Bermuda Bowl

The Bermuda Bowl is a biennial world championship contract bridge tournament for national teams. It is contested every odd-number year under the auspices of the World Bridge Federation (WBF), alongside the Venice Cup (Women) and d'Orsi Bowl (Seniors). Entries formally represent WBF Zones as well as nations so it is also known as the "World Zonal Open Team Championship", one of three "World Zonal Team Championships".^[1][2] It is the oldest event that confers the title World Champion in bridge, first contested in 1950. The Bermuda Bowl trophy is awarded to the winning team, named for the site of the inaugural tournament.

The term Bermuda Bowl is sometimes used for the entire two-week meet comprising the three Zonal Teams and one or more concurrent lesser tournaments.

The 2015 Bermuda Bowl took place in Chennai^[3][4] (formerly Madras), India. The next championships are scheduled to take place in 2017 in Lyon, France.^[5]

Structure

See a description of the identical "Senior Bowl" structure or a detailed account of the 2011 event (below)

Inauguration and evolution

Organized principally by Norman Bach, an accountant and bridge player from Bermuda who played for Britain^[6] the Bermuda Bowl was the first world championship event held after World War II^[7] and started out as a competition between USA, Europe and Britain in 1950.

The first event was won by USA and after this, the Bermuda Bowl became a yearly challenge match between the USA and the European Champions. The format evolved allowing for progressively more teams and the addition of events for women and seniors. Key milestones were:

1950: The first open team event in Bermuda between the USA, Europe and Britain who played round-robin for raw scores or "total points".

1951: The next several contests were head-on matches between representatives of the American Contract Bridge League (North America) and the European Bridge League.

1958: The tournament permanently included the champion of South America.

1961: Eligibility was expanded to include the defending champions.

1966: The tournament expanded to five with the addition of a representative from Asia.

1971: The field was expanded to include Australia.

1974: The World Bridge Federation inaugurated the Venice Cup for Women Teams, contested four times on no fixed schedule before 1985.

1979: The defending champions were no longer eligible on that basis alone.

1981: Europe was awarded two places in the tournament. There would be nine teams if every WBF zone sent a champion.

1983: North America joined Europe with double representation, and the host country was automatically included too, so the potential size of the field increased by two. European and North American champions would have two places in the 4-team semifinal round. European and North American runners up would contend with champions of the other zones and the host country for two other semifinal slots.

1985: The Bermuda Bowl for open teams and Venice Cup for women would be contested side-by-side in tournaments with the same structure, and in a venue outside Europe and North America (maintained until 2001).

Predecessors

Austria won the 1937 International Bridge League championships for both open and women national teams. They are commonly considered the first world championships for national teams, and the first world championship tournaments of any kind, because teams from the United States entered both flights, two open teams and one women.

The 1937 world champion Austria open team. From left: Karl Schneider, Hans Jellinek, Edouard Frischauer, Paul Stern (Capt.), Josephine Culbertson (US), Walter Herbert, Helen Sobel (US), and Karl von Blöhdorn.

The IBL was a predecessor of both the European Bridge League (est. 1947) and the WBF (est. 1958), although there was a competing international organization in the 1930s. The IBL organized annual championships for (open) national teams beginning 1932 and for women beginning 1935. Prior to 1937, Austria won three of five in the open category and both in the women category. All of the sites were in Europe and the European Bridge League considers the 1930s series to be the first eight European Teams Championships.

International championships under IBL auspices

Year	Site		OPEN	WOMEN
1932	Scheveningen, Netherlands	1.	Austria
1933	London, England	1.	Austria
1934	Vienna, Austria	1.	Hungary
1935	Brussels, Belgium	1.	France	1.	Austria
1936	Stockholm, Sweden	1.	Austria	1.	Austria
1937[8][9]	6–20 June Budapest, Hungary 19 teams	1.	Austria Karl von Bluhdorn, Edward Frischauer, Walter Herbert, Hans Jellinek, Udo von Meissl, Karl Schneider; npc Paul Stern	1.	Austria
		2.	Culbertson Ely Culbertson, Josephine Culbertson, Helen Sobel, Charles Vogelhofer
		3.	Minneapolis
			Hungary
1938	Oslo, Norway	1.	Hungary	1.	Denmark
1939	The Hague, Netherlands	1.	Sweden	1.	France

The 1937 open field comprised nineteen teams from eighteen countries – the USA had two teams, one led by Ely Culbertson which placed second.^[9]

In the knockout stage, Culbertson beat Norway and Hungary before losing to Austria. USA Minneapolis lost to Austria in the semifinal.(Morehead)

World War II practically destroyed the IBL and its nascent world championship tournament series.

With Austria the leading nation at the card table, the 1938 Anschluss of Germany and Austria was a great disruption. The leading bridge theorist and mentor, Paul Stern was an outspoken opponent of Nazism who fled to London and later became a British subject. That same year, at least Rixi Scharfstein (Markus) from the Ladies emigrated to Britain; from the Open team at least Karl von Bluhdorn to Paris, Edward Frischauer and Walter Herbert to the United States, eventually California.^[10]

The International Bridge League organized two more European championships (making eight annual tournaments for national open teams, 1932–1939)^[11] but no more tournaments or official matches involving any team from outside Europe.

1950s

1950 Hamilton, Bermuda

The first rendition featured three teams who played round-robin for raw scores or "total points". The US team won both of its matches and Europe, featuring two pairs from Sweden and one from Iceland, defeated Great Britain.^[12][13]

Year	Entries	Rank
1950[14]	3	1.	USA John Crawford, Charles Goren, George Rapée, Howard Schenken, Sidney Silodor, Sam Stayman
		2.	Europe Gunnar Guðmundsson (ISL), Rudolf Kock (SWE), Nils-Olof Lilliehöök (SWE), Einar Þorfinnsson (ISL), Einar Werner (SWE), Jan Wohlin (SWE)
		3.	Great Britain Leslie Dodds, Nico Gardener, Maurice Harrison-Gray, Kenneth Konstam, Joel Tarlo, Louis Tarlo

The next several contests would be head-on matches between representatives of the American Contract Bridge League (North America) and the European Bridge League.

1951 Naples, Italy

1951[15]	2	1.	USA B. Jay Becker, John Crawford, George Rapée, Howard Schenken, Sam Stayman
		2.	Italy Paolo Baroni, Eugenio Chiaradia, Pietro Forquet, Mario Franco, Augusto Ricci, Guglielmo Siniscalco

1953 New York City, USA

The United States team won its third consecutive championship with Crawford, Rapée, Schenken, and Stayman in place throughout. The fourth US winner would be a wholly new team.

