Andersen–Tawil syndrome

Andersen–Tawil syndrome
Classification and external resources
Specialty cardiology
ICD-10 I45.8
ICD-9-CM 426.82, 794.31
OMIM 170390
DiseasesDB 700
MeSH D050030
GeneReviews

Andersen–Tawil syndrome, also called Andersen syndrome and Long QT syndrome 7, is a form of long QT syndrome. It is a rare genetic disorder, and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and predisposes patients to cardiac arrhythmias. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome is a similar disorder which is also associated with sensorineural hearing loss.

Presentation

Andersen–Tawil syndrome affects the heart, symptoms are a disruption in the rhythm of the heart's lower chambers (ventricular arrhythmia) in addition to the symptoms of long QT syndrome. There are also physical abnormalities associated with Andersen–Tawil syndrome, these typically affect the head, face, and limbs. These features often include an unusually small lower jaw (micrognathia), low-set ears, and an abnormal curvature of the fingers called clinodactyly.

Type 1 and type 2

Two types of Andersen–Tawil syndrome are distinguished by their genetic causes.

The protein made by the KCNJ2 gene forms a channel that transports potassium ions into muscle cells. The movement of potassium ions through these channels is critical for maintaining the normal functions of skeletal muscles which are used for movement and cardiac muscle. Mutations in the KCNJ2 gene alter the usual structure and function of potassium channels or prevent the channels from being inserted correctly into the cell membrane. Many mutations prevent a molecule called PIP2 from binding to the channels and effectively regulating their activity. These changes disrupt the flow of potassium ions in skeletal and cardiac muscle, leading to the periodic paralysis and irregular heart rhythm characteristic of Andersen–Tawil syndrome.

Researchers have not yet determined the role of the KCNJ2 gene in bone development, and it is not known how mutations in the gene lead to the developmental abnormalities often found in Andersen–Tawil syndrome.

Symptoms

Clinical signs

Treatment

High dose of K+ has been used with different results.

Eponym

It is named for Ellen Andersen[4] and Rabi Tawil.[5][6]

External links

References

  1. ↑ Tristani-Firouzi M, Jensen JL, Donaldson MR; et al. (2002). "Functional and clinical characterization of KCNJ2 mutations associated with LQT7 (Andersen syndrome)". J. Clin. Invest. 110 (3): 381–8. doi:10.1172/JCI15183. PMC 151085. PMID 12163457.
  2. ↑ Pegan S, Arrabit C, Slesinger PA, Choe S (2006). "Andersen's syndrome mutation effects on the structure and assembly of the cytoplasmic domains of Kir2.1". Biochemistry 45 (28): 8599–606. doi:10.1021/bi060653d. PMID 16834334.
  3. ↑ Kim, JB; Chung, KW (December 2009). "Novel de novo Mutation in the KCNJ2 Gene in a Patient With Andersen-Tawil Syndrome". Pediatric Neurology 41 (6): 464–466. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2009.07.010. PMID 19931173.
  4. ↑ Andersen ED, Krasilnikoff PA, Overvad H (1971). "Intermittent muscular weakness, extrasystoles, and multiple developmental anomalies. A new syndrome?". Acta paediatrica Scandinavica 60 (5): 559–64. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1971.tb06990.x. PMID 4106724.
  5. ↑ Tawil R, Ptacek LJ, Pavlakis SG; et al. (1994). "Andersen's syndrome: potassium-sensitive periodic paralysis, ventricular ectopy, and dysmorphic features". Ann. Neurol. 35 (3): 326–30. doi:10.1002/ana.410350313. PMID 8080508.
  6. ↑ synd/3410 at Who Named It?
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