon explained the principles that lay behind the system,^[6] and the system was further popularised in Britain by Iain Macleod.^[7] The Acol system is continually evolving but the underlying principle is to keep the bidding as natural as possible. It is common in the British Commonwealth but rarely played in North America.

Bidding system structure

As a bidding system, Acol has the following characteristics:

It is a natural system: most opening bids, responses and rebids are made with at least 4 cards in the suit bid, and most no trump bids are made with balanced hands.
It is a four-card major system: only four-card suits are required to open 1♠ or 1♥, unlike Standard American and many other systems where five-card suits are typically required.
It is an approach forcing system: whether or not a bid is forcing (systemically requiring a response) depends on the previous bidding ("approach"). This is in contrast to level forcing systems, such as 2-over-1, where the level of the bid determines whether or not it is forcing.
It makes extensive use of limit bids: limit bids describe the hand so closely, in terms of high card points (HCP) and shape, that the one who makes the limit bid is expected to pass on the next round, unless partner makes a forcing bid.
Understanding and correct use of limit bids and forcing bids is fundamental to applying the system: all no trump bids below the level of 4NT are limit bids, as are all suit bids that merely repeat a suit already bid by the partnership; changes of suit may be forcing or not depending on the approach bids.
The level of the 1 NT opening bid influences other bids: the normal choice is between a "weak no trump" (12-14 HCP) and a "strong no trump" (15-17 HCP). In earlier forms of Acol, a "variable no trump" was common; 12-14 non-vulnerable and 16-18 vulnerable.
If using a weak no-trump, this is the only "fully natural" bidding system which does not require a "short club" or "prepared" club/diamond bid with less than 4 cards. All 1 of a suit opening bids then promise at least 4 cards in the bid suit.

Variants

Acol is an unregulated system. There is no Acol governing body and no single publication containing the "official" Acol (unlike, for example, Standard American Yellow Card). It can be compared to a living language since it is liable to change at the whim of users. The main versions of Acol in use today are:

Acol: unregulated Acol, from the simple to the complex, remains in common use throughout the UK. At any one time the version in most common use will be known as "Standard Acol" although this term will mean different things to different players and is becoming increasingly confused with Standard English Acol.
Standard English Acol (originally called simply "Standard English") or Bridge for All (BfA) Acol. Developed by the English Bridge Union in 1996, and designed to facilitate the learning of bridge and to provide standardised guidance to novices, intermediate players and their teachers. This variant uses the weak 1NT opening (12-14 points) and strong two opening bids. Simple conventions such as Stayman, Blackwood and Transfers are included at various stages in the learning process. It has been widely promulgated by the EBU and by EBUTA in particular, but the exact form is used mainly by those who have learned their bridge recently and those who taught them.
Modern Acol: a broad term for modern systems based on standard Acol but adding some additional conventions, particularly transfers and alternative ways of playing opening two-bids, as described below. Varies between partnerships, but typically includes two-suited overcalls, cue bids, checkback Stayman, Jacoby 2NT and Roman Key Card Blackwood.
Benjaminised (Benji) Acol: recognising that strong two opening bids occur rarely, the 2♥ and 2♠ openings are used as weak two bids to show weak hands containing long suits (under 10 HCP and a 6-card suit). Very strong hands (8 or more playing tricks, equivalent to an Acol Strong Two) are shown by an opening bid of 2♣ which forces a 2♦ response allowing suits to be shown. The strongest hands (e.g., 23+ points or a game force hand, equivalent to the Acol 2♣ opening) are shown by an opening bid of 2♦.
Reverse Benji: identical to Benji except that the 2♣ and 2♦ bids are switched in meaning. A 2♣ opening bid is now the strongest bid, as in basic Acol.
Modern Acol with Three Weak Twos: uses the Standard American pattern where 2♣ is the only strong bid and 2♦, as well as 2♥ and 2♠, is a weak two bid. Proponents consider that a Benji 2♦ bid on 23+ or a game forcing hand is too infrequent (about 0.2% of hands) to use up a whole opening bid. A weak two in diamonds is much more common (1.2%). However, some definition is lost on strong hands aiming for slam.
Acol with Multi 2♦: this variant of Acol makes use of the Multi 2 diamonds convention, where 2♦ shows a variety of hands including weak two bids in hearts and spades. The 2♣ bid is used as in standard Acol (23+ points). Various uses are made of the 2♥ and 2♠ bids, with traditional strong twos or Lucas twos being some popular methods.