1953[16]	2	1.	USA B. Jay Becker, John Crawford, Theodore Lightner, George Rapée, Howard Schenken, Sam Stayman
		2.	Sweden Gunnar Anulf, Rudolf Kock, Robert Larsen, Nils-Olof Lilliehöök, Einar Werner, Jan Wohlin

1954 Monte Carlo, Monaco

France won the 1953 European championship with a six-man national team. For the Bermuda Bowl, Jean Besse of Switzerland and Karl Schneider of Austria replaced one of the French pairs. Schneider had been a member of the 1937 world champion Austrian team.^[17][18]

1954[19]	2	1.	USA Clifford Bishop, Milton Ellenby, Lew Mathe, Don Oakie, William Rosen, Douglas Steen
		2.	Europe Jacques Amouraben (FRA), René Bacherich (FRA), Jean Besse (SUI), Pierre Ghestem (FRA), Marcel Kornblum (FRA), Karl Schneider (AUT)

1955 New York City, USA

Europe finally won the 5th Bermuda Bowl with a team of six men from Great Britain.

1955[20]	2	1.	Europe Leslie Dodds (GBR), Kenneth Konstam (GBR), Adam Meredith (GBR), Jordanis Pavlides (GBR), Terence Reese (GBR), Boris Schapiro (GBR)
		2.	USA Clifford Bishop, Milton Ellenby, Lew Mathe, John Moran, William Rosen, Alvin Roth

1956 Paris, France

France made it two in a row for Europe. Bacherich and Ghestem were veterans from 1954.

1956[21]	2	1.	France René Bacherich, Pierre Ghestem, Pierre Jaïs, Robert Lattès, Bertrand Romanet, Roger Trézel
		2.	USA Myron Field, Charles Goren, Lee Hazen, Richard Kahn, Charles Solomon, Sam Stayman

1957 New York City, USA

Italy's Blue Team won its first of ten consecutive Bermuda Bowls. Chiaradia, Forquet, Siniscalco, and captain Carl'Alberto Perroux were veterans from the 1951 team. Avarelli, Belladona, D'Alelio, and Forquet would play in every one.^[22]

1957[23]	2	1.	Italy Walter Avarelli, Giorgio Belladonna, Eugenio Chiaradia, Massimo D'Alelio, Pietro Forquet, Guglielmo Siniscalco
		2.	USA Charles Goren, Boris Koytchou, Peter Leventritt, Harold Ogust, William Seamon, Helen Sobel

1958 Como, Italy

For 1958 the Bermuda Bowl tournament permanently included the champion of South America, whose federation and annual tournament were then ten years old. In the next several years, expansion covered other geographic zones and the defending champion.

1958[24]	3	1.	Italy Walter Avarelli, Giorgio Belladonna, Eugenio Chiaradia, Massimo D'Alelio, Pietro Forquet, Guglielmo Siniscalco
		2.	USA B. Jay Becker, John Crawford, George Rapée, Alvin Roth, Sidney Silodor, Tobias Stone
		3.	Argentina Alberto Blousson, Carlos Cabanne, Ricardo Calvente, Alejandro Castro, Marcelo Lerner

1959 New York City, USA

1959[25]	3	1.	Italy Walter Avarelli, Giorgio Belladonna, Eugenio Chiaradia, Massimo D'Alelio, Pietro Forquet, Guglielmo Siniscalco
		2.	North America Harry Fishbein (USA), Sam Fry Jr. (USA), Leonard Harmon (USA), Lee Hazen (USA), Sidney Lazard (USA), Ivar Stakgold (USA)
		3.	Argentina Alberto Berisso, Ricardo Calvente, Alejandro Castro, Carlos Dibar, Arturo Jaques, Egisto Rocchi

1960s

There was no Bermuda Bowl in 1960, 1964 or 1968 to avoid conflict with the Bridge Olympiad.

1961 Buenos Aires, Argentina

The Blue Team won its fourth Bermuda Bowl, with Benito Garozzo now in the same lineup. This began a new string of annual world championships for Italy, after ranking only sixth in the inaugural World Team Olympiad, won by France.^[26]

At the same time, the Bermuda Bowl tournament expanded to include the defending champions. Throughout the 1960s that would mean Italy plus one from the "rest of Europe". Italy would use the European Team Championships to give some international experience to new players or new partnerships.^[27]

1961[28]	4	1.	Italy Walter Avarelli, Giorgio Belladonna, Eugenio Chiaradia, Massimo D'Alelio, Pietro Forquet, Benito Garozzo
		2.	North America John Gerber (USA), Paul Hodge (USA), Norman Kay (USA), Peter Leventritt (USA), Howard Schenken (USA), Sidney Silodor (USA)
		3.	France René Bacherich, Claude Deruy, Pierre Ghestem, José Le Dentu, Roger Trézel

Argentina finished fourth.^[28]

1962 New York City, USA

1962[29]	4	1.	Italy Walter Avarelli, Giorgio Belladonna, Eugenio Chiaradia, Massimo D'Alelio, Pietro Forquet, Benito Garozzo
		2.	North America Charles Coon (USA), Mervin Key (USA), Lew Mathe (USA), Eric Murray (CAN), G. Robert Nail (USA), Ron Von der Porten (USA), John Gerber, npc (USA)
		3.	Great Britain Nico Gardener, Kenneth Konstam, Tony Priday, Claude Rodrigue, Albert Rose, Alan Truscott

Argentina finished fourth.^[29]

1963 Saint-Vincent, Italy

Italy won again. This was the last for "Professor" Eugenio Chiaradia and the only one of the ten in a row that Walter Avarelli missed.

1963[30]	4	1.	Italy Giorgio Belladonna, Eugenio Chiaradia, Massimo D'Alelio, Pietro Forquet, Benito Garozzo, Camillo Pabis Ticci
		2.	North America James Jacoby (USA), Robert Jordan (USA), Peter Leventritt (USA), G. Robert Nail (USA), Arthur Robinson (USA), Howard Schenken (USA)
		3.	France René Bacherich, Gérard Desrousseaux, Pierre Ghestem, Jacques Stetten, Georges Théron, Léon Tintner

Argentina finished fourth.^[30]

1965 Buenos Aires, Argentina

Playing at home, Argentina represented South America for the sixth time and finally defeated one of the Europeans or Americans, namely Great Britain.

