Antony, Hauts-de-Seine

Antony (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃.tɔ.ni]) is a French commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.3 km (7.0 mi) from the centre of Paris. Antony is a subprefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department and the seat of the arrondissement of Antony.^[1]

Watered by the Bièvre, a tributary of the Seine, Antony is located at the crossroads of very important transport routes, especially the main north-south axis which has existed for 2,000 years. Little urbanized until the early 20th century, the city grew considerably between the two wars, under Senator-Mayor Auguste Mounié, from 4,000 to 20,000 inhabitants. In the early 1960s the population quickly increased from 25,000 to 50,000 to accommodate the repatriated people from Algeria. Now incorporated in the Paris Metropolitan Area, it is particularly strong in education with one of the largest private institutions in France and in the health field with the largest private establishment in Île-de-France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Antoniens or Antoniennes^[2]

The commune has been awarded two flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.^[3]

Geography

Location

Antony is a city in the southern suburbs of Paris located in the Hurepoix and is the chief town of the arrondissement of Hauts-de-Seine - 12.5 km south-west of Notre-Dame Cathedral.^[4] Its altitude^[5] is 48m above sea level at the lowest point at rue Gabriel Chamon in the Bièvre Valley and 100m at the highest point in the Avenue d'Estienne d'Orves on the border with Châtenay-Malabry. Antony is at the intersection of three departments:

Essonne, with the communes of Verrières-le-Buisson to the west, Wissous to the east, and Massy to the south;
Hauts-de-Seine, with the communes of Châtenay-Malabry to the west, Sceaux and Bourg-la-Reine to the north;
Val-de-Marne, with the communes of Fresnes and L'Haÿ-les-Roses to the east

Antony is traversed by three^[6] rivers: the Bièvre River^[7] and its two tributaries - the Ruisseau des Godets^[8] and the Ruisseau of Aulnay. One branch^[9] of the Bièvre upstream flows in the open through Heller Park in an area where the Bièvre is maintained by the Inter-communal association for development of the Bièvre Valley. From there it has been channeled and covered since the decision of the municipal council on 26 October 1950^[10] nearly all the way to Paris. It then becomes part of the network of the Inter-departmental association for sanitation of the Paris agglomeration. Since the early 2000s, the restoration of the open air to the Bièvre at Antony and downstream has been envisaged.^[11] In 2003 this was done to Fresnes at the Pars des Prés on the edge of the La Fontaine district of Antony.

Antony is bisected by the South Parisian Green corridor which forms a portion of the via Turonensis: one of four paths in France for the pilgrimage to Saint Jacques de Compostela.

Neighbouring communes and villages^[12]

Antony

Verrières-le-Buisson

Chilly-Mazarin

Wissous

Geology and terrain

The Bièvre at the Parc des prés at Fresnes

The commune area is 956 hectares (2,362 acres) with the altitude varying between 45 and 103 m (148 and 338 ft).^[13]

The plateaux of Beauce ends in the north in an area crossed by small tributaries of the Seine. Antony is located in the extreme north-east of this area, called Hurepoix.

The crust of limestone of Beauce ends with a ledge at the edge of the Bois de Verrières. It covers a thick impermeable layer about 50 m (160 ft) thick of sand mixed with marl from Fontainebleau which is itself resting on layers of green marl in which there are some areas of gypsum then finally blue marl forming the bottom of the Bièvre valley. These green and blue marls form a completely waterproof layer about 10 m (33 ft) thick. These set the date of these layers to the Tertiary period when the sea occupying the centre of the Paris Basin began to retreat.^[14]

The old village of Antony is located on the green marl at the edge of the outcrop of the Water table. It was in the gypsum layer that, in 1807, the oldest known life form in Antony was found: the Anoplotherium commune studied by Georges Cuvier who believed that this herbivore had a long tail with the stature of a donkey or a horse and lived 30 million years ago.^[15]

Climate

Antony climate type is of degraded oceanic. The most commonly used meteorological observation stations for Antony are those at Orly and at the airport of Vélizy-Villacoublay,^[16]^[17] both being communes located near Antony. The climate in the departments of the inner suburbs of Paris is characterized by sunshine and relatively low rainfall. The following table compares the climate of the city of Antony with that of some large French cities:

Comparison of local Meteorological data with other cities in France^[18]
Town	Sunshine (hours/yr)	Rain (mm/yr)	Snow (days/yr)	Storm (days/yr)	Fog (days/yr)
National Average	1,973	770	14	22	40
Antony^[19]	1,656	673	18	22	48
Paris	1,661	637	12	18	10
Nice	2,724	767	1	29	1
Strasbourg	1,693	665	29	29	56
Brest	1,605	1,211	7	12	75

Climate data for Villacoublay
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	6.2 (43.2)	7.2 (45)	11.0 (51.8)	14.3 (57.7)	18.3 (64.9)	21.5 (70.7)	24.0 (75.2)	23.9 (75)	20.1 (68.2)	15.3 (59.5)	9.8 (49.6)	6.5 (43.7)	14.8 (58.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	3.8 (38.8)	4.4 (39.9)	7.5 (45.5)	10.1 (50.2)	13.9 (57)	17.0 (62.6)	19.2 (66.6)	19.1 (66.4)	15.8 (60.4)	11.9 (53.4)	7.1 (44.8)	4.3 (39.7)	11.2 (52.2)
Average low °C (°F)	1.4 (34.5)	1.5 (34.7)	3.9 (39)	5.9 (42.6)	9.5 (49.1)	12.4 (54.3)	14.4 (57.9)	14.3 (57.7)	11.5 (52.7)	8.5 (47.3)	4.4 (39.9)	2.1 (35.8)	7.5 (45.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	56.7 (2.232)	48.5 (1.909)	50.6 (1.992)	52.9 (2.083)	61.9 (2.437)	51.7 (2.035)	63.4 (2.496)	55.2 (2.173)	50.7 (1.996)	65.2 (2.567)	54.1 (2.13)	61.8 (2.433)	672.7 (26.484)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)	11.0	10.2	10.6	9.9	10.2	8.5	8.0	7.3	7.9	10.3	10.6	11.5	116.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours	62	77	127	165	195	209	216	210	167	112	65	51	1,656
Source: Meteorological data for Villacoublay - 174m altitude, from 1981 to 2010 January 2015 (French)

The issue of flooding in some districts of Antony and Fresnes, following clogging of water networks (i.e. stormwater, wastewater and the Bièvre) during violent storms (1982, 2001, 2008) returns periodically although a protection plan against flooding was made, either by the prefect or the mayor, in August 2006.^[17]

Channels of communication and transport

Roads

Access to the tunnel under the A86 autoroute, at the sub-prefecture level

Antony is primarily served by the D920 road^[20] (formerly National Route 20) which passes along the entire length of the commune tracing^[21] the route of the Roman road via Aurelianensis which crossed Gaul from south to north coming from Spain and going to Cologne.

Crossing Antony from east to west is the A86 autoroute which, since 1996,^[21] followed the route of National Road RN186 which itself traced the route of the road opened by Louis XV. The A86 is heavily used by Parisians during peak hours in the morning and late afternoon. It is a way of avoiding Paris by a peripheral route it replaced the function of the RN186, however the latter was retained as an urban axis. Parts of the A86 are covered or in a tunnel at Antony. Work began there more than thirty years ago were completed by the end of the 2000s. Due to lack of funding, construction of the southern tunnel of the A86 has currently stopped at the RER bridge. The drilling of the section between the Sub-Prefecture building and the RER bridge is still under consideration by State services.^[22]

These roads have very high traffic (20,000 to 40,000 vehicles per day) and cause nuisance to local residents. It is expected that eventually the RD920 will be converted into an urban boulevard.^[23]

Antony is also served by the A10 autoroute with an exit to join the RN20 and to enter through the south of the city.

Bicycle paths and pedestrian areas

30 km/h (19 mph) zone (cemetery district)

10 km/h (6 mph) zone (cemetery district)

In November 1989^[24] a bike path running through the city inside the Green Belt was built for a length of one kilometre (0.62 miles). Since 9 October 2005 it has been possible to cycle inside the Parc de Sceaux, an area dependent on Hauts-de-Seine department but partly located in Antony.

Given the density of traffic and, as was intended by PLU,^[25] a coherent easy circulation network consisting of areas limited to 30 km/h and cycling paths primarily to schools and colleges was created. A zone limited to 30 km/h is linked to a zone limited to 10 km/h: in this area priority is given to pedestrians as shown in the photo below.