Standard Acol

The following is a brief summary of the Standard Acol of the early/mid-2000s. Standard Acol has not changed significantly since that time.

Opening bids

Opening bids promise at least 12 high card points (HCP), or the equivalent in HCP and shape, unless preempting. Apart from NT, opening bids guarantee the ability to make a rebid over any forcing response from partner. There are six special opening bids which are quite closely defined, and one wide-ranging opening bid:

Special opening bids:
- 1NT - Shows a balanced hand (4-3-3-3, 4-4-3-2 or 5-3-3-2). Subject to partnership agreement, it may be either weak (12-14 HCP), strong (15-17 or 16-18 HCP) or variable (i.e., varying between weak and strong according to vulnerability). Limit bid. The weak NT is by far the most common practice among UK club and social players.
- 2♣ - Conventional game-forcing bid, promising game-going values (normally 23+ HCP) and at least 5 quick tricks. Game forcing unless responder replies 2♦ and opener rebids 2NT.
- 2 of any other suit - Strong two bid which shows a strong hand with at least eight playing tricks and a 6-card suit (or two 5-card suits). Forcing for one round.
- 2NT - Shows a balanced hand with 20-22 HCP. Limit bid.
- 3 of a suit - Pre-emptive, normally seven or more cards in the suit bid (may be six at favourable vulnerability), weak hand (not more than 10 HCP). Not forcing.
- 3NT - Pre-emptive, shows a long solid minor suit and is called the Gambling 3NT
Wide-ranging opening bid (made if too strong to pass and unable to make one of the special opening bids):
- 1 of a suit - Promises a minimum of 12 HCP and a 4-card suit, 11 HCP and a 5-card suit, or 10 HCP and a 6-card suit. Not forcing.

The wide-ranging 1 of a suit bid is the most common opening bid, accounting for about 75-80% of opening bids. The 1NT opening occurs on about 20% of biddable hands if "weak", or 10% if "strong".

Responses to 1 of a suit

Pass - less than 6 HCP
2 of opener's suit - at least four-card support and 6-9 HCP. Limit bid.
3 of opener's suit - at least four-card support and 10-12 HCP. Invites game if opener has requisite strength (14 HCP or more). Limit bid.
4 of opener's suit - at least five-card support for opener's major and 6-10 HCP, this is pre-emptive and to play.
1NT - 6-9 HCP, denies ability to bid at 2 level. Not necessarily balanced. Limit bid.
2NT - balanced, 10-12 HCP. Limit bid.
3NT - balanced, 13-15 HCP. Limit bid.
1 of a new suit - promises at least four cards in the suit bid, 6 HCP upwards. Forcing for one round.
2 of a new suit (below 2 of opener's suit) - normally 5-card suit, at least a good 8 or 9 HCP. Forcing for one round
Jump in a new suit - 5-card suit (or support for partner), at least 16 HCP, Game force.

note: these last three bids may conceal 4-card support for opener's suit, whereas the three NT responses deny 4-card support for opener, and also normally deny holding a 4 card major biddable at the 1 level

Responses to 1 NT

2♣ - Stayman. Opener responds 2♦ with no four-card major, 2♥ with a four-card heart suit and 2♠ with four spades (denies four hearts). Forcing for one round.
2 of any other suit - weak takeout, opener must pass. Some players make use of transfers.
3 of a suit - shows a strong hand with a five-card suit, forcing to game.
2NT - 11-12 HCP. invites game if opener is maximum (i.e., for a weak opening NT, if opener has 14 or a good 13 HCP).
3NT - to play.
4♣ - asks for aces. (Gerber)
4♥, 4♠ - to play.
4NT - slam invitation, opener bids 6NT with a maximum.
5NT - slam invitation, opener bids 6NT unless a minimum. Note: some play as invitation to 7NT; opener bids 6NT if minimum, 7NT with a maximum).