This was the fifth consecutive world championship for the Blue Team, as it had won the second Olympiad in 1964. Italy would continue to win annually with the identical lineup through 1969, plus a successful comeback in 1972.^[26]

1965[31]	4	1.	Italy Walter Avarelli, Giorgio Belladonna, Massimo D'Alelio, Pietro Forquet, Benito Garozzo, Camillo Pabis Ticci
		2.	North America B. Jay Becker (USA), Ivan Erdos (USA), Dorothy Hayden (USA), Peter Leventritt (USA), Kelsey Petterson (USA), Howard Schenken (USA)
		3.	Argentina Luis Attaguile, Alberto Berisso, Carlos Cabanne, Marcelo Lerner, Egisto Rocchi, Agustín Santamarina

Great Britain finished fourth.^[31]

1966 Saint-Vincent, Italy

The tournament expanded to five with Asia, represented by Thailand. Venezuela took Argentina's usual place and won another third for South America. Canadians Sami Kehela and Eric Murray joined four US Americans for North America.

1966[32]	5	1.	Italy Walter Avarelli, Giorgio Belladonna, Massimo D'Alelio, Pietro Forquet, Benito Garozzo, Camillo Pabis Ticci
		2.	North America Phillip Feldesman (USA), Bob Hamman (USA), Sami Kehela (CAN), Lew Mathe (USA), Eric Murray (CAN), Ira Rubin (USA)
		3.	Venezuela Roberto Benaim, David Berah, Mario Onorati, Roger Rossignol, Renato Straziota, Francis Vernon

Netherlands finished fourth and Thailand fifth.^[32]

1967 Miami Beach, USA

Thailand and Venezuela returned to the field. More than forty years later, 1966/1967 remain their best national performances.

1967[33]	5	1.	Italy Walter Avarelli, Giorgio Belladonna, Massimo D'Alelio, Pietro Forquet, Benito Garozzo, Camillo Pabis Ticci
		2.	North America Edgar Kaplan (USA), Norman Kay (USA), Sami Kehela (CAN), Eric Murray (CAN), Bill Root (USA), Alvin Roth (USA)
		3.	France Jean-Michel Boulenger, Jacques Parienté, Jean-Marc Roudinesco, Jacques Stetten, Henri Szwarc, Léon Tintner

Thailand finished fourth and Venezuela fifth.^[33]

1969 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Taiwan appeared on the world bridge scene with a shocking second-place performance, represented by six players using the Precision Club bidding system recently invented by C. C. Wei.

The Blue Team of Italy retired after winning its tenth consecutive Bermuda Bowl (from 1957) and ninth consecutive annual world championship in open teams (from 1961).

The United State team included two members of the professional Dallas Aces, Eisenberg–Goldman and two young players who would be Aces, Hamman and Kantar.

1969[34]	5	1.	Italy Walter Avarelli, Giorgio Belladonna, Massimo D'Alelio, Pietro Forquet, Benito Garozzo, Camillo Pabis Ticci
		2.	Taiwan Frank Huang, Patrick Huang, C. S. Shen, K. W. Shen (THA), Kovit Suchartkul (THA), Min-Fang Tai
		3.	North America Billy Eisenberg (USA), Bobby Goldman (USA), Bob Hamman (USA), Edwin Kantar (USA), Sidney Lazard (USA), George Rapée (USA)

France finished fourth and Brazil fifth.^[34]

1970s

1970 Stockholm, Sweden

The Aces won the 17th Bermuda Bowl, the first for a United States or North America team since they won the first four. Taiwan finished second again, with only five players and only two veterans from 1969. Norway and Brazil also finished ahead of Italy, the defending champion bridge nation represented by a wholly new team.^[22][34][35]

1970[35]	5	1.	North America Billy Eisenberg (USA), Bobby Goldman (USA), Bob Hamman (USA), James Jacoby (USA), Mike Lawrence (USA), Bobby Wolff (USA)
		2.	Taiwan Conrad Cheng, Elmer Hsiao, Patrick Huang, Harry Lin, Min-Fang Tai, David Yp Mao
		3.	Norway Erik Høie, Tore Jensen, Knut Koppang, Bjørn Larsen, Louis André Strøm, Willy Varnås

Brazil finished fourth and the new Italy fifth.^[35]

1971 Taipei, Taiwan

The Aces won as defending champions while the field expanded to include Australia.

1971[36]	6	1.	Aces Billy Eisenberg (USA), Bobby Goldman (USA), Bob Hamman (USA), James Jacoby (USA), Mike Lawrence (USA), Bobby Wolff (USA)
		2.	France Jean-Michel Boulenger, Pierre Jaïs, Jean-Marc Roudinesco, Jean-Louis Stoppa, Henri Szwarc, Roger Trézel
		3.	Australia Jim Borin, Norma Borin, Richard Cummings, Denis Howard, Tim Seres, Roelof Smilde

Taiwan finished fourth at home, one year after finishing second.^[36]

1973 Guarujá, Brazil

The Blue Team had successfully completed a comeback by winning the 1972 Olympiad with its 1964–69 lineup.^[26] Three then retired permanently but its three greatest players continued to play for Italy: Belladonna, Forquet, and Garozzo. And to win.

The second-place Aces were defending champions with one personnel change.

1973[37]	5	1.	Italy Giorgio Belladonna, Benito Bianchi, Pietro Forquet, Giuseppe Garabello, Benito Garozzo, Vito Pittalà
		2.	Aces Mark Blumenthal (USA), Bobby Goldman (USA), Bob Hamman (USA), James Jacoby (USA), Mike Lawrence (USA), Bobby Wolff (USA)
		3.	Brazil Pedro Paulo Assumpção, Marcelo Branco, Pedro Paulo Branco, Gabriel Chagas, Gabino Cintra, Christiano Fonseca

North America finished fourth, represented by a team of six men from the US.^[37]

1974 Venice, Italy

Italy defended its championship at home.^[22] The World Bridge Federation inaugurated its Venice Cup for "Women Teams", which increased in size and frequency to match the biennial Bermuda Bowl tournament for "Open Teams" in 1985. No woman had played for a Bermuda Bowl winner; only two had finished second.^{[lower-alpha 1]} Meanwhile, the quadrennial Olympiad ran two tournaments, open and women, side-by-side from its start in 1960.

1974[38]	6	1.	Italy Giorgio Belladonna, Benito Bianchi, Pietro Forquet, Benito Garozzo, (Dano De Falco, Arturo Franco)*
		2.	North America Mark Blumenthal (USA), Bobby Goldman (USA), Bob Hamman (USA), Sami Kehela (CAN), Eric Murray (CAN), Bobby Wolff (USA)
		3.	Brazil Pedro Paulo Assumpção, Marcelo Branco, Pedro Paulo Branco, Gabriel Chagas, Gabino Cintra, Christiano Fonseca

* De Falco and Franco did not play enough boards to qualify for the title of World Champion.