Expansion of areas limited to 30 km/h is underway in all areas of Antony with the aim of gradually moving all the city to 30 km/h^[26] except for the RD920 for which a redevelopment project being proposed for the creation of cycle paths.^[27]

The 30 km/h (19 mph) zones were defined in 2009 and most of the 30 km/h roads are accessible in both directions for cyclists.^[28]

Communal Transport

View of Antony railway station

Antony is connected to the RER network through six stations:

five stations on the RER Line B

These are, from north to south:

The first three stations are in zone 3 for the navigo pass, the other two are in zone 4. Antony station is the most important and was completely rebuilt and returned to service in June 2002. It includes both the station for RER line B, the terminus for 13 bus routes and the terminal of Orlyval. A taxi rank and two bicycle parking garages are nearby. Approximately 25,000 passengers pass through this transport axis every day.^[29]

Chemin d'Antony

A station on RER Line C in zone 4.

Many bus routes connect Antony to Paris and neighbouring communes via bus networks in the Île-de-France:

10 routes of RATP bus network: TVM, 119, 196, 197, 286, 297, 319, 379, 395, and 396;
8 routes of the Paladin bus network: 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 12, and 13;
2 routes of the Daniel Meyer bus network: DM151 and DM152;
2 routes of Noctilien: N21 and N71

Since 21 July 2007 the city of Antony has been served by the Trans-Val-de-Marne (Tvm) through the RER station of La Croix de Berny. This rapid transit bus service has its own Bus lanes and links Antony to the Saint-Maur-Créteil railway station providing access to the limits of the region to the east such as Créteil, the Rungis International Market, The Belle Épine commercial centre, and Choisy-le-Roi.

Planned for 2020, the Antony-Clamart Tramway will connect La Croix de Berny railway station to Clamart - Place du Garde.

Rail transport

By RER Line B Antony is near Paris railway stations. Through Antony station the Gare du Nord and the Gare de Lyon can be reached in 28 minutes (direct connection to the RER) and the Gare Saint-Lazare railway station in 32 minutes.^[30] Antony is also very close to the Massy TGV railway station which can be reached in 5 minutes by RER. This station has the distinction of being both one of the new stations of Île-de-France served by inter-provincial TGV and also a new station for the LGV Atlantique radial line. Thus certain trains serve both the Paris-Montparnasse railway station and this station which makes it useful for going to Paris to take the TGV.

RER line C also passes through Antony (the Massy-Pontoise branch) but it is significantly underutilized as serving suburbs because of its simultaneous use as a connecting link for the TGV between the South-West network and the North network as well as having many heavy freight trains.^[31] Réseau Ferré de France (RFF) has proposed^[32] the creation of a third line on the right of way to facilitate the coexistence of three types of rail traffic, but in the absence of specific guarantees of soundproofing measures the project has been rejected both by the residents' associations and by the Antony council.^[33]

Air transport and airport access

Antony is near Orly Airport. Since 2 October 1991^[34] it can be reached in seven minutes by Orlyval, a narrow-gauge light railway of VAL type from the Antony RER B railway station. The use of this line is provided by RATP and it has special pricing that does not include it in the package for the Navigo pass.

Town planning

Urban Morphology

INSEE divided the commune into four "large quarters" called Croix de Berny, Rabats, Baconnets, and Centre-ville which were themselves cut into 27 grouped blocks for statistical information.^[35]

**Land Use in 2008.**
Type of Use	Percentage	Size (hectares)
Urban Built-up Area	78,80 %	749,87
Urban vacant land	18,50 %	176,20
Rural Land	2,70 %	26,13
Source: Iaurif^[36]

Antony revised its local urban plan (PLU)^[25] in 2007 based on the findings of a survey conducted in 2004 among residents and the results have been an organisation and sustainable development plan (PADD). The development of this PLU ended with the adoption of the final draft by a vote of the City Council on 30 May 2008.^[37] The main direction for the PLU was a balanced urban development, a dynamic economy, developing public facilities, and to preserve a framework for a quality living environment with improved movement of people. This vision has however been challenged by a preceding public inquiry.^[38] The municipality indicated that the city enjoyed a lifestyle that should be preserved: a rich natural heritage, green spaces, a diverse architectural heritage (the old stone quarry, individual art nouveau houses, art deco and modern architecture), an ancient well-developed heart with many rows of trees and woodlands^[39] but, paradoxically, part of the suburban area was transferred into a zone where dense building development became possible.^[38]

The PLU (which was the subject of a draft amendment in 2012)^[40] defined the segmentation of the commune into 9 districts: Croix de Berny / La Fontaine, Coulée verte, Centre-ville / Hôtel de ville, Centre-ville / Mounié, Pajeaud, Paul-Bert, Noyer-Doré / Baconnets, Rabats, and Industrial Zones. Antony has 110 kilometres (68 miles) of streets of which 80.6 kilometres (50.1 miles) are local roads, 16.7 kilometres (10.4 miles) departmental and national roads for which the city is responsible for maintenance, and 13.1 kilometres (8.1 miles) of private roads.^[41]

Housing

To cope with the increasing number of people since the 1950s two interesting Castors (self-construction cooperative) experiments took place in Antony in 1953^[42] and 1954.^[43] The Castor was responsible to build his own home there and to pay close attention. After the Second World War, before the housing shortage, the French decided to build their own houses by joining in anonymous cooperative societies. Thus companies were created - e.g. "The Cricket of Île-de-France" and "The Castors of Bièvre". In 1953, the Company of Counters of Montrouge which had allotments at Antony (located behind the square Marc Sangnier on the border with Fresnes) offered its employees to sell the land at a nominal price. Nearly 150 houses were built between 1953 and 1957. Their owners were fully invested in these constructions, working on weekends and after their workday. The rules were very strict: rest was only allowed one Sunday per month and only during a week of paid leave. The allocation of houses to employees was made by lot, one each until every house was built. Many houses are still occupied by the original Castor.

Ancient wine growers' houses in the city centre

The housing seen in Antony today represents a diversified heritage:^[25] ancient houses in quarry stone, individual Art Nouveau house, Art Deco houses, and contemporary architecture. Buildings built in the 1960s are being renovated while in recent years small buildings have replaced the old houses along the RD920 (ex-RN20) to achieve a continuous frontage. In a survey by the weekly Le Point on the cities of France "where we saw the best", Antony is very well ranked in almost all areas studied, notably in first position for housing.^[44] In 2008 in Antony there were 26,920 housing units including 25,158 primary homes or 93.5% of all dwellings. Second homes and casual accommodation numbered 355 units or 1.3% of the total. The number of vacant houses totaled 1,407 or 5.2%. Of all of these units there were 9,135 individual houses (33.9%) and 17,750 units in shared buildings (65.2%).^[45]

The average number of occupants per dwelling decreased sharply:^[40] 3.24 in 1968, 2.65 in 1982 and 2.43 in 1999. The number of households of one or two persons increased between 1982 and 1999 and had an influence on the consumption of housing land, especially in the outer areas. Thus as the number of households increases the commune needs more housing to accommodate the same number of inhabitants.

Tall buildings in the "White City" of Antony

The 24,682 primary residences are relatively recent: in 2007, 3,327 units or 13.4% predated 1949, 12,765 dated from a period between 1949 and 1974 (51.3%); 4,841 dated from 1975-1989 (19.5%), and 3,928 dated from 1990 to 2005 (15.8%). As for the number of rooms in these houses, 6.8% had one room, 14.4% had two rooms, 28.4% had three rooms, 23.9% had four rooms, and 26.5% had five or more rooms.^[45]

In Antony the average price of real estate for sale in 2008 was about 4,270 euros/m2 and the average price of property for rent was EUR 17.39/m2/month.^[46] The suburban area covers ⅔ of the city with a coefficient of occupation of land of 0.7. The municipality claims to be seeking to enforce a rule of 20% social housing but the communal social housing policy was challenged by an inter-ministerial mission during the summer of 2008.^[47] Many projects to rehabilitate social housing are underway but since 1990 there has been more destruction of social housing than creation. This is particularly the case in the construction of the "Grand Ensemble", "Parvis" (Breuil, Bièvre), "White City", and "Guillebaud City". The municipality also highlighted the renovation of buildings along the RD920 (ex RN20) to promote a continuous frontage and dormant urbanisation spaces which is presented as an attempt to maintain the number of inhabitants despite the national trend of decline in the number of people per family.

Development projects

Building in the Noyer-Doré quarter

The two main urbanisation operations in Antony are in the quarter of Croix-de-Berny and Noyer-Doré. Organized by the law No. 2003-710^[48] of 1 August 2003. The national urban renewal program provided an unprecedented national effort to renovate districts in difficulty. It is in this context that the Noyer-Dore district, in the south of Antony, is under renovation.^[49] The PLU also provided for two new urban developments: the development of the Bas-Graviers/Crocheteurs district along the A86 and to the east of the city, the development of the Cemagref land near the Descartes school.