Players should adjust the point ranges for responses if not playing a weak (12-14) NT opening.

Responses to 2 NT

3♣ - Baron. Opener bids his lowest four-card suit. Forcing. (Stayman may also be used as in responses to 1NT; i.e., 3♦ shows no 4-card major).
3 of other suit - shows a five card suit, forcing to game. Some players use transfers.
Other responses as over 1NT.

Responses to 2 ♣

2♦ - negative. Responder lacks the strength for a positive response. Unless opener rebids 2NT (balanced, 23-24 HCP, which may be passed), the sequence is forcing to game.
2NT - fairly balanced, 8 or more HCP. Some players take this as showing a minor. Forcing to game.
2 of a suit - at least five in the suit, the equivalent of an ace and a king in high cards. Forcing to game.
3 of a suit - Solid suit of at least six cards. Forcing to game.

Responses to 2 of a suit (Strong Two)

2NT - negative. Responder lacks the strength for a positive response.
Simple bid of a new suit - 8 or more HCP, at least five in the suit. Forcing to game.
3 of opener's suit - 5-8 HCP, at least 3-card support. Forcing to game.
3NT - flat hand, 8-11 HCP. Not forcing.

Opener's suit rebid after one-level opening

Rebid own suit

Rebid of own suit at lowest level - minimum hand, at least a five-card suit, 12-15 HCP, non-forcing.
Jump rebid of own suit - strong hand, normally at least six-card suit, 15-19 HCP, non-forcing but highly invitational.

Bid new suit

Bid of new suit at lower level than first suit - minimum hand, 12-15 HCP, first suit has at least as many cards as second suit, non-forcing.
Bid of new suit at higher level than two of the first suit, but without jumping (a Reverse bid) - strong hand, 16-19 HCP, first suit has more cards (at least five) than second suit, forcing for one round.
Jump in new suit - strong hand, about 19+ HCP over 1 level response or 16+ over 2 level response, first suit has at least as many cards as second suit, forcing to game.

Support for responder

Simple raise of responder's suit - minimum hand, 4-card support, 12-15 HCP, non-forcing
Jump raise of responder's suit - stronger hand, 4-card support, 16-18 HCP, non-forcing
Jump to game in responder's suit - game values, 4-card support, 19 HCP, non-forcing

Opener's NT rebid after one-level opening

(The following bids assume a weak NT opening)

After a suit response at one level the traditional rebids are:

1NT - balanced, 15-16 HCP, limit bid
2NT - balanced, 17-18 HCP, limit bid
3NT - balanced, 19 HCP, limit bid

However, the modern approach modifies the ranges for the rebids thus:

1NT - balanced, 15-17 HCP, limit bid
2NT - balanced, 18-19 HCP, limit bid
3NT - Often an Acol two type of hand prepared to play in NT.

After a suit response at two level the traditional rebids are:

2NT - balanced, 15-16 HCP, limit bid
3NT - balanced, 17-19 HCP, limit bid

The modern approach is to use the 2NT rebid as forcing and use 3NT as 15-17 with support for the minor that responder has bid (one option).

In the modern approach the 2NT rebid is forcing.

Responders 2nd bid after Opener's 2NT rebid

By partnership agreement 3♣ can be used as a (forcing) enquiry to seek definition of the 2NT rebid.