Indonesia finished fourth.^[38]

1975 Southampton, Bermuda

For the 25th anniversary of the inaugural tournament, the 21st returned to Bermuda, as the 34th tournament would do for the 50th anniversary. Italy won its thirteenth Bermuda Bowl, its third in a row, and its last before 2005. Pietro Forquet missed this one, leaving Giorgio Belladonna alone with 13 Bowls.^[22]

1975[39]	5	1.	Italy Giorgio Belladonna, Gianfranco Facchini, Arturo Franco, Benito Garozzo, Vito Pittalà, Sergio Zucchelli
		2.	North America Billy Eisenberg (USA), Bob Hamman (USA), Edwin Kantar (USA), Paul Soloway (USA), John Swanson (USA), Bobby Wolff (USA)
		3.	France Jean-Michel Boulenger, Michel Lebel, François Leenhardt, Christian Mari, Henri Szwarc, Edmond Vial

Indonesia finished fourth, Brazil fifth.^[39]

1976 Monte Carlo, Monaco

The 22nd was the only Bermuda Bowl contested during a World Team Olympiad year. The two Open tournaments were played back to back during three weeks in May, with Italy beaten first by the United States and then by Brazil in the finals.^[40][41]

Israel finished third as the second representative of Europe.

1976[40]	6	1.	North America Billy Eisenberg (USA), Fred Hamilton (USA), Erik Paulsen (USA), Hugh Ross(USA), Ira Rubin (USA), Paul Soloway (USA)
		2.	Italy Giorgio Belladonna, Pietro Forquet, Arturo Franco, Benito Garozzo, Vito Pittalà, Antonio Vivaldi
		3.	Israel Julian Frydrich, Michael Hochzeit, Sam Lev, Yeshayahu Levit, Pinhas Romik, Eliakim Shaufel

Brazil finished fourth with the same lineup that placed third in 1973 and 1974.^[40] With one personnel change they won the Open Olympiad tournament that immediately following this exceptional Bermuda Bowl.^[41] It remains the only year with two world champion teams in the open category.

1977 Manila, Philippines

Both teams "North America" and "Defending Champions" comprised six men from the US. The six defending champion players divided two and four, as the Aces with defending players Eisenberg and Soloway regrouped as "North America".^[39][42] (Under double representation for the United States beginning 1991, the two USA teams must face each other if both advance to the semifinal.)

1977[42]	6	1.	North America Billy Eisenberg (USA), Edwin Kantar (USA), Bob Hamman (USA), Paul Soloway (USA), John Swanson (USA), Bobby Wolff (USA)
		2.	Defending Champions Fred Hamilton (USA), Mike Passell (USA), Erik Paulsen (USA), Hugh Ross (USA), Ira Rubin (USA), Ron Von der Porten (USA)
		3.	Sweden Anders Brunzell, Sven-Olov Flodqvist, Hans Göthe, Jörgen Lindqvist, Anders Morath, Per Olof Sundelin

Argentina finished fourth.^[42]

1979 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The 24th Bermuda Bowl was the first to be decided by a margin that is commonly scored on a single deal, merely 5 IMPs. Malcolm Brachman's professional team of US Americans defeated Italy by that much.

The defending champion team was not invited after 1977, so the tournament again matched one team from each WBF geographic zone that chose to participate. The number of teams remained at six because "Central America & the Caribbean" sent a team for the first time, three players from Panama and three from Venezuela with a Guadeloupe captain. Brachman from North America and national teams from Italy, Australia, Taiwan, and host Brazil represented the other four zones.^[43]

1979[43]	6	1.	North America Malcolm Brachman (USA), Billy Eisenberg (USA), Bobby Goldman (USA), Edwin Kantar (USA), Mike Passell (USA), Paul Soloway (USA)
		2.	Italy Giorgio Belladonna, Dano De Falco, Arturo Franco, Benito Garozzo, Lorenzo Lauria, Vito Pittalà
		3.	Australia Jim Borin, Norma Borin, Richard Cummings, Andrew Reiner, Bobby Richman, Tim Seres

Taiwan finished fourth.^[43]

1980s

The Bermuda Bowl made several changes around 1980. The defending champion team was dropped in 1979. For 1981 Europe was awarded two places in the tournament, the first expansion beyond zonal champions (plus the world champion, 1961 to 1977). There would be nine teams if every WBF zone sent a champion. For 1983, European and North American champions would have two places in the 4-team semifinal round. European and North American runners up would contend with champions of the other zones and the host country for two other semifinal slots. (Europe and North America had won all the Bermuda Bowls. Outsiders had finished second in 1969–70 and 1981.) Beginning 1985, the Bermuda Bowl for open teams and Venice Cup for women would run side-by-side with the same structure in a venue outside Europe and North America (maintained until 2001).^[44]

1981 New York City, USA

Pakistan represented "Asia and the Middle East", a novelty, and finished second, a shock. This was the third silver medal for teams from outside Europe and North America, joining Taiwan 1969–70. "Pakistani preempts" were notable and team's best player Zia Mahmood was recognized as a great one.

For the United States, led by Bud Reinhold—who played, but not enough to qualify personally as a world champion— Levin, Rodwell, and Meckstroth made their international debuts at 23 to 25 years old, Levin being the youngest winner on record.

Europe was represented by both Poland and Great Britain, first and second in the 18-team open flight of the European championships.^[45]

1981[46]	7	1.	USA Russ Arnold, Bobby Levin, Jeff Meckstroth, Eric Rodwell, John Solodar, (Bud Reinhold)*
		2.	Pakistan Nishat Abedi, Nisar Ahmed, Munir Attaullah, Jan-e-Alam Fazli, Zia Mahmood, Masood Saleem
		3.	Poland Aleksander Jezioro, Julian Klukowski, Marek Kudła, Krzysztof Martens, Andrzej Milde, Tomasz Przybora

* Reinhold did not play enough boards to qualify for the title of World Champion.

Argentina finished fourth.^[46]

1983 Stockholm, Sweden

Beginning 1983, North America joined Europe with double representation, and the host country was automatically included too, so the potential size of the field increased by two. United States teams finished first and second in North America while France, Italy, and world host Sweden ranked 1, 2, and 7 among 24 teams in the open European championship.^[47] Under the new structure, USA1 and France earned byes to the Bermuda Bowl semifinal while USA2, Italy, and Sweden contended with the champions of other zones for two more semifinal slots. Five other zones were represented, ten teams in all.

USA2 and Italy won the preliminary stage; USA1 and Italy won semifinal matches to meet in the final, the international swan song for Giorgio Belladonna and for the legendary Belladonna–Garozzo partnership.^[48]

1983[49]	10	1.	USA 1[lower-alpha 2] Michael Becker, Bob Hamman, Ron Rubin, Alan Sontag, Peter Weichsel, Bobby Wolff
		2.	Italy Giorgio Belladonna, Dano De Falco, Arturo Franco, Benito Garozzo, Lorenzo Lauria, Carlo Mosca
		3.	France Michel Corn, Philippe Cronier, Michel Lebel, Hervé Mouiel, Philippe Soulet, Henri Szwarc

USA 2^{[lower-alpha 2]} finished fourth.^[49]

The size of the field increased by three, not two, because "Asia and the Middle East" (debut 1981) and "Central America and the Caribbean" (debut 1979) were both represented, by Pakistan and a transnational squad including four men from Jamaica.^[49] Only Africa among the eight modern geographic zones was not yet represented.