The development work in Croix de Berny began in the 1970s with the creation of the A86 then its partial covering.^[50] Important work has been undertaken to extend to 2 lanes the 2 tunnels on the A86, its extension to 2 lanes in 3 tunnels is envisaged.^[51] The land near the square, which was occupied until 1989 by the sub-prefecture, was ceded^[52] to the city of Antony who built office buildings. The layout of the site itself began in the 2000s by installing a fountain 20 metres (66 feet) in diameter^[53] whose style and cost have been variously appreciated.

The roofing of the A86 was provisionally completed in 2008. State services are currently working on the completion of the project "Tube South-west" which should finally complete the doubling of the tunnel of Croix de Berny commissioning with two lanes in three tunnels.

The renovation of the district of Noyer-Dore,^[54] planned for a decade, began in March 2001^[55] with the destruction of several buildings (including "The Big L" built in the 1960s). This district, always characterized by geographic isolation from the rest of the commune and a deficit in public facilities and shops, is part of the sensitive urban zone called "The Grand ensemble", a zone spread across the communes of Antony and Massy.^[56]

Toponymy

It was in a confirmation by King Louis I the Pious made for the monks of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in 829, that the toponym Antony is mentioned for the first time as Antoniacum meaning "estate of Antonius", a Gallo-Roman landowner. Then it was attested in the forms: Anthoniaco, Anthognyaco, Antongni, Antoni, and Antony from the 18th century with the exception of a brief period during the French Revolution when it took the name of Antony-Révolution.^[57]

The known origin^[21] of the city dates back to the 3rd century. The name Antony is a Gallo-Roman formation and comes from the Latin anthroponym Antonius (giving Antoine, worn by a native),^[58] followed by the suffix -acum of Gallic origin.^[59] A Homonym with Antogny, Antoigné, and Antoigny all of which toponyms date back to the Gallo-Roman *ANTONIACU.

History

Prehistoric and Gallo-Roman era

In prehistoric times people settled along the edges of the plateau^[57] overlooking the valley. The remains of their settlements are still visible in the Bois de Verrières. The selection of sites was from the beginning conditioned by water and access. The village which later gave birth to Antony was installed in a location conducive to human settlement: a hillside site with many advantages - easy to protect because of its height with richer soil than that on the plateau and in an area not subject to flooding as it was above the marshes but at the level of water sources that rise from the green marl. The many fountains in Rue de l'Eglise and the Avenue du Bois-de-Verrières and the place names (Sources, Gouttieres (Gutters)...) testify to the existence of this Water table.

In 1852,^[21] when the cemetery was being moved from in front of the church, sarcophagi were discovered which were originally supposed to be Frankish or Merovingian. This allows the supposition that there was a constant presence of people around the Gallo-Roman villa.

Antony from the 10th to the 15th centuries

Wells from the Middle Ages in the city centre, rebuilt in 1707 and transformed into a fountain in 1835.

From the 10th to the 15th century the Lordship of Antony was one of the main dependencies of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. The location at Antony had a ford called Pont-aux-Ânes (Bridge of the Asses) from Roman and medieval times. This hillside location provided Antony with a connection with Montlhéry, a stronghold which monitored the southern approaches to Paris. Antony also had a small fortress, the Tour d'Argent (Tower of Silver) which was located in the upper part of the village in a position overlooking the ford and possibly serving a defensive function.

In 1042, the King of France, Henri I, accorded the abbot of Saint-Germain des Près "an altar dedicated to Saint Saturnin and located in the territory of Paris, in the jurisdiction called Paris".

The mill wheel ensured the production of flour for Antonians for 10 centuries.

In 1177 in recognition of the importance of the village Antony chapel became a parish church. The people were then all serfs of the Abbey. City dwellers then began to get communal Charters and those campaigns began the great liberation movement that led to the emancipation of the serfs.

The decisive date was in 1248: Thomas de Mauleon, the Abbot of Saint-Germain des Près, freed his serfs in Antony and Verrières.^[21] Many expenses still faced these farmers: they had to pay an annual rent, tithes for the mills, ovens, and presses, and also provide Corvées or unpaid labour, such as cleaning the Bièvre every three years.

The Kings of France had the right of accommodation in Antony. Under Louis IX there were lawsuits against people who refused to submit to this law. They were condemned.

During the 14th and 15th centuries Antony had troubles from the Hundred Years War then the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: plagues, famine and devastation. At the end of this long period, the Abbey was crushed by debt and the region was emptied of its inhabitants. There were only 100 inhabitants left in Antony at the end of the wars.

In 1346 King Philip of Valois, on his way to the feast of the Assumption, camped in Antony believing that Edward III, King of England, would pass through there on his way to Flanders. The prince waited in vain for two days, the King of England having passed through Poissy heading towards Beauvais.

The opening up (16th to 18th centuries)

The dovecote from Antony Castle (1648)

The road from Paris to Orléans was paved under François I: it crossed the Bièvre at the Pont d'Antony from which a path led to the centre of the village near the church of Saint-Saturnin. The development of this road led to^[60] the development of the city.

In 1545 François I, while at prayers with Cardinal de Tournon, Commendatory abbot of Saint Germain, gave letters patent for the establishment of fairs at Antony on Thursday after Pentecost and on Saint Catherine's day (25 November) as well as a market every Thursday.

The famous top-quality candle maker Trudon was established here in 1737 after buying the business established in 1702 from Pean de Saint Gilles, wax supplier to the King.^[61]

At the end of the 17th century and early in the 18th century, Antony became a holiday town close to Paris: La Fontaine and Charles Perrault^[62] took their summer quarters there. This is also the period during which many mansions were built by notable Parisian who came to Antony for the countryside just outside Paris. Most mansions still remained in the middle of the 20th century:^[63] the old castle,^[64] the property of the actor François Molé,^[65] the folly^[66] of the Castries family in Heller Park now demolished but an outbuilding remains,^[67] the house of the Belle Levantine (now the Maison Saint-Jean),^[68] the property of the Ladies of Saint Raphael, and the property of Ballainvilliers purchased in 1860 by the surgeon Alfred Velpeau.

Development in the 19th century

Harvest at Antony in 1908

Arpajonnais on the RN20 at the beginning of the 20th century. The Catenary for electric traction is already installed, but the train is pulled by a bi-cab steam locomotive.

Antony remained predominantly agricultural until the early 20th century. Le Petit Journal wrote in 1922: "The pretty commune of Antony is one of those, in the suburbs of Paris, where agriculture is still the most thriving".^[69] The city was known for its coaching inn for horses^[70] that welcomed travelers at the crossroads called "Croix de Berny" because it was at the intersection of the royal road, dating from the 18th century, leading from Versailles to Choisy-le-Roi, and the road from Paris to Orléans with the intersection in the north-west corner of the Château de Berny Park.

The construction of the railway profoundly transformed the activity of the city when the Sceaux line opened in 1854 then the Arpajonnais line in 1893. The building of mansions continued: the property of the Marquis of Castries was demolished and replaced in the Second Empire by Sarran Castle^[71] and Bourdeau Park whose remains have today become the Maison des Arts (Art House).^[72]

Antony became the seat of numerous religious congregations. The Sisters of the Cross of Saint-André who had a girls' religious school at Antony since 1720, in 1928 became the Institute of the Cross, then The Cross before being integrated into the Institution of Sainte-Marie of Antony which incorporated several religious congregations. The Marianists bought the Chénier property and installed their French seminar. Returning after their expulsion in 1903, their building became the Maison Saint-Jean, now a retreat for Marianists. In 1968 they created the Institution of Sainte-Marie of Antony.

The Chénier property, transformed into a boarding house after the expulsion of Marianists in 1905.

The Redemptorists (Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer) purchased the property of the surgeon Velpeau on 5 August 1889 to build their novitiate. Following the Separation of Church and State in 1905 they had to leave Antony as they were expelled on 13 June 1908.^[73] They had meanwhile built very large buildings which were taken by the Seine Department and became the Paul-Manchon day nursery.^[74]

In 1890 the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny bought the buildings of the former royal manufactory of waxes. They installed a nursing home for the sisters returning from the colonies.^[75] The main building is now a retreat for the sisters of this congregation.

The Ladies of Saint Raphael settled in 1893.^[76] Their work was to host single mothers to help ensure their safe child-bearing and also ran a school founded^[77] by Father Amédée Ferrand de Missol (1805-1883), a physician who became a priest, friend and companion of Frédéric Ozanam. These religious left Antony in 1972 after creating a similar place in Colombia. The school was closed and the association was taken over by the laity.

Development in the 20th century

The first major development in Antony was performed under the guidance of its Senator-Mayor Augustus Mounié: the city went from 4,000 to 20,000 inhabitants. Elected mayor in 1912, he immediately attacked the problem of housing. Nicknamed in the newspaper "Le Père des mal-lotis" (The Father of the poor), he created more than forty associations of the poor to carry out sanitation of housing. He built schools, many roads, and installed street lighting.