The only non-forcing bid by Responder after Opener's 2NT rebid is a rebid of Responders suit. This means that bidding opener's first suit is unconditionally forcing.

Responder's second bid

By the time responder has to rebid, it is often clear what the best final contract should be, especially if either player has made a limit bid. If opener has bid two suits, responder can show preference between them. With a strong hand but uncertain whether a game contract is on or which game it should be, he can use fourth suit forcing to obtain further information.

Fourth suit forcing

Main article: Fourth suit forcing

A bid of the fourth suit at the 2 level by responder is a one-round force, usually asking opener to bid no trumps with a stopper in the fourth suit. A fourth suit bid at the 3 level is similar, but forcing to game.

Overcalls and doubles

Suit overcalls promise at least 5 cards.

Jump overcalls promise at least 6 cards, but may be played as weak, intermediate or strong. BfA Acol uses intermediate (opening hand, 11-16 points).

1NT overcall typically promises 15-18 points and at least one stopper in opponents' suit.

Double is for takeout, showing an opening hand (12+ points) short in opponents' suit (occasionally a very strong hand, at least 16+ points, of other shapes)

Responses to 1 of a suit if opponents overcall

Generally similar to unopposed bidding, but with these differences:

Double - negative or Sputnik double (up to 2 ♠), for takeout, usually showing at least 4 cards in any unbid major. But note that in earlier versions of Acol, this double was for penalties.
1NT, 2NT and 3NT limit bids normally promise a stopper in opponents' suit.
2 of a new suit (without a jump but above 2 of opener's suit) - at least 5-card suit, at least a good 9 HCP. Forcing for one round.

Alternatives

In common usage, the term Acol is understood to refer to a four-card majors system. For hybrid systems using the weak NT opening with one or both five-card majors, a different terminology is preferable.

Five card spades or 5443 system; the 1♠ opening shows at least 5 spades, and a hand with 4 spades and 4333 shape is opened 1 ♣. This can also be played so that the 1♥ opening either guarantees 5 hearts or 4 cards in both majors. A 1♣ opening may be on only 3 cards.
Five card majors with a weak NT; both 1♥ and 1♠ openings guarantee 5 cards. Sometimes known as the "Third Way" system. To handle 4432 hands with both 4 card majors, this needs either a "short club" (1♣ can be as few as 2 cards) or both a prepared 1♣ and 1♦ which could be just 3 card suits.

References

↑ Manley, Brent, Editor; Horton, Mark, Co-Editor; Greenberg-Yarbro, Tracey, Co-Editor; Rigal, Barry, Co-Editor (2011). The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge (7th ed.). Horn Lake, MS: American Contract Bridge League. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-939460-99-1.
↑ Acol Bridge Club Website.
↑ Reese, Terence and Bird, David, Acol in the 90s, Robert Hale Limited (London), 1990, ISBN 0-7090-5379-7, page 7.
↑ Hasenson, Peter (2004). British Bridge Almanack. London: 77 Publishing. p. 490. ISBN 0-9549241-0-X. Page 54.
↑ Cohen, Ben and Reese, Terence, The Acol Two Club: with an introduction by S.J.Simon, Leng, Sheffield, 1938. This was the first Acol textbook, its authors wisely disclaiming originality: "We do a job of reporting." It had a famous Preface, "Attitude of Mind" by Skid Simon. — Second and subsequent editions titled The Acol System of contract bridge. Joiner & Steele, London. — 2nd ed 1939; 3rd ed 1946, with 13 hands from the Waddington Par Contest; 4th ed 1949, with a selection of hands from the 1949 International Series; 5th ed [1956?], with a selection of hands from the 1955-56 international events and an Introduction by Guy Ramsey. The fourth edition introduced three new chapters on competitive bidding, mistakes to avoid, and two clubs over one no-trump (the Marx or Stayman convention).
↑ Simon S.J., Design for bidding, Nicholson & Watson (London), 1949.
↑ Macleod, Iain, Bridge is an easy game, Falcon (London), 1952.

