Pivmecillinam

Pivmecillinam
Systematic (IUPAC) name
2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxymethyl (2S,5R,6R)-6-[(azepan-1-ylmethylene)amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
Pregnancy
category
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies)

  • Appears safe in pregnancy[1]
Legal status
  • ℞ (Prescription only)
Routes of
administration		 Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability Low
Protein binding 5 to 10% (as mecillinam)
Metabolism Pivmecillinam is hydrolyzed to mecillinam
Biological half-life 1 to 3 hours
Excretion Renal and biliary, mostly as mecillinam
Identifiers
CAS Number 32886-97-8 YesY
ATC code J01CA08
PubChem CID 36272
ChemSpider 33356 N
UNII 1WAM1OQ30B YesY
KEGG D02889 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL1650818 N
Chemical data
Formula C21H33N3O5S
Molar mass 439.569 g/mol
 NYesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Pivmecillinam (INN) or amdinocillin pivoxil (USAN, trade names Selexid, Penomax and Coactabs) is an orally active prodrug of mecillinam, an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic. Pivmecillinam is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of mecillinam. Neither drug is available in the United States.[2]

Pivmecillinam is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria, and is used primarily in the treatment of lower urinary tract infections. In the Nordic countries, it has been widely used in that indication since the 1970s. It has been proposed as the first-line drug of choice for empirical treatment of acute cystitis.[1][3] It has also been used to treat paratyphoid fever and shigellosis.[4]

Activity

See also: Mecillinam

Adverse effects

The adverse effect profile of pivmecillinam is similar to that of other penicillins. The most common side effects of mecillinam use are rash and gastrointestinal upset, including nausea and vomiting.[1][5]

Prodrugs that release pivalic acid when broken down by the body — such as pivmecillinam, pivampicillin and cefditoren pivoxil — have long been known to deplete levels of carnitine.[6][7] This is not due to the drug itself, but to pivalate, which is mostly removed from the body by forming a conjugate with carnitine. Although short-term use of these drugs can cause a marked decrease in blood levels of carnitine,[8] it is unlikely to be of clinical significance;[7] long-term use, however, appears problematic and is not recommended.[7][9][10]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Nicolle LE (August 2000). "Pivmecillinam in the treatment of urinary tract infections". J Antimicrob Chemother 46 (Suppl A): 35–39. doi:10.1093/jac/46.suppl_1.35. PMID 10969050.
  2. ↑ Pham P, Bartlett JG (August 28, 2008). "Amdinocillin (Mecillinam)". Point-of-Care Information Technology ABX Guide. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved on August 31, 2008. Freely available with registration.
  3. ↑ Graninger W (October 2003). "Pivmecillinam—therapy of choice for urinary tract infection". Int J Antimicrob Agents. 22. Suppl 2: 73–8. doi:10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00235-8. PMID 14527775.
  4. ↑ Tanphaichitra D, Srimuang S, Chiaprasittigul P, Menday P, Christensen OE (1984). "The combination of pivmecillinam and pivampicillin in the treatment of enteric fever". Infection 12 (6): 381–3. doi:10.1007/BF01645219. PMID 6569851.
  5. ↑ "Selexid Tablets". electronic Medicines Compendium. June 5, 2008. Retrieved on August 31, 2008.
  6. ↑ Holme E, Greter J, Jacobson CE, et al. (August 1989). "Carnitine deficiency induced by pivampicillin and pivmecillinam therapy". Lancet 2 (8661): 469–73. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(89)92086-2. PMID 2570185.
  7. 1 2 3 Brass EP (December 2002). "Pivalate-generating prodrugs and carnitine homeostasis in man". Pharmacol Rev 54 (4): 589–98. doi:10.1124/pr.54.4.589. PMID 12429869.
  8. ↑ Abrahamsson K, Holme E, Jodal U, Lindstedt S, Nordin I (June 1995). "Effect of short-term treatment with pivalic acid containing antibiotics on serum carnitine concentration—a risk irrespective of age". Biochem. Mol. Med. 55 (1): 77–9. doi:10.1006/bmme.1995.1036. PMID 7551831.
  9. ↑ Holme E, Jodal U, Linstedt S, Nordin I (September 1992). "Effects of pivalic acid-containing prodrugs on carnitine homeostasis and on response to fasting in children". Scand J Clin Lab Invest 52 (5): 361–72. doi:10.3109/00365519209088371. PMID 1514015.
  10. ↑ Makino Y, Sugiura T, Ito T, Sugiyama N, Koyama N (September 2007). "Carnitine-associated encephalopathy caused by long-term treatment with an antibiotic containing pivalic acid". Pediatrics 120 (3): e739–41. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0339. PMID 17724113.
Skeletal formula of mecillinam, the active moiety of pivmecillinam
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