In 1940 refugees flocking to the capital to go south. The mayor organised dormitories in schools and sought to supply the refugees by any means and 7,000 Antonians remained on site out of 19,000 inhabitants. Schools were emptied: students and teachers were first sent to Savigny-sur-Braye, then Saumur, and finally Bouille-Loretz. On 14 June 1940 the Germans come into town and used the stadium and the Jules Ferry school as places to hold 8,000 prisoners of war.^[78]

Antony was the first city in the Seine department liberated by troops of the 2nd Armoured Division of General Leclerc on 24 August 1944.^[79]

The Anne-Fontaine library (1990)

The second development was a consequence of the very rapid housing construction in the early 1960s to accommodate the returnees from Algeria. Rapid urbanization led to the construction of small buildings but also low-rise apartments such as "The Grand L" famous for its interior corridors 174 m (571 ft) long^[80] and a height of 11 floors^[81] which was demolished in February 2001.^[82] In twenty years, from 1955 to 1975, the population increased from^[21] 24,512 to 57,795 inhabitants . During this period, the city built^[21] eleven nursery and primary schools, three colleges, one school, a large stadium, five school gyms with a sports centre, a sports park, two leisure centres, a swimming pool, a city hall, and thousands of units of social housing. The new city hall is a modern work by architect Georges Felus and was inaugurated on 19 June 1970.

The 1990s saw the reconstruction of the library in 1990 then in 1996 the fire station and the Conservatory of Music. Finally the 2000s would see the end of the development work undertaken for nearly forty years in the Croix-de-Berny quarter. This quarter, a strategic crossroads of communication (the A86, A6, A10, and near Orly Airport and RER B), near the Parc de Sceaux, was redeveloped to attract businesses and therefore create jobs. It is predicted that in total 7,000 jobs^[25] will be created in this district.

Heraldry

The Arms of Antony were adopted on 20 June 1919^[83] but have since been simplified. The latest version dates to 1987.^[21]

	These arms do not respect the Rule of tincture and are therefore armes fausses (faulty arms) (Inescutcheon of Sable on Azure). Blazon: Quarterly, 1 and 4 Azure with Inescutcheon of Sable charged with three roundels Argent accompanied by 3 fleurs-de-lis of Or; 2 and 3 Gules a column Argent, in chief (sewn) Azure charged with a lion passant of Or.

The bridge that was on the river has recently disappeared from the shield, but the motto remains: "parvus ubi pagus fuit Urbem jam alluit unda" meaning: "where there was a village, the river now waters a city".

The original coat of arms of 1919 are officially blazoned as: "Quarterly, 1 and 4 Azure with three fleurs-de-lis of Or with an escutcheon at Fess-point Sable with three roundels Argent; 2 and 3 quarterly, 1 and 4 Gules with a column Argent, in chief (sewn) Azure a lion passant of Or, 2 and 3 Azure with three bends of Or, in chief (sewn) Azure with a lion issuant of Or; over all in Vert a bridge of Argent masoned and Ajouré in Sable over a river Argent.".^[84]

In summary:^[85] the fleurs-de-lis, escutcheons, and roundels are for the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, the tower evokes the old fortress overlooking the Bièvre ford; the lion is from the arms of Hugues de Lionne, first Marquis of Berny and French Foreign Minister (1663-1671).

Politics and Administration

Agglomeration Community building at Châtenay-Malabry

Antony is one of the two sub-prefectures of the department of Hauts-de-Seine in the Île-de-France region and the main commune in the Hauts de Bièvre agglomeration community. The Canton of Antony includes only two-thirds of the commune from its southern part, the rest belongs to the Canton of Bourg-la-Reine. The commune of Antony since 1986 has belonged to the thirteenth electoral district of Hauts-de-Seine.

Since 2006 Antony has been one of the communes^[86] that use voting machines.

Political Balance

Politically, from the early 1980s Antony has been a right-wing town. The current president of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine and former minister, Patrick Devedjian, won four consecutive terms as mayor in the city of Antony. From 16 October 1983 to 30 May 2002 he ran for municipal elections as a member of the RPR. His successor as mayor, Raymond Sibille, was elected as a UMP mayor as was his successor, Jean-Yves Sénant, who was reelected in 2008.

In the French European Constitution referendum, 2005, Antonians voted overwhelmingly for the European Constitution with 63.60% for "Yes" against 36.40% for "No" with an abstention rate of 24.77% (Whole of France: 54.67% "No", 45.33% "Yes").^[87]

In the French presidential election of 2007,^[88] the first round saw Nicolas Sarkozy with 34.86% or 11,924 votes, followed by Ségolène Royal with 27.53% or 9,418 votes, then François Bayrou with 22.98% or 7,861 votes, and finally Jean-Marie Le Pen with 5.10% or 1,744 votes with no other candidate exceeding the 5% threshold. In the second round, voters voted 52.69% or 17,241 votes for Nicolas Sarkozy against 47.31% or 15,482 votes for Ségolène Royal, a result close to the national average,^[89] which was in the second round 53.06% for Nicolas Sarkozy and 46.94% for Ségolène Royal. Turnout was very high in this presidential election. There are 39,327 registered voters on the Antony electoral list and 87.05% or 34,234 voters participated in the voting. The abstention rate was 12.95% or 5,093 votes, 4.41% or 1,511 votes were blank or invalid so in total 95.59% or 32,723 votes were cast.

Municipal administration

The Town Hall, 8 May 2008

The Antony municipal council consists of the mayor, 13 deputy mayors, 21 municipal council delegates, and 10 municipal councilors. Thirty-five city seats on the municipal council are filled by the electoral group Antony for all with Jean-Yves Sénant. The two opposition groups are Union for Antony led by François Rivet and Antony Plus led by Magali Buzelin. One municipal councilor was initially elected as a MoDem on the Antony Plus ticket and considered by the City Council as an opposition councillor, has sat since late 2008 in an independent group and voted with the municipal majority.^[90]^[91]^[92] The current mayor is also the 1st Vice President of the Aagglomeration Community of Hauts-de-Bièvre responsible for finance. He was Regional Adviser for Île-de-France from 2004 to 2010.^[93]

In 2000 the municipality established the Council of Young Citizens (CJC).^[94] CJC is composed of thirty students with parity between boys and girls. They are elected by their peers in the three schools in the town: Sainte-Marie, Descartes, and Theodore Monod. Divided into three committees, these young people have a duty to reflect on questions of general interest and to propose actions to the municipality.^[95]

The municipality also decided in 2008 to establish a Council of Seniors appointed by the mayor on a voluntary basis.^[96]

The seats in the municipal council of Antony are allocated as follows:^[97]^[98]

Party	President	Seats	Status
UMP, NC, LGM	Jean-Yves Sénant	35	majority
PS, PCF, Challenge for Antony, PG	François Rivet	6	opposition
The Greens, Citizens in Antony, PRG	Magali Buzelin	3	opposition
Antony to Live together	Caroline Pégang	1	?

In the municipal elections of March 2008, the participation rate for the first and only round was low with only 56.98% of voters.^[99] Of the 40,770 registered on electoral lists, 23,229 voted and 22,453 voters made valid votes. Jean-Yves Sénant topped the list with Antony for all Jean-Yves Sénant and was elected with an absolute majority of 52.09% or 11,696 votes. He was followed by the United list of the left led by Francis Rivet who topped the list Union for Antony, who collected 29.39% of the vote or 6,599 votes.^[99] The centre-left list Antony Plus with you, with its leader Jean-François Homassel, ranked third with 18.52% of the collected votes or 4,158 votes.^[99]

Mayors

List of Successive Mayors^[100]

Mayors from the French Revolution to 1940

From	To	Name	Position
1790	1791	Pierre Saturnin Porthaux
1791	1793	Jean Mongarny
1793	1795	Henri Gau
1795	1796	Henri Sébastien Chartier
1796	1797	Charles Trudon
1797	1807	Philippe Gislain
1807	1814	Pierre-Louis Chandoisel
1814	1816	Urbain Stanislas Broussin
1816	1826	Jérôme Pierre Trudon
1826	1834	Alphonse Pierre Beauvais
1834	1844	Louis Benoist Dupin
1844	1856	Jules-Louis Lohier
1856	1858	Léopold Désiré Boudard
1858	1860	Jules-Louis Lohier
1860	1871	Jean-Etienne Chauvet
1871	1880	Charles Cazin
1880	1884	Nicolas Surivet
1884	1886	Charles Cazin
1886	1888	Henri Chevallier
1888	1890	Paul d'Etcheverry
1890	1896	Louis Langlois
1896	1900	Prosper Legouté
1900	1912	Louis Langlois
1912	1940	Auguste Mounié	Pharmacist