External links

The English Bridge Union, Standard English Modern Acol System File (PDF)
Standard English Acol (Described as a "dialect of Acol")
Landy and EBU Committee. Really Easy Bidding 1998 The English Bridge Union, Aylesbury, UK, ISBN 0-9506279-2-5.
One form of a Modern Acol bidding system that's easy to teach and easy to convert to five card majors:..Surrey School Acol

Contract bridge articles

Overview

Introduction	Bridge scoring Contract bridge Duplicate bridge Glossary of contract bridge terms Rubber bridge

See also	Auction bridge Bridge ethics Bridge maxims Bridge Murder case Bridge whist Bridgette British Rule Chicago Computer bridge Contract bridge diagram Duplicate bridge movements Goulash High card by suit History of contract bridge Laws of Duplicate Bridge Masterpoints Minibridge Neuberg formula Screen Singaporean bridge Suit Traveling scoreslip Trump Vugraph

Bidding

Introduction	Bidding system Bridge convention Hand evaluation

Systems	List of bidding systems 2/1 game forcing Acol Bidding system Blue Club Boring Club Bridge Base Basic Bridge World Standard Canapé (bridge) Carrot Club CS System EHAA Fantunes Highly unusual method Kaplan–Sheinwold Little Major Moscito OK bridge 2/1 Polish Club Precision Club Roman Club Romex system Säffle Spade Standard American Strong club system

Conventions	Aspro convention Asptro convention Astro convention Baron convention Bergen raises Blackout convention Blackwood convention Brozel Byzantine Blackwood convention Cappelletti convention Carrot 1NT Carrot 4NT Comfy Canapé Copenhagen convention (bridge) CRASH convention DONT Drury convention Ekren convention Fishbein convention Fit showing jump bid Flannery Forcing notrump Fourth suit forcing Fragment bid Gardener 1NT Gerber convention Ghestem Grand slam force Hello convention Jacoby 2NT Jacoby transfer Kamikaze 1NT Landy Last Train Leaping Michaels Lebensohl Lightner double Lionel convention List of defenses to 1NT Meckwell convention Meyerson convention Michaels cuebid Mini-Roman 2 Diamond Mohan convention Muiderberg convention Multi 2 diamonds Namyats Negative double Negative free bid New minor forcing Norman four notrump Ogust convention Pass-or-correct bid Raptor convention Relay bid Rosenkranz double/redouble Rubens advances Rubensohl San Francisco convention Serious 3NT Slam-seeking conventions Snapdragon double Splinter bid Stayman convention Strong Notrump After Passing (SNAP) Strong two bid Strong two clubs Suction convention Texas transfer Transfer Walsh Unusual notrump Unusual vs. unusual Walsh convention Woolsey convention XY Notrump convention XYZ convention

See also	Balanced hand Balancing (bridge) Bidding box Board (bridge) Brown sticker Convention card Cue bid Five-card majors Forcing bid Forcing pass Gambling 3NT Game try Honor point count Inverted minors Law of total tricks Losing-Trick Count Major suit Minor suit Optimum contract and par contract Overcall Preempt Prepared opening bid Principle of fast arrival Psychic bid Quantitative no trump bids Reverse (bridge) Sacrifice (bridge) Shooting (bridge) Single suiter Strong pass Support double Takeout double Three suiter Two suiter Useful space principle Void (cards) Weak two bid Zar Points

Card play

Introduction	List of play techniques Caddy Card reading Duck Endplay Entry Finesse Hold up Revoke Ruff Safety play