1985 São Paulo, Brazil

Beginning 1985 the Bermuda Bowl and the Venice Cup for women have been side-by-side tournaments with the same structure. From 1985 to 2000 they were always sited outside Europe and North America.

For three cycles 1985 to 1989, one team each from the United States and Canada represented North America. All three US teams were based on the San Francisco-area team anchored by Chip Martel–Lew Stansby and Peter Pender–Hugh Ross. They won the annual US Grand National Teams in 1982-83-85-87 (with another pair in '82, with Mike Lawrence in '87).

Austria and Israel finished 1–2 among 21 open teams in Europe and placed 2–3 behind USA in São Paulo.^[50]

1985[51]	10	1.	USA Bob Hamman, Chip Martel, Peter Pender, Hugh Ross, Lew Stansby, Bobby Wolff
		2.	Austria Heinrich Berger, Kurt Feichtinger, Jan Fucik, Wolfgang Meinl, Karl Rohan, Franz Terraneo
		3.	Israel David Birman, Sam Lev, Eliakim Shaufel, Shalom Zeligman, Julian Frydrich*, Michael Hochzeit*[52]

* Frydrich and Hochzeit did not play enough boards to qualify for third place.

Brazil finished fourth.^[51]

Infrequent entries Canada, New Zealand, and India finished 8–9–10, having qualified in the familiar places of "USA 2", Australia, and Pakistan.

1987 Ocho Ríos, Jamaica

The "San Francisco" GNT with world veterans Hamman–Wolff defended successfully. Great Britain and Sweden reversed their European finish.^[53]

1987[54]	10	1.	USA Bob Hamman, Mike Lawrence, Chip Martel, Hugh Ross, Lew Stansby, Bobby Wolff
		2.	Great Britain John Armstrong, Raymond Brock, Jeremy Flint, Tony Forrester, Graham Kirby, Robert Sheehan
		3.	Sweden Björn Fallenius, Sven-Olov Flodqvist, Hans Göthe, Tommy Gullberg, Magnus Lindkvist, Per Olof Sundelin

Chinese Taipei finished fourth.^[54]

1989 Perth, Australia

Brazil won its first Bermuda Bowl, defeating a team of three "San Francisco" pairs in the final.

1989[55]	10	1.	Brazil Marcelo Branco, Pedro Paulo Branco, Carlos Camacho, Gabriel Chagas, Ricardo Janz, Roberto Mello
		2.	USA Mike Lawrence, Chip Martel, Peter Pender, Hugh Ross, Lew Stansby, Kit Woolsey
		3.	Poland Cezary Balicki, Julian Klukowski, Krzysztof Martens, Krzysztof Moszczyński, Marek Szymanowski, Adam Żmudziński

Australia finished fourth at home.^[55] Egypt and Colombia represented Asia–Middle East and Central America–Caribbean. Poland and France, the best of 25 teams in Europe, finished only 3rd and 6th.

1990s

1991 Yokohama, Japan

Iceland won the Bermuda Bowl after finishing fourth in the Europe, the last to qualify from Zone 1. Europe's fourth, third, and second place teams won all three medals while European champion Great Britain finished 5th to 8th in the world.^[56]

The tournament expanded from 10 teams with a 4-team knockout conclusion to 16 teams with an 8-team KO, without any playoffs to distinguish the four quarterfinal losers. Defending champion Brazil finished fourth, Argentina 5th to 8th. The two USA teams also finished 5th to 8th.

1991[57]	16	1.	Iceland Guðmundur Páll Arnarson, Örn Arnþórsson, Jón Baldursson, Guðlaugur Jóhannsson, Þorlákur Jónsson, Aðalsteinn Jörgensen
		2.	Poland Cezary Balicki, Piotr Gawryś, Krzysztof Lasocki, Krzysztof Martens, Marek Szymanowski, Adam Żmudziński
		3.	Sweden Sven-Åke Bjerregård, Björn Fallenius, Tommy Gullberg, Anders Morath, Mats Nilsland, Per Olof Sundelin

Brazil finished fourth with the same lineup that won in 1989. With expansion from 10 to 16 teams, a third entry was awarded to North America, and the American Contract Bridge League settled on two United States teams, who both finished 5th to 8th.^[57] (The two US teams are determined under the auspices of the United States Bridge Federation. The other team from Zone 2 is determined by a playoff of other national teams, if necessary.)

1993 Santiago, Chile

Netherlands won its first Bermuda Bowl. Netherlands and Norway were fourth and third in Europe, as finalists Iceland and Poland had been two years earlier.^[58]

Boer, Leufkens, and Westra had played on the Netherlands 1987 world champion junior team. Helgemo of Norway played on the contemporary junior team and thus won two silver medals in 1993.

1993[59]	16	1.	Netherlands Wubbo de Boer, Piet Jansen, Enri Leufkens, Bauke Muller, Jan Westerhof, Berry Westra
		2.	Norway Terje Aa, Glenn Grøtheim, Geir Helgemo, Tor Helness, Arild Rasmussen, Jon Sveindal
		3.	Brazil Marcelo Amaral, José Barbosa, Pedro Paulo Branco, Carlos Camacho, Gabriel Chagas, Roberto Mello

USA 2^{[lower-alpha 2]} finished fourth.^[59] South Africa represented Africa for the first time. Mexico won the third slot from North America. Host Chile finished last, as Japan and Jamaica had done.

1995 Beijing, China

This was the first win for Nick Nickell's professional team ("Nickell" in North American tournaments).

Canada made its best showing by far and South Africa finished fifth while the European and US champions did not reach the quarterfinal.^[60]

1995[61]	16	1.	USA 2[lower-alpha 2] Richard Freeman, Bob Hamman, Jeff Meckstroth, Nick Nickell, Eric Rodwell, Bobby Wolff
		2.	Canada Boris Baran, Fred Gitelman, Eric Kokish, George Mittelman, Mark Molson, Joey Silver
		3.	France Paul Chemla, Philippe Cronier, Michel Lebel, Michel Perron, Robert Reiplinger, Philippe Soulet

Sweden finished fourth.^[61]

1997 Hammamet, Tunisia

France won its first Bermuda Bowl as the fifth and last qualifier from Europe following another Bermuda Bowl tournament expansion.^[62]

1997[63][64]	18	1.	France Paul Chemla, Alain Lévy, Christian Mari, Hervé Mouiel, Franck Multon, Michel Perron
		2.	USA 2[lower-alpha 2] Richard Freeman, Bob Hamman, Jeff Meckstroth, Nick Nickell, Eric Rodwell, Bobby Wolff
		3.	Norway Terje Aa, Boye Brogeland, Glenn Grøtheim, Geir Helgemo, Tor Helness, Erik Sælensminde

USA 1^{[lower-alpha 2]} finished fourth.^[63]

Host Tunisia finished last and South Africa plummeted to second-last.