Secondary entrance to the Town Hall in Antony

Mayors from 1940

From	To	Name	Party	Position
1941	1944	Charles Defforge
1944	1945	Henri Lasson
1945	1947	Emile Seitz
1947	1955	André Blaise
1955	1955	Lucie Levenez
1955	1977	Georges Suant	RPR	Professor
1977	1983	André Aubry	PCF	Reelection annulled for Electoral Fraud^[101]
1983	1983	François Noël Charles
1983	2002	Patrick Devedjian	RPR	Lawyer
2002	2003	Raymond Sibille	UMP	Publisher
2003	2020	Jean-Yves Sénant	UMP	Officer in SNCF

(Not all data is known)

Local Finance

Since the 2000s, the amount of cash flow^[102] for the commune remained well above the average for this level (communes from 50,000 to 100,000 population):^[103]

Cash Flow Capacity per inhabitant (in euros)

	2012	2011	2010	2009	2008	2007	2006	2005	2004	2003
Antony	241	281	299	235	229	217	237	215	180	151
Average for this level	172	176	169	146	136	150	160	168	166	165

Judicial and administrative jurisdiction

The District Court

Antony is the seat of a District Court.^[104] The cantons under the court's jurisdiction are the cantons of Antony, Bagneux, Bourg-la-Reine, Châtenay-Malabry, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Le Plessis-Robinson, Montrouge, and Sceaux.^[105]

Antony is also the seat of a Police Court.^[106]

Both courts are located in a building that was built in 1872^[107] to accommodate the first school for boys. In 1927 the building was transformed into a city hall until the construction of the new city hall in 1970.

Antony reports to the Tribunal de Grande Instance of Nanterre, the Court of Appeal of Versailles, the Juvenile court of Nanterre, the Conseil de prud'hommes (labour court) in Boulogne-Billancourt, the Commercial Court of Nanterre, the Administrative Tribunal in Cergy-Pontoise, and the Administrative Court of Appeal of Versailles.^[108]

Environmental policy

Himalayan Cedar in Raymond Sibille park

For a long time Antony has sought to capitalize on its many green spaces. With the help of the Agglomeration Community of Hauts-de-Bièvre visits have been to different sites to discover their remarkable natural resources. The catchment area of the Bièvre has been classified as a "natural ecological, fauna and flora zone" since 1984^[109] by the Ministry of the Environment. This area is a high quality wetland of regional interest - the most remarkable in the Hauts-de-Seine department.^[110] An ornithological observatory was established at the initiative of the city in 1992 on this site. 132 different species of birds have been observed between 1977 and 1993 including very rare species in Île-de-France. The entire valley to the Parc de Sceaux is registered in the inventory of natural areas of flora and fauna of ecological interest.

A process of planting large trees was initiated in 2008.^[111] These trees, 15 m (49 ft) high and 25 years old, are planted in particular locations with the aim of them becoming remarkable trees in the third millennium. These iconic trees mark the landscape and serve as landmarks for urban planning.

Twinning

Antony, rue de Sderot

Antony is currently twinned with seven cities and also maintains close ties with many foreign cities. It was on 18 February 1985^[112] that the first French city to sign a twinning agreement with the Afghan resistance against the Soviet invasion during the war in Afghanistan (1979-1989) was signed. It united Antony with Paghman, a district on the outskirts of Kabul but has not been pursued with the new authorities.^[113] The René Descartes School of Antony organizes annual exchanges between Antony and its two twin cities: Lexington in the United States and Reinickendorf in Germany.

On 10 November 2014 Antony had twinning associations with:^[114]

Reinickendorf (Germany) since 1966.
Lexington (USA) since 1990.
Eleftheroupoli (Greece) since 2000.
Sderot (Israel) since 1984.
Collegno (Italy) since 1970.
Olomouc (Czech Republic) since 1995.
Lewisham (United Kingdom) since 1967.

According to the Antony official website^[115] the following two towns are also twinned with Antony however these are not shown on the National Commission for Decentralised cooperation website:

Protvino (Russia)
Hammam-Lif (Tunisia)

Demography

In 2009 the commune had 61,393 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.^{[Note 1]}

Population Change (See database)

1793	1800	1806	1821	1831	1836	1841	1846	1851
1,223	1,100	1,028	1,170	1,182	1,336	1,360	1,347	1,328

1856	1861	1866	1872	1876	1881	1886	1891	1896
1,359	1,650	1,753	1,497	1,525	1,620	1,872	1,967	2,533

1901	1906	1911	1921	1926	1931	1936	1946	1954
3,068	3,477	4,490	7,549	12,468	17,645	19,780	21,233	24,512

1962	1968	1975	1982	1990	1999	2006	2009	-
46,483	56,638	57,540	54,610	57,771	59,855	59,800	61,393	-

Sources : Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 1962, INSEE database from 1968 (population without double counting and municipal population from 2006)

Distribution of Age Groups

The population of the town is relatively young. The proportion of people above the age of 60 years (19.3%) is lower than the national rate (21.6%) while still above the departmental rate (17.7%).

As for the national and departmental proportions, the female population of the commune is higher than the male population. The rate (52.3%) is of the same order of magnitude than the national rate (51.6%).

Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Antony and Hauts-de-Seine Department in 2009

	Antony	Antony	Hauts-de-Seine	Hauts-de-Seine
Age Range	Men	Women	Men	Women
0 to 14 Years	19.8	17.4	20.8	18.2
15 to 29 Years	22.1	19.1	20.5	19.5
30 to 44 Years	20.7	20.2	24.4	23.2
45 to 59 Years	19.8	20.1	18.3	18.8
60 to 74 Years	10.9	12.8	10.6	11.3
75 to 89 Years	6.4	9.5	5.0	8.0
90 Years+	0.4	0.8	0.4	1.0

Sources:

Economy

The town has a branch of the Paris Chamber of Commerce.

Incomes of the population and taxation

In 2004, 818 households in Antony were liable for the Solidarity tax on wealth (ISF) and the average amount of this tax in Antony was €3,857 per year against €5,683 per year for the national average. The average wealth of Antonians liable for ISF was €1,295,062.^[116]

In 2008, there were 1,463 households in Antony liable for the Solidarity tax on wealth (ISF) and the average amount of this tax in Antony was €3,634 per year and the average wealth of Antonians liable for ISF was €1,406,852.^[117]

In 2010 the median household income tax was €42,583, placing Antony at 1456th out of the 31,525 communes in France with more than 39 households.^[118]

Employment

The commune of Antony is part of the employment zone of Boulogne-Billancourt.^[119] The total working population of the commune is 27,979.^[120] The rate of employment between 20 and 59 years old is 79% compared to the national average is 82.2%. There are 2,216 unemployed. In 1999 Antony had an unemployment rate of 7.9% which was much lower than the national average which was 12.9%. The percentage of working people was 46.7% against 45.2% nationally. There were 16.4% retired, 29.3% of young people in school, and finally 7.5% of people without activity.^[120]

Distribution of employment by industry

	Agriculture	Tradesmen, Shopkeepers, Entrepreneurs	Managers, Intellectuals	Intermediate professions	Employees	Workers
Antony	0%	4.2%	33%	26.1%	25.2%	11.5%
National Average	2.4%	6.4%	12.1%	22.1%	29.9%	27.1%
Source of data: INSEE^[121]

The commune has an Employment centre for job searching.

Enterprises and businesses

The High-tech office park

On 31 December 2008 the total number of establishments was 3,495^[122] distributed as follows by business segment: 6 (0.2%) in agriculture (agriculture, forestry and fishing), 142 (4.1%) in industry, 236 (6.8%) in construction, 2,343 (67.0%) in trade, transport and other services of which 569 (16.3%) were in trade and car repairs, and finally 768 (22%) in the areas of public administration, education, health, and social action.

The centre of high-tech, along the A86 autoroute

The main areas of activity and research present in Antony are:

The Cemagref or Research Institute for Agricultural Engineering and the Environment (originally the National Centre of Agricultural Machinery, Rural Engineering, Water and Forestry) was created in Paris in 1944 and moved to Antony in 1956. Since then, many centres have been established in the provinces. The centre in Antony particularly specialises in water quality.
The Sanofi company, previously Sanofi-Aventis, created a research centre devoted to chemistry at Antony in 1952. This centre was established on an area of 6 hectares which was occupied by vegetable crops near the Croix de Berny. This centre was completely renovated between 1984 and 1988 on the plans of architects A. Chamussi and Alexandre Chemetoff. In September 2011 the group announced the regrouping, planned for 2014, of its commercial activities onto three sites (Paris, Massy, and Gentilly) which would imply the closure of the Antony site.^[123]
Antonypole is a business park consisting of an old industrial area built in the south of the city in 1970 and a former high-tech park built in 1980. In 2008, this business park included large institutions in the areas of health, research, and precision electronics, such as: Dräger Medical, Essilor, Siemens, Stallergenes, Air Liquide Medical Systems, Vannier Photolec etc. Priority is given today to the installation of high value-added businesses wishing to settle in the south of Paris.
The crossroads of Croix de Berny where several companies settled in 2008 includes the headquarters of the Pomona company^[124] and Chronopost.^[125]

Antony market dates back to François I who, in 1545, instituted weekly fairs on Thursdays in Antony.^[126] It was moved from the footpaths on Rue Mounié to the Firmin Gémier Square and settled on the site of the city centre on 1957. This is one of the two most important markets in the south of Paris. The grand hall was completely rebuilt between 2003 and 2006.^[127]

Facilities

Education

Antony is located in the Academy of Versailles.