Declarer play	Coups: Alcatraz coup Bath coup Belladonna coup Coup Coup en passant Crocodile coup Deschapelles coup Devil's coup Merrimac coup Morton's fork coup Scissors coup Trump coup Vienna coup Squeezes: Backwash squeeze Cannibal squeeze Clash squeeze Compound squeeze Criss-cross squeeze Double squeeze Entry squeeze Entry-shifting squeeze Guard squeeze Knockout squeeze Non-simultaneous double squeeze Progressive squeeze Pseudo-squeeze Saturated squeeze Simple squeeze Simultaneous double squeeze Single-suit squeeze Squeeze play Stepping-stone squeeze Strip squeeze Triple squeeze Trump squeeze Vice squeeze Winkle squeeze Suit combinations: Suit combination Suit combination – J missing Suit combination – 10 missing Suit combinations – K10 missing

Defender play	Journalist leads Opening lead Rule of 10-12 Rule of 11 Rusinow leads Signal Smith signal

See also	Avoidance play Beer card Forcing defense Grosvenor gambit Loser on loser Percentage play Pin (bridge) Principle of restricted choice Probabilities Shooting Smother play Tempo Trump promotion Uppercut Vacant Places

People and organizations

Administrators, players and writers	ACBL Youngest Life Master List of contract bridge people List of nationality transfers in sport A Terje Aa Pierre Albarran Ron Andersen Martin Andresen Russ Arnold Sabine Auken Walter Avarelli B Lynn Baker Cezary Balicki Hermine Baron Roger Bates Grant Baze Henry Beasley B. Jay Becker Mike Becker Giorgio Belladonna Richard Belton Albert Benjamin Marty Bergen David Berkowitz Lisa Berkowitz Huub Bertens David Bird Cheri Bjerkan Easley Blackwood, Sr. Blue Team Lou Bluhm Norberto Bocchi Janet de Botton Tim Bourke Peter Boyd Malcolm Brachman Bart Bramley Marcelo Branco Mildred Breed Tomas Brenning Raymond Brock John Brown David Bruce Michelle Brunner Walter Buller Chuck Burger Wesley Burrowes C Orlando Campos Mike Cappelletti Gerald Caravelli Drew Casen James Cayne Gabriel Chagas Juanita Chambers Bernie Chazen Curtis Cheek Paul Chemla Dennis Clerkin George Coffin Larry N. Cohen Larry T. Cohen Ben Cohen Gary Cohler Richard Coren Donna Compton Charles Coon Kitty Cooper Barry Crane Carol Crawford John R. Crawford Ely Culbertson Josephine Culbertson D Massimo D'Alelio Dallas Aces Hugh Darwen Lynn Deas Richard DeMartino Seymon Deutsch Mike Develin John Diamond Leslie Dodds Albert Dormer Doug Doub Giorgio Duboin Michel Duguet E Billy Eisenberg Russ Ekeblad Morrie Elis J.B. Elwell Maria Erhart Bob Etter Disa Eythorsdottir F Ben Fain Björn Fallenius Fulvio Fantoni Mary Jane Farell Phil Feldesman Harry Fishbein Arnie Fisher Marty Fleisher Jeremy Flint Pietro Forquet Tony Forrester R.F. Foster Gene Freed Richard Freeman Edith Freilich Richard L. Frey Doris Fuller G Nico Gardener Steve Garner Benito Garozzo Piotr Gawryś Terry W. Gee John Gerber Pierre Ghestem Eldad Ginossar Fred Gitelman Jeff Glick Brian Glubok Ramesh Gokhale Bobby Goldman Arthur S. Goldsmith Agnes Gordon Fritzi Gordon Phil Gordon Charles Goren Michael T. Gottlieb Ross Grabel Matt Granovetter Audrey Grant Eric Greco Alan C. Greenberg Ari Greenberg Gail Greenberg William Grieve Susanna Gross Glenn Grøtheim Nancy Gruver Ace Gutowsky H Garey Hayden Fred Hamilton Bob Hamman Petra Hamman Nicolas Hammond Geoff Hampson Harold Harkavy Maurice Harrison-Gray Emma Jean Hawes Lee Hazen Geir Helgemo