2000s

2000 Southampton, Bermuda

The Bermuda Bowl cycle continued as usual in 1998/1999 but the concluding tournament was in January 2000, marking the 50th anniversary of the inaugural contest in Hamilton.^{[lower-alpha 3]} In contrast to that three-way competition among teams representing America, Britain, and Europe, there were now eight geographic zones from which twenty teams qualified in numbers influenced by past bridge population and performance.^[12]

Europe: Italy, Sweden, Norway, Bulgaria, France, Poland —ranks 1 to 6 in the European championship^[65]

North America: Canada, USA 1, USA 2^{[lower-alpha 2]}

South America: Argentina, Brazil

Asia & Middle East: Pakistan

C. America & Carib.: Guadeloupe and Bermuda as the host country

Pacific Asia: China, Taiwan, Indonesia

South Pacific: Australia, New Zealand

Africa: South Africa

Year	Entries	Rank
2000[66][67] (1999 cycle)	20	1.	USA 1[lower-alpha 2] Richard Freeman, Bob Hamman, Jeff Meckstroth, Nick Nickell, Eric Rodwell, Paul Soloway
		2.	Brazil Marcelo Branco, João Paulo Campos, Gabriel Chagas, Ricardo Janz, Roberto Mello, Miguel Villasboas
		3.	USA 2[lower-alpha 2] Chip Martel, Lew Stansby, Zia Mahmood, Michael Rosenberg, Neil Silverman, Jeff Wolfson

Norway finished fourth.^[66]

Europe's six teams all finished in the top ten but only Norway reached the semifinal. Bermuda finished last, the fifth time for six hosts since 1989.

2001 Paris, France

2001[68][69]	18	1.	USA 2[lower-alpha 2] Kyle Larsen, Chip Martel, Rose Meltzer, Alan Sontag, Lew Stansby, Peter Weichsel
		2.	Norway Terje Aa, Boye Brogeland, Glenn Grøtheim, Geir Helgemo, Tor Helness, Erik Sælensminde
		3.	Poland Cezary Balicki, Michał Kwiecień, Marcin Leśniewski, Krzysztof Martens, Jacek Pszczoła, Adam Żmudziński

Italy finished fourth.^[68]

2003 Monte Carlo, Monaco

Expansion to 22 teams. Perennial European champions Italy returned to the top ranks of the Bermuda Bowl competition, but lost to USA 1 in the finals.

2003[70][71]	22	1.	USA 1[lower-alpha 2] Richard Freeman, Bob Hamman, Jeff Meckstroth, Nick Nickell, Eric Rodwell, Paul Soloway
		2.	Italy Norberto Bocchi, Giorgio Duboin, Fulvio Fantoni, Lorenzo Lauria, Claudio Nunes, Alfredo Versace
		3.	USA 2[lower-alpha 2] Doug Doub, Steve Landen, Pratap Rajadhyaksha, Adam Wildavsky, (Dan Morse, Bobby Wolff)*

* Morse and Wolff did not play enough boards to qualify for third place.

Norway finished fourth.^[70]

2005 Estoril, Portugal

Italy's 14th Bermuda Bowl was its first since 1975.^[22]

2005[72][73]	22	1.	Italy Norberto Bocchi, Giorgio Duboin, Fulvio Fantoni, Lorenzo Lauria, Claudio Nunes, Alfredo Versace
		2.	USA 1[lower-alpha 2] Richard Freeman, Bob Hamman, Jeff Meckstroth, Nick Nickell, Eric Rodwell, Paul Soloway
		3.	USA 2[lower-alpha 2] Fred Gitelman, Eric Greco, Geoff Hampson, Russ Ekeblad, Brad Moss, Ron Rubin

Sweden finished fourth.^[72]

2007 Shanghai, China

The 38th Bermuda Bowl saw Norway win its first title, after two second, one third, and two fourth from 1993. Helgemo–Helness and Glenn Grøtheim were members of all six teams.

2007[74][75]	22	1.	Norway Boye Brogeland, Glenn Grøtheim, Geir Helgemo, Tor Helness, Erik Sælensminde, Ulf Håkon Tundal
		2.	USA 1[lower-alpha 2] Steve Garner, George Jacobs, Ralph Katz, Zia Mahmood, Michael Rosenberg, Howard Weinstein
		3.	Netherlands Ton Bakkeren, Huub Bertens, Sjoert Brink, Bas Drijver, Simon de Wijs, Bauke Muller

South Africa finished fourth.^[74] Its advance to the quarterfinal was a surprise and there it knocked out the defending champion and advance favourite Italy.^[76]

2009 São Paulo, Brazil

This was the fourth win for Nick Nickell's professional teams representing the United States (1995, 2000, 2003, 2009). Meckstroth–Rodwell and Bob Hamman were also members of all four teams.

2009[77][78]	22	1.	USA 2[lower-alpha 2] Bob Hamman, Zia Mahmood, Jeff Meckstroth, Eric Rodwell, Nick Nickell, Ralph Katz*
		2.	Italy Antonio Sementa, Giorgio Duboin, Fulvio Fantoni, Claudio Nunes, Lorenzo Lauria, Alfredo Versace
		3.	Bulgaria Victor Aronov, Diyan Danailov, Kalin Karaivanov, Georgi Karakolev, Julian Stefanov, Roumen Trendafilov

* Katz was the replacement for Richard Freeman, who died after USA 2 qualified for the Bermuda Bowl.^[79]

China "Long Zhu" finished fourth. Beside China and the American winners, the quarterfinalists were all six teams from Europe.^[77] Bulgaria placed third after winning the first European Small Federations Trophy in 2007, for national teams representing no more than 500 players.^[80]

2010s

2011 Veldhoven, Netherlands

The 40th Bermuda Bowl tournament concluded Saturday, 29 October.^[81]

Italy had routed the USA champions 167–69 in a one-day match for the bronze medal while the host Netherlands faced USA 2 in a three-day final. The Dutch hosts led by 55 IMP after two days (96 deals) and scored very well in the first session on Saturday to lead by 83 and coast to victory.