Schools

The new François-Furet College

The city administers fifteen kindergartens and thirteen communal elementary schools serving approximately 5,300 children^[128] and whose names come from districts (La Fontaine, Les Rabats, Noyer-Doré, Val-de-Bièvre) or from illustrious men (Paul Bert, Edmond Blanguernon, Ferdinand Buisson, André Chénier, André Dunoyer de Segonzac, Jules Ferry, Anatole France, Jean Moulin, Adolphe Pajeaud, André Pasquier, Alfred Velpeau, and Jean Zay). The department manages five colleges and the Île-de-France region two schools. The Anne Frank College building, built in 1978-1980, is a very original building - the result of "politics of models": meaning the municipality had to choose one of the models proposed by the Ministry and asked two architects (Jean Nouvel and Gilbert Lézenès) to adapt the model according to their creative inspiration and constraints of the terrain.

The Institution Sainte-Marie d'Antony

Antony also three private schools: the Ozar Hatorah Jewish School, the New School of Antony whose teaching methods rely on the contributions of active methods of teaching by project and institutional teaching, and the Institution Sainte-Marie of Antony which is a Catholic private school under contract of association with the State and run by the Marianists that has had 3,200 students^[129] for several years - making it the largest private institution in France.

Higher Education

One of the buildings of the university residence.

Antony is the seat of the Arc en Ciel - Jean Trubert School, a private higher technical school specializing in training in illustration and comics. Arc en Ciel - Jean Trubert School initiated the creation of the diploma course "Certification of cartoonist and illustrator" which is registered at the Répertoire national des certifications professionnelles (NCPR).^[130] This diploma recognized by the State for Level III sanctioned training of two or three years.^[131]

Two Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres have been established in Antony: the IUFM Val-de-Bièvre and the IUFM Léon Jouhaux. All disciplines for teaching at professional schools are prepared on the training site of IUFM of Antony Jouhaux.^[132] Moreover, thanks to its hotel and restaurant-supply department, it prepares courses and teaching for jobs in hotels.^[133]

The IUFM Val de Bièvre, meanwhile, was closed down in September 2011, only the COSOM (group of gyms) is still active.

Antony is known for its Jean-Zay university residence whose existence is regularly questioned: Patrick Devedjian, the mayor of Antony for 20 years, saw it as a "cyst".^[134]

Planned in 1945 its construction was decided on in 1952. With 2,500 rooms, it is one of the largest student housing complexes in Europe. Open to the students from 1 December 1955, it initially offered 1,580 individual rooms (including 1,040 rooms for boys and 540 rooms for girls), 490 apartments for couples, and many common areas (a library, an auditorium, a sports complex, workrooms). The buildings are spread over ten acres between the town centre and Sceaux Park. From the outset the residence welcomed students from around the world. At the height of its activity, it had three kindergartens, a school, a supermarket, and fifty different nationalities. The new sub-prefecture buildings were constructed in 1989^[135] partly on the grounds of the residence after the demolition of one of its main buildings. The new local plan adopted in 2008 creates a "placeholder" in the hands of the RUA to create an avenue between the city centre and the Parc de Sceaux: achieving this project would result in the demolition of at least one building of the Residence. This project is very controversial because of the shortage of student accommodation in Île-de-France. In the summer of 2008, the Minister for Universities and President of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine considering the "transfer" of the RUA, which is vigorously opposed by the student union.^[136] In early 2009, the property of the RUA was transferred to the Agglomeration Community of Hauts-de-Bièvre. In the summer of 2010 the buildings were demolished. In June 2011, the municipality of Antony and the Agglomeration of Hauts-de-Bièvre presented a plan to reorganise the right-of-way by Jean Nouvel.^[137]

Health

The main entrance to the private hospital in Antony

Antony has some of the best healthcare in Île-de-France: both in number of general practitioners (2nd in the region with 1.52 physicians to 1,000 inhabitants) and specialists (3rd in the region with 2.19 for 1,000 inhabitants).^[138]

Antony has a very modern private hospital built in 2002. It brings together a range of services over an area of 30,000 m2 and provides (as at 1 April 2010) a capacity of 417 beds which makes it the largest private hospital in Île-de-France.^[139] This hospital resulted from the successive mergers of clinics in the area:

the House of Health of Antony
the Clinic of Fresnes
the Clinic of la Providence in Antony
the Clinique Ambroise-Pare in Bourg-la-Reine
the Clinic of Millers in Bagneux
the Clinic of the Parc in Bourg-la-Reine
the Clinic of the Bois de Verrières in Antony
the Clinic of Hauts-de-Seine
the Maternity Clinic of Valleys in Chatenay-Malabry

The new hospital was opened on 28 November 2002 and was inaugurated on 14 May 2003 by Jean-François Mattei, Minister of Health, and Patrick Devedjian, Minister for Local Liberties.^[43] It employs 740 staff and 250 private doctors in 30 specialities.

Antony also has the Erasmus public health facility. This psycho-therapeutic hospital is built in a 5.5 hectare park and opened its doors on 17 May 1982 in new premises. Since 1993 it has included twenty-one associated institutions from Île-de-France. This hospital specializes in the treatment of mental disorders in all ages. It aims primarily to accommodate the residents from the centre and south of the Hauts-de-Seine department. The tasks assigned to it are varied: prevention, diagnosis, care, teaching, and research. It employs 600 staff.^[140]

Besides these two hospitals Antony has^[141] two specialised educational institutions: The Elizabeth Centre of Panouse-Debré (motor rehabilitation for very young children with physical disabilities) and the Psychotherapeutic Specialised Tecahing Centre for children with serious mental disorders. There are also several specialised institutions such as the Alcoholic Cure Centre (alcohol and tobacco).

Sports

The Georges-Suant Stadium

Numerous sports associations are grouped under the Antony Sports Council. There are 40 disciplines in 40 halls and stadiums with the main venues being:

the Municipal Stadium Georges-Suant (formerly called the Stadium Salvador Allende) at Croix de Berny:
Heller Park
the Velpeau stadium
the Lionel Terray sports centre
the Pierre de Coubertin gymnasium
the Rabats gymnasium
the La Fontaine gymnasium
the André Malraux Centre
the Jacques Cadet enclosiure
the Anatole France gymnasium
the Pajeaud gymnasium
6 basketball courts with free access
sports facilities in the Parc de Sceaux
halls and tennis courts in the University Residence
the Pony Club
a bowling alley
a skate Park
3 swimming pools (Lionel-Terray, Iris, Grenouillère)

Every year in July, Antony organises an International Disabled sports tournament in the Parc de Sceaux (Grenouillère) which attracts the best players in the world.

Among the sports clubs at the end of the 2011-2012 season Antony Athletics 92, with 492 members and had 5 sections, moved to N1C (among 60 best French clubs) which made it the 2nd club in Hauts-de-Seine, 9th in Île-de-France and 69th of 1729 in the national rankings.^[142]

The Antony Sports Rugby club plays in Fédérale 3.^[143]

The Antony Sport Football Association, founded in 1948, is an official partner of the Paris Saint-Germain Football Club^[144] and plays in the regional football league (DSR).^[145]

Antony, "stage-town" for the Tour de France in July 2006

In 1928 at the sports complex called Stadium of the croix de Berny or "Sports Union Metropolitan": Gaston Vrolix, chief engineer of the RATP, created the Metropolitan Sports Union (currently USMT). He built a sports complex^[146] on the site of part of the former racetrack at La Croix de Berny where he transformed stables into locker rooms. The first phase was started in 1928 along the RN186 and included: football, rugby, hockey, basketball, tennis, a swimming pool, playground, gym, and a shooting range. The second phase was built around 1932 to the north: rugby pitches, tennis courts, and an athletic stadium. The third phase included a fronton for basque pelota and a velodrome was built in 1938 by a Dutch architect (a replica in concrete of the wooden Vigorelli track in Milan). This velodrome had to be rebuilt to accommodate cycling events in case the city of Paris was chosen for the 1992 Summer Olympics. The new local plan, adopted in 2008, includes the construction in a portion of this site of office buildings to finance the rehabilitation of all sports facilities of the USMT. The rugby team Racing Métro 92 was born from the collaboration of the Racing Club de France and the U.S. METRO which played its matches in the Top 14 in Colombes and trained at the Croix de Berny for several years before recently joining Le Plessis-Robinson.^[147]

The Tour de France passed through the streets of Antony in July 1999,^[148] July 2007, and in 2010. It was a "stage-town" for the beginning of the 20th stage of the Tour in 2006.^[149]^[150]

Media

Besides the traditional "paper" version, since October 2006 the city has published^[151] the magazine in an audio version (on CD) for the blind or visually impaired.