Tor Helness Christal Henner Walter Herbert Paul Hodge Marc Hodler Mark Horton Carl Hudecek Roy Hughes Edward Hymes I J Zeke Jabbour George Jacobs Marc Jacobus Oswald Jacoby Pierre Jaïs Marilyn Johnson Henry Jones (Cavendish) Robert F. Jordan K Charles Kalme Mike Kamil Edwin Kantar Edgar Kaplan Gaylor Kasle Ralph Katz Richard H. Katz George S. Kaufman Norman Kay Amalya Lyle Kearse Sami Kehela Hugh Kelsey Alicia Kempner Betty Ann Kennedy Roy Kerr Ron Klinger Martin de Knijff Putte Kock Eric Kokish Kenneth Konstam Valentin Kovachev Jim Krekorian Michał Kwiecień L Mark Lair Hemant Lall Harry Lampert Steve Landen Kyle Larsen Emanuel Lasker Lorenzo Lauria Mike Lawrence Sidney H. Lazard Michael Ledeen Peter Lee Linda Lee James Lemon Peter Leventritt Bobby Levin Jill Levin Irina Levitina Theodore Lightner Harold Lilie Robert Lipsitz Clyde E. Love Paul Lukacs M Iain Macleod Jim Mahaffey Zia Mahmood Merwyn Maier Renee Mancuso Ed Manfield Ronald Mansbridge Rixi Markus Chip Martel Jan Martel Jack Marx Lew Mathe Karen McCallum Jeff Meckstroth Rose Meltzer Adam Meredith Jill Meyers Marion Michielsen Marshall Miles Jacqui Mitchell Sol Mogal John Mohan Victor Mollo Mark Molson Albert H. Morehead Larry Mori Dan Morse Jo Morse Brad Moss Bauke Muller Eric Murray N Bobby Nail Nick Nickell Claudio Nunes O Jack Olsen Jaime Ortiz-Patiño Aileen Osofsky Géza Ottlik P Camillo Pabis Ticci Beth Palmer Mike Passell Richard Pavlicek Jordanis Pavlides Peter Pender Leonard Pennario Carl'Alberto Perroux Olive Peterson Hubert Phillips Sue Picus William Pole Rozanne Pollack Gary Pomerantz Julian Pottage Tony Priday Tommy Prothro Jacek Pszczoła Q Shawn Quinn R Judi Radin George Rapée Terence Reese Doris Rhodes Kay Rhodes Arthur G. Robinson Steve Robinson Jim Robison Andrew Robson Eric Rodwell Bill Root Eunice Rosen Billy Rosen Debbie Rosenberg Michael Rosenberg George Rosenkranz Hugh Ross Alvin Roth Dan Rotman Jeff Rubens Ron Rubin Ira Rubin S Kerri Sanborn Carol Sanders Thomas K. Sanders Boris Schapiro Howard Schenken John Schermer Meyer Schleifer Peter Schneider Barbara Seagram Michael Seamon William Seamon Janice Seamon-Molson A. J. Sefi Martin Seligman Brian Senior Tim Seres Omar Sharif Alfred Sheinwold Shen Chun-shan Ruth Sherman Jaggy Shivdasani Rita Shugart Allan Siebert Sidney Silodor S. J. Simon Dorothy Rice Sims P. Hal Sims Helen Sobel Smith Marc Smith Nicola Smith Mike Smolen Tobi Sokolow Paul Soloway Charles J. Solomon Peggy Solomon Alan Sontag Nathan B. Spingold Ivar Stakgold JoAnna Stansby Lew Stansby Allan Stauber Samuel Stayman Sherman Stearns Paul Stern Fred Stewart Tobias Stone John Sutherlin Peggy Sutherlin John Swanson Paul Swanson Ralph Swimer Peter Swinnerton-Dyer T Edward O. Taylor Tom Townsend Roger Trézel Dorothy Hayden Truscott Alan Truscott U Helen Utegaard V Harold Stirling Vanderbilt Alfredo Versace Daniela von Arnim Ron Von der Porten Waldemar von Zedtwitz Bep Vriend W Margaret Wagar Rhoda Walsh Louis H. Watson C. C. Wei Katherine Wei-Sender Peter Weichsel Howard Weinstein Steve Weinstein Albert Weiss Roy Welland Berry Westra Charles Wigoder Adam Wildavsky Sylvie Willard Chris Willenken Eddie Wold Bobby Wolff Gavin Wolpert Jenny Wolpert Joel Wooldridge Kit Woolsey Milton Work Meike Wortel X Y Sally Young Z Richard Zeckhauser Jack Zhao Pierre Zimmermann Adam Żmudziński