2011[81][82]	22	1.	Netherlands Sjoert Brink, Bas Drijver, Bauke Muller, Ricco van Prooijen, Louk Verhees, Simon de Wijs
		2.	USA 2[lower-alpha 2] Kevin Bathurst, Joe Grue, John Hurd, Justin Lall, Joel Wooldridge, Daniel Zagorin
		3.	Italy Norberto Bocchi, Agustín Madala, Giorgio Duboin, Antonio Sementa, Lorenzo Lauria, Alfredo Versace

USA 1^{[lower-alpha 2]} finished fourth. The losing quarterfinalists were Israel, Sweden, Iceland, and China.^[82]

Netherlands won the 2011 Bermuda Bowl by 300 to 255 IMP in three days play against USA 2,^[83] the second of two entries from the United States.^{[lower-alpha 2]}

Final match, IMP scores in eight segments

		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	Total
USA 2	0	44	43	21	16	32	33	26	40	255
Netherlands	1	31	35	63	54	37	23	47	9	300
	Carry	day 1			day 2			day 3

The final eight segments of 16 deals each started with an insignificant one IMP carryover advantage for Dutch home team. The one IMP represented half the margin in their short match, a 25–23 win for Netherlands in round two.^[84] With a strong third segment, Netherlands surged to a 130–108 lead after one day and then extended the difference to as much as 65 on day two ultimately finishing 55 IMPs ahead after six segments. After day three's seventh segment, the margin increased to 76 IMPs, nearly decisive with only 16 deals to play. The Americans rebounded in the last segment but the gains were "too small" as time ran out.^[85]

Preliminary

There were 22 national teams in the field, who represented the eight WBF zones as follows.^[86] The regular quota for Europe is six teams, seven at Veldhoven because the host country qualifies automatically.#

Europe: Italy, Poland, Israel, Iceland, Sweden, Netherlands, Bulgaria —ranks 1 to 7 in the European championship^[87]

North America: Canada, USA 1, USA 2^{[lower-alpha 2]}

South America: Brazil, Chile

Asia & Middle East: India, Pakistan

C. America & Carib.: Guadeloupe

Pacific Asia: China, Japan, Singapore

South Pacific: Australia, New Zealand

Africa: Egypt, South Africa

The first stage was a full round-robin. Every team played 21 short matches of 16 deals, three daily, scheduled in advance.^{[lower-alpha 4]} Italy, Netherlands, USA 2, and Israel earned the first four places comfortably, each almost a full match ahead of the next place. The US champions finished fifth by scoring 340.5 Victory Points, or 16.2 per match where a draw is worth 15. Sweden, China, and Iceland qualified with fewer than 16 VP per match while Japan, New Zealand, and Australia made strong showings as the first three also-rans, ahead of two Europeans, Poland and Bulgaria.^[88] (All six Europeans had qualified for knockout play two years earlier.)^[77]

Italy, Netherlands, and USA 2 selected quarterfinal opponents China, Iceland, and Sweden leaving Israel to face USA 1. Italy and China, second and fourth in 2009, played the only close match, where Italy built a 5 IMP lead to 26 during the last segment. During the same segment Sweden trailed USA 2 by at least 30, Iceland trailed by almost 100, and Israel conceded to USA 1 without play.^[89][90]

Two US American entries in a Zonal Teams knockout always meet in one semifinal match, if they survive so long (and they never meet earlier).# In Veldhoven a strong fifth segment was almost decisive for USA 2, who extended a lead from 12 to 62 IMP with 16 deals to play, and won by 60. Meanwhile, Italy and Netherlands were nearly even at the end of every segment, the only time players know the score precisely. After five Netherlands led by 3+ IMP including 2+ carryover, having bettered Italy 155 to 154 on 80 deals. They "won" the final segment by 26 and the match by 199+ to 170.^[91] In retrospect, two "slam swings" were decisive. On the 87th and 90th deals (#23, #29), Netherlands bid 6♠ and 6♥ while Italy bid 4♠ and 4♥. All four declarers took the twelve tricks for slam, worth twice 13 IMP for the winners. ^[92]

While Netherlands and USA 2 played for the Bowl, Italy easily beat the US champions in 48 deals and earned the bronze medal, 167–69.^[83]

2013 Bali, Indonesia

Italy won its 15th Bermuda Bowl with a 210–126 defeat of Monaco, represented by Pierre Zimmermann's immigrant professional team. Poland won the bronze medal by a fraction less than 5 IMPs.^[93]

2013	22	1.	Italy Norberto Bocchi, Agustín Madala, Giorgio Duboin, Antonio Sementa, Lorenzo Lauria, Alfredo Versace
		2.	Monaco[lower-alpha 2] Fulvio Fantoni, Claudio Nunes, Geir Helgemo, Tor Helness, Franck Multon, Pierre Zimmermann
		3.	Poland Cezary Balicki, Krzysztof Buras, Krzysztof Jassem, Marcin Mazurkiewicz, Grzegorz Narkiewicz, Adam Żmudziński

USA1 finished fourth.^{[lower-alpha 2]}

2015 Chennai, India

The two-week tournament in Chennai, India (formerly Madras), began on Sunday, 27 September, with one week of round-robin play through Saturday, 3 October.^[94] During the preceding month, revelations of cheating by two of the leading pairs, at events including the 2014 European Team Championships, had led to withdrawal from the Bermuda Bowl by the Israel and Monaco teams that had placed first and second in that event. Germany had dropped from the 22-team field after its leading pair confessed "preemptively".^[95] On the last day before the first matches in Chennai, the World Bridge Federation had announced its withdrawal of credentials for one of three pairs on the Poland team, making that pair ineligible to play.^[96] (Two pairs from each team participate in each segment.)

The Bermuda Bowl was won by Poland, who defeated Sweden in the final by 308.5 IMPs to 293. The bronze medal went to USA2, who defeated England in the third-place match 252.3 to 243.^[97]

Zones and nations

See the version at "Senior Bowl".

See also

World Team Olympiad

Notes

1. Two women had been Bermuda Bowl runners-up, Helen Sobel playing with no fixed partner in 1957 and Dorothy Hayden playing with B. Jay Becker in 1965, whose American teams were both defeated by Italy in the final. The foursome comprising Sobel with Charles Vogelhofer and Josephine Culbertson with her husband Ely, one of two teams representing North America, had been defeated by Austria in the 1937 final.
2. Annual rankings published by the WBF show double representation for the US in 1983 and from 1991 to date. Select "Venue" links at "World Team Championships to Date". Confirmed 2011-08-17.
   • Sometimes before 1983, there was one "North America" team representing the American Contract Bridge League rather than any national team representing USA, Canada, Mexico, or Bermuda.
3. Alan Truscott wrote "exactly half a century" without specifying exactly to the calendar year, month, weekday, or date.
   Beside the expansion, "Britain" had been succeeded by England, Scotland, and Wales as three of about forty bridge nations in "Europe".
4. Schedule of Play / Bermuda Bowl. 2011. WBF.
   Given the full round-robin structure, the particular schedule should make no difference in the outcome of the first stage.