A wired network distributing radio broadcasting services and television has covered the city since 1988.^[152] Following the advent of digital terrestrial television, the CSA has chosen channels to broadcast via TNT-Île-de-France: channel 21 sharing Demain IDF, BDM TV, Cinaps TV, Télé Bocal; channel 22 IDF1; channel 23 NRJ Paris (ex-LTF); and channel 24 Cap 24 (ex-Côté Seine). Since 24 September 2007 the commune can also receive through TNT the Group France Télévisions chain: France Ô, available on channel 20.^[153]

In October 2007 Antony communes established a Wi-Fi network: internet terminals are accessible to all and allow free connection in various public places.^[154]

Antony has several local newspapers. The weekly newspaper Antony-Hebdo is the newspaper of the municipal opposition led by André Aubry - a former Senator for Hauts-de-Seine^[155] and former PCF mayor of Antony. This newspaper is allowed to publish judicial and legal notices in the Arrondissement of Antony.^[156]

The periodical Présence (Journal of Catholic communities of Antony) is distributed three times a year in all mailboxes.^[157] One of the groups of the municipal opposition Antony Plus publishes Antony Public Place (formerly: Agora).^[158]

Three times a year a local association publishes the Journal de la Fontaine St-Ex^[159]

The "Primaveras" Association^[160] publishes a monthly newspaper in the Marne quarter.

Religion

Antony has Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim places of worship.

Catholic worship

Since January 2010 Antony commune has been part of the deanery of Pointe Sud - one of the nine deaneries of the Diocese of Nanterre.^[161]

Within this deanery, the places of Catholic worship relate to the four parishes of Montrouge.^[162]

Places of worship are:

for the parish of Saint-Saturnin:^[163] the Church of Saint-Saturnin, the Sainte-Odile Church, Chapel of Saint Mary Mother of the Church
for the parish of Saint-Francis:^[164] the church of St. Francis
for the parish of Saint-Jean-Porte-latine:^[164] the church of Saint-Jean-Porte-Latine and the Chapel Sainte-Jeanne de Chantal
for the parish of Saint-Maxime:^[165] Church Saint-Maxime.

Also places of worship exist within religious communities located in Antony:

Little Sisters of the Assumption
the Marianists
Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny
Sisters of Saint-Raphaël (Our Lady of Charity)

Finally there is a community of Vietnamese sisters.

Protestant worship

An Evangelical Baptist Church^[166] brings together the Baptist community in Antony. Neighbouring communes have places of worship for the communities related to the Reformed Church of France (in Chatenay-Malabry) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of France (in Bourg-la-Reine).

Jewish worship

A synagogue managed by the Jewish Consistory of Paris Association is located in Antony.^[167]

Muslim worship

The Cultural Association of Muslims of Antony administers a mosque^[168] in Antony and the Ismaili Cultural Association of Antony has a prayer hall.^[169]

Tenrikyo worship

A Tenrikyo temple of worship is present at Antony. Tenrikyo^[170] is an ideological and religious movement from Japan. It is considered by the info-sects website^[171] to be a Buddhist sect.

Sites and Monuments

There are a very large number of buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments. For a complete list with links to descriptions (in French) click here. Listed below are some of the highlights of the heritage of Antony.

Civil Heritage

Old royal manufactory of waxes

The former Royal Manufactory of Waxes (1714)^[61] whose exact name was Manufacture d'Antony pour le blanchissage des cires & la fabrique des bougies (Manufacture of Antony for laundering of waxes & candle factory) is located at 14 Avenue du Bois-de-Verrières. The factory was founded in 1702 by Péan de Saint-Gilles and it became a royal factory in 1719. Its motto was Deo, regique laborant meaning "they (the drones) work for God and the King.^[172] The original building was built in 1714 where wax and tallow candles were produced for the Court of Versailles and other castles in the area. The enterprise left Antony for Bourg-la-Reine and still exists under the name of "Cire Trudon". The building is now occupied by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny who settled there in 1890. The factory was built on this site to utilise the high quality water from the rivers which allowed candles to be produced with an exceptional whiteness.

The House of Saint-John

The Maison Saint-Jean (House of Saint John) (1806)^[68] is a former Chénier property called La Belle Levantine. This building was built by Louis-Sauveur Chénier, the youngest son of Louis Chénier, and brother of André Chénier from plans by architect Georges Auguste Ranchon. In 1820^[173] the house was purchased by Jean-Charles Persil, a Minister under Louis-Philippe, who died in 1870. In 1880,^[21] it became the property of four Parisian priests who, in 1898, built a building of brick and stone to serve as a Marianist seminary. After the expulsion of the Marianists the building was transformed into a guesthouse. The property was bought by the Marianists in 1965 to build the buildings for the Institution Sainte-Marie d'Antony.

Religious Heritage

The Church of Saint-Saturnin

Religious architectural heritage is rich in Antony from a historical perspective with the Church of Saint-Saturnin having the oldest parts in Île-de-France dating from the Carolingian period through to churches with modern architecture.

The Church of Saint-Saturnin^[174] is "Located in an attractive square planted with linden trees on the site of the old cemetery, the church of Saint-Saturnin has a triple interest: historical, archaeological and artistic".^[175] Inside, in addition to the wash stand from the Carolingian period, there are stained glass windows from the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The choir is from the end of the 12th century, the bell tower from the 14th, the nave from the 15th century, and the south chapel is modern. The belfry supports four bells: the oldest, Charlotte Genevieve, from 1730. This monument has been undergoing major renovations in recent years. The rectory, on the church square, was restored in 1989. This church has been classified as a historical monument since 19 October 1928. In the "Holy Mary Mother of the Church" chapel of the Institution Sainte-Marie d'Antony, built in 1968 to plans by architects Georges Dengler and Zunz, there is a very large openwork brick wall - the work of master glassmaker Henri Martin-Granel and also a large ceramic mural 41 m2 in area, the work of Jacqueline Bechet-Ferber. The church contains a large number of items that are registered as historical objects. For a complete list with links to descriptions (in French) click here.

The Church of Sainte-Jeanne-de-Chantal has a main building from the Colonial Exhibition of 1931. So that it would not be confused with the church of Sainte-Jeanne-de-Chantal in Paris, the qualifier "hors-le-murs" (Outside the Walls) was added to clarify that it was not within the walls of Paris. This building was renovated in 1954.

The Church of Saint-Jean-Porte-Latine (1967)^[176] was built between 1964 and 1967 on the plans of architects Pierre Pinsard and Hugo Vollmar. The church was consecrated to Catholic worship on 21 May 1967. It is dedicated to Saint Jean-Porte-latine, patron saint of the publishing industry. The "Urban signal", surmounted by a giant cross, was inaugurated on 6 January 2002.

The Church of Saint Francis of Assisi was built in 1972 on the plans of architect Paul Henry by the Œuvre des Chantiers du Cardinal (Construction work of the Cardinal.^[177] It was dedicated to the Catholic faith on 7 October 1972 by Monseigneur Jacques Delarue, Bishop of Nanterre.^[178]

The Church of Saint-Maxime was built from 1978 to 1980 by the Œuvre des Chantiers du Cardinal. It is also designed by the architect Paul Henry and was dedicated to the Catholic faith on 16 November 1980 by Monseigneur Jacques Delarue.^[179] It contains a large Statue of Saint Maxime (1939) which is registered as an historical object.^[180]

The Church of Sainte-Odile (1933)^[181] was built under the direction of architect Charles Venner by the Œuvre des Chantiers du Cardinal.^[182] There is a Bas-relief of Saint Odile (1933) which is registered as an historical object.^[183]

The Evangelical Baptist Church, of modern architecture with large windows, has been completely rebuilt under the development project of the Croix de Berny and inaugurated in March 2001.