Clubs	Bridge Club Brașov Cavendish Club Galatasaray Bridge Team Melville Bridge Club Portland Club (London) Savoy Club Young Chelsea Bridge Club

Governing bodies	American Bridge Association American Contract Bridge League Austrian Bridge Federation Brazilian Bridge Federation British Bridge League Canadian Bridge Federation Dutch Bridge Federation English Bridge Union European Bridge League International Mind Sports Association List of bridge governing bodies Norwegian Bridge Federation World Bridge Federation United States Bridge Federation

Championships

Introduction	List of bridge competitions and awards

World	Bermuda Bowl Bridge at the 2008 World Mind Sports Games Bridge at the 2012 World Mind Sports Games Cavendish Invitational Computer Olympiad McConnell Cup Rosenblum Cup Senior Bowl (bridge) Triple crown of bridge Venice Cup World Bridge Championships World IMP Pairs Championship World Junior Pairs Championship World Junior Teams Championship World Mind Sports Games World Mixed Pairs Championship World Mixed Teams Championship World Open Pairs Championship World Senior Pairs Championship World Senior Teams Championship World Team Olympiad World Transnational Open Teams Championship World Women Pairs Championship

National and Zonal	Buffett Cup Camrose Trophy Commonwealth Nations Bridge Championships European Universities Bridge Championships Gold Cup (bridge) North American bridge Championships: ACBL King or Queen of Bridge Blue Ribbon Pairs Bruce LM-5000 Pairs Chicago Mixed Board-a-Match Fall National Open Pairs Fast Open Pairs Fishbein Trophy Goren Trophy Grand National Teams Hilliard Mixed Pairs Jacoby Open Swiss Teams Keohane North American Swiss Teams Lebhar IMP Pairs Leventritt Silver Ribbon Pairs Machlin Women's Swiss Teams Manfield Non-Life Master Pairs Master Individual Mini-Blue Ribbon Pairs Mini-Spingold Mitchell Board-a-Match Teams Mott-Smith Trophy Nail Life Master Open Pairs National 199er Pairs National 49er Pairs National 99er Pairs Non-Life Master Swiss Teams Norman Kay Platinum Pairs North American Bridge Championships North American Pairs Red Ribbon Pairs Reisinger Rockwell Mixed Pairs Roth Open Swiss Teams Senior Knockout Teams Silodor Open Pairs Smith Life Master Women's Pairs Spingold Sternberg Women's Board-a-Match Teams Truscott Senior Swiss Teams Vanderbilt Trophy Von Zedtwitz Life Master Pairs Wagar Women's Knockout Teams Wernher Open Pairs Whitehead Women's Pairs Young LM-1500 Pairs

Publications and resources

Books	List of bridge books 25 Bridge Conventions You Should Know Bridge Squeezes Complete The Cardturner Design for Bidding Contract Bridge for Beginners Edwin Kantar bibliography Master Point Press Planning the Play of a Bridge Hand Terence Reese bibliography The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge Tickets to the Devil

Magazines	List of bridge magazines Bridge d'Italia Bridge Magazine The Bridge World

External links	Bridge Base Basic Bridge Base Inc. OK bridge 2/1

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