References

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5. "Lyon to host the 2017 World Bridge Teams Championships". WBF. Retrieved 2014-06-02.
6. Bach won the Gold Cup for Great Britain in 1938 and was playing captain of the British team in the European Championships in 1938 and 1939. See The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge, 6th edition, page 605.
7. Francis, Henry G., Editor-in-Chief; Truscott, Alan F., Executive Editor; Francis, Dorthy A., Editor, Sixth Edition (2001). The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge (6th ed.). Memphis, TN: American Contract Bridge League. p. 605. ISBN 0-943855-44-6. OCLC 49606900.
8. 6th European Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1937. EBL.
9. Alan Truscott (21 June 1987). "BRIDGE: A Viennese Victory". New York Times. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
10. Also from the Open team, Hans Jellinek was deported from Norway in 1940 and died in a concentration camp; Karl Schneider remained a leading player in Austria and Europe, which he represented in the 1954 Bermuda Bowl. There is no entry for Udo von Meissl in the Encyclopedia.
    The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge, ed. 1 (1964): biographical entries Bluhdorn, Frischauer, Herbert, Jellinek, Markus, Schneider, Stern; biographical omission (von) Meissl.
11. Francis, Henry G., Editor-in-Chief; Truscott, Alan F., Executive Editor; Francis, Dorthy A., Editor, Sixth Edition (2001). The Official Encyclopedia of Bridge (6th ed.). Memphis, TN: American Contract Bridge League. p. 206. ISBN 0-943855-44-6. OCLC 49606900.
12. Alan Truscott (8 January 2000). "BRIDGE: Bermuda Bowl Play Begins For World Team Supremacy". New York Times. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
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16. 3rd World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1953. WBF.
17. Team Members: France, 14th European Team Championships, 1953. WBF.
18. Karl SCHNEIDER international record at the World Bridge Federation.
19. 4th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1954. WBF.
20. 5th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1955. WBF.
21. 6th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1956. WBF.
22. World Team Championships (To Date table). WBF.
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24. 8th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1958. WBF.
25. 9th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1959. WBF.
26. World Team Olympiad (to Date table). WBF.
27. European Team Championships (to Date table). European Bridge League. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
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28. 10th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1961. WBF.
29. 11th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1962. WBF.
30. 12th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1963. WBF.
31. 13th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1965. WBF.
32. 14th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1966. WBF.
33. 15th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1967. WBF.
34. 16th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1969. WBF.
35. 17th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1970. WBF.
36. 18th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1971. WBF.
37. 19th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1973. WBF.
38. 20th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1974. WBF.
39. 21st World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1975. WBF.
40. 22nd World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1976. WBF.
41. Results & Participants, 5th World Team Olympiad, 1976. WBF.
42. 23rd World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1977. WBF.
43. 24th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1979. WBF.
44. ... OEB "Bermuda Bowl"? ... —
45. Results & Participants, 35th European Team Championships, 1981. European Bridge League (EBL).
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47. Results & Participants, 36th European Team Championships, 1983, EBL.
48. Giorgio BELLADONNA international record at the World Bridge Federation.
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50. Results & Participants, 37th European Team Championships, 1985. EBL.
51. 27th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1985. WBF.
52. 27th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1985. WBF.
53. Results & Participants, 38th European Team Championships, 1987. EBL.
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55. 29th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1989. WBF.
56. Results & Participants, 40th European Team Championships, 1991. EBL.
57. 30th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1991. WBF.
58. Results & Participants, 41st European Team Championships, 1993. EBL.
59. 31st World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1993. WBF.
60. Results & Participants, 42nd European Team Championships, 1995. EBL.
61. 32nd World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1995. WBF.
62. Results & Participants, 43rd European Team Championships, 1997. EBL.
63. 33rd World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 1997. WBF.
64. 1997 World Bridge Championships contemporary coverage, 1997. WBF.
65. Results & Participants, 44th European Team Championships, 1999. EBL.
66. 34th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 2000. WBF.
67. Orbis World Bridge Championships contemporary coverage, 2000. WBF.
68. 35th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 2001. WBF.
69. World Bridge Championships contemporary coverage, 2001. WBF.
70. 36th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 2003. WBF.
71. World Bridge Championships contemporary coverage, 2003. WBF.
72. 37th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 2005. WBF.
73. World Team Championships contemporary coverage, 2005. WBF.
74. 38th World Team Championships: Results & Participants, 2007. WBF.
75. 38th World Team Championships contemporary coverage, 2007. WBF.
76. "38th World Team Championships: Daily Bulletin No. 15". WBF official website.
77. 39th World Team Championships: Results & Participants. WBF. Confirmed 2011-08-15.
78. 39th World Team Championships contemporary coverage, 2009. WBF.
79. "Dick Freeman: The Bridge World Interview". The Bridge World (Scarsdale, NY: Bridge World Magazine Inc) 81 (2): 26. November 2009. ISSN 0006-9876.
80. European Small Federations Trophy. European Bridge League. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
81. 40th World Team Championships contemporary coverage, 2011. WBF. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
82. 40th World Team Championships: Results & Participants. WBF. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
83. 40th Bermuda Bowl Knockout: Final, 2011. WBF.
84. Open round-robin, round 2.
85. Open final segment scorecard. WBF.
86. 40th World Teams, "Participants".
87. Results & Participants, 50th European Team Championships, 2010. European Bridge League.
88. Open round-robin standings.
89. Open quarterfinals. WBF.
90. Sweden–USA 2 final segment scorecard. WBF.
91. Open semifinals.
92. Netherlands–Italy final segment scorecard.
93. World Bridge Bulletin, 2013 championships
94. "Results" (schedule). 42nd World Bridge Team Championships. WBF. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
95. "Big, Rich Cheaters! Bridge World Rocked as Top Players Busted". John Walters. Newsweek. 23 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
96. "Communication from the WBF Credentials Committee". World Bridge Champ Bulletin (wbchampbulletin.org). WBF. September 26, 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-27.
97. 42nd World Bridge Championships Results, www.worldbridge.org

Citations

• 40th World Team Championships contemporary website. 2011. WBF. Retrieved 2011-07-10.

External links

• World Team Championships at the World Bridge Federation. Confirmed 2010-11-07.
• 40th World Team Championships. 2011 tournament dedicated website. Retrieved 2011-05-26.