Environmental heritage

View of Heller Park

The policy of protecting and enhancing the environment makes Antony one of the greenest communes in Île-de-France: besides the Parc de Sceaux, there are 750,000 m2 of parks, woods, and leafy lanes.^[184] Antony has been labelled a "flowery city" with two flowers awarded since 2002^[185] by the National Council of flowered towns and villages of France in the competition for cities and villages in bloom.^[186] The land in the region is particularly well suited for Wisteria which covers the houses in spring, as well as roses as in the names of the nearby communes of Fontenay-aux-Roses and L'Haÿ-les-Roses. Antony has several parks - the largest of which are:^[187]

Parc de Sceaux (about 180 hectares of which 60 hectares are in the commune of Antony)
Heller Park (9.6 ha)
Raymond Sibille Park (1.4 ha)
Bourdeau Park (1.2 ha)
the green slopes of Godets (2.66 ha) and Paradis (2.2 ha)
the green slopes of TGV (7 ha)
Bois de Aurora (2.6 ha)

These parks are planted with trees "remarkable" for their size, age, history, botanical rarity, or which are particularly elegant or picturesque. The city is planted with over 50 different species.^[188] Inside Heller Park is the Antony Farm which allows children to play with pigs, cows, goats, and sheep as well as chickens, geese, and rabbits. It is managed by the pony club.

Cultural heritage

The former cinema "Le Select"

The Darius-Milhaud conservatory

The former Firmin-Gémier theatre

At the beginning of the 20th century Antony had three cinemas^[189] including:

the Family Palace (2 rue de Fresnes), built in 1922, operated until 1981
L'Artistic, built in 1928, municipalized in 1981 and renamed Le Sélect Louis-Daquin and classed as an Art et Essai cinema
the Ciné du Soleil-Levant (Cinema of the Rising Sun) (6 Rue du Soleil-Levant), built in 1930, renamed L'Eden in 1948, operated until the 1970s.

Until the summer of 2011 the only remaining cinema was Le Sélect. In view of its growing attendance, 49,000 in 1983, 100,000 in 1995, in 1995 the city studied the replacement of the cinema hall with a set of four halls on the same site.^[190] Local associations wished to maintain an ambitious and quality program. The principle to rebuild the cinema was adopted by the City Council in April 1997^[191] but, given the technical difficulties related to the environment, the project has not yet been completed. On 28 January 2008 the cinema was honoured by the profession when Christine Beauchemin-Flot, its director, received the trophy for the Operator of the Year. This trophy is awarded every year by Le Film français, a weekly reference publication in the profession.

Scenes from the film Né de père inconnu (Born from an unknown father) by Maurice Cloche (1950) were shot^[192] in the Paul Manchon day nursery (demolished in the early 2000s).

In July 2011 Le Select closed for the beginning of construction of the new multiplex. Restarting of shows was planned for November of that year at the Firmin-Gémier Theatre but, on 29 September, the mayor announced to council that the auditorium was contaminated with asbestos and could not accommodate any film screenings, performances, or performing arts. Antony found itself without any major cultural venues until the construction of the new theatre and cinema was completed in 2013.^[193]

On 10 June 2012 a short-lived cinema opened in the Pajeaud quarter between the COSOM gymnasium and the Iris pool near Heller Park. In an innovative concept, this temporary cinema of 205 seats will be dismantled when the town centre theatre opens.

The current public library, built in 1990, has a large Braille workshop,^[194] one of the few in France to offer a large selection of books free of charge to the blind. In 1995 the city was also equipped with a new bookmobile^[195] which can carry 2,500 books. The bookmobile serves eleven stops in all qurters of Antony.

Antony has a conservatory (dependent on the Agglomeration Community of Hauts-de-Bièvre), approved by the Darius Milhaud State Conservatory, that every year has more than 1,250 students supervised by a teaching faculty of more than 70 teachers.^[196] Its main mission is to discover, appreciate, and learn music, dance, and drama as part of courses of study in different departments. The conservatory was opened on 7 December 1996.^[197] Tributes were paid to Darius Milhaud, the "godfather" of the temple of music as well as Paul Arma, a famous composer who lived in Antony and who the auditorium is named after.

In 1967 Georges Suant, a theatre with 500 seats, and the Firmin-Gémier theatre, were installed in the hall built in 1930 on the Place du Marché after making some improvements including the provision of seats in the gods. The first director was Jacques Sarthou, then the director of the Théâtre de l'Île-de-France. Often referred to as the spiritual son of Firmin Gémier, given his similar experience in a traveling theatre, he hoped that this new theatre would take his name.^[198] Several very creative directors were then appointed to the theatre: Jean Rougerie appointed in 1972, Pierrette Garreau and Marc Ansel in 1979, Gérard Savoisien in 1984, René Chéneaux in 1991, François Kergourlay in 1995, and Marc Jeancourt in 2000. All these directors brought to Antony a cultural life that has quickly found a loyal following. In 2003 a "circus space", national stage, was created where the Big Tops of "new circuses" performed regularly. A Scène conventionnée,^[199] as part of the Agglomeration Community of Hauts-de-Bièvre, the Firmin Gémier theatre was associated in 2007 with the Théâtre La Piscine of Chatenay-Malabry. The Spartan character and the inconvenient nature of infrastructure contrasted with the wealth of programming. In September 2011, following the discovery of asbestos in the premises, the theatre closed quickly and permanently. The construction of a new hall is planned near the municipal library.

Located in the Bourdeau Park, the "Maison des Arts" has free entrance and is dedicated to exhibitions with artistic programming, introductory workshops, and awareness for children.

Suburban Quarters

Much of Antony consists of suburban districts. These homes were mostly built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries shortly after the arrival of the Arpajonnais railway that transformed a self-sufficient agricultural village into a small market garden town then a residential town. Among these new houses, the houses on the Avenue Gabriel Peri were especially typical of the Art Nouveau style dating from 1890 to 1895. The subdivision of "New Antony" was designed by the architect Anatole de Baudot (who had already designed the Lycée Lakanal in Sceaux).^[200] Despite the new demographic development in the 1950s, Antony has so far maintained a largely suburban character. In the late 2000s the urban planning policy vis-à-vis this heritage became a significant issue.^[201] In June 2009 the city began to demolish houses on the Boulevard Pierre-Brossolette then published in October 2009 a plan for alignment of the Avenue Gabriel-Peri that should eventually lead to the demolition of other houses. These urbanisation operations have been challenged by residents and local associations.^[202]

Cultural events and festivities

In addition to the performances at the Firmin-Gémier theatre in the Chénier Grand Hall of the Institution Sainte-Marie notably by the Orchestre national d'Île-de-France (National Orchestra of Île-de-France) there are also regular concerts in the Auditorium of the Conservatory and at temporary exhibitions where many events are organized.

The main cultural events and festivities in the city of Antony are:

February: the Antiques fair held since 1987
March: the International Meeting of the Guitar organized since 1993
April: The Half-Marathon of Antony since 1989
May:
- events on the occasion of Europe Day on 9 May as the city is very involved with the European Movement (including Patrick Devedjian who was Vice President until 2002^[203]) in the organization of this day for all Europe.
- Bulles dans la ville (Bubbles in the city): a festive day dedicated to Comics since 2004
- the Village of nature and garden
June:
- the Solstice Festival: Since 2001 oriented towards circus arts and the street, the principle of this festival, organized with the town of Chatenay-Malabry, is to transform the two cities into a giant theatre.
- Bubbles in the City: this day devoted to comics is the occasion of meetings with writers and designers, young talent show, and outdoor screenings.
July and August:
- the International Handicapped Tennis Tournament: the first handicapped tennis tournament organized in Europe every year since 1986, it brings together the best male and female players of the NEC Wheelchair Tennis Tour.^[204]
September:
- the Wine and Cheese Fair since 1987. This fair lasts three days and brings together 200 exhibitors from all parts of France in the Saint-Saturnin quarter with a wealth of local French cheeses and wines as well as meats, foie gras, and sweets. This major event of the season receives over 100,000 visitors.^[43]
- Antony takes part in Heritage Day with a different theme each year
- the Carousel of Art, an open-air gallery where Antonians exhibit their works of any nature whatsoever.
October:
- the Forum of Associations
- the Science Festival since 1997
- the Biennale since 1999 presenting the work of artists from Antony
November: The Pace Jazz Festival since 2005

Notable people linked to the commune

Many notable people have a special attachment to the city including:

François Molé (1734-1802) - Theatre Actor. He is buried on his property in Antony near Heller Park.
Jean-Charles Persil (1785-1870) - Minister under Louis-Philippe.^[205]
Alfred Velpeau (1795-1867) - French anatomist and surgeon, inventor of the "Velpeau band". He bought a large property in 1860 in Antony where he lived.
Auguste Mounié (1876-1940) - Mayor of Antony for 28 years and Senator for the Seine department.
Richard Guino (1890-1973) - sculptor of Catalan origin. He settled with his family in a studio in Antony.
Flaminio Bertoni (1903-1964) - Italian car designer and sculptor, lived in Antony.
Paul Arma (1904-1987) - French composer of Hungarian origin. He lived in Antony.
Louise Bourgeois (1911-2010) - French Sculptor. Has lived in Antony.
Georges Suant (1913-1993) - Mayor of Antony from 1955 until 1977, a period when the number of inhabitants increased from 24,512 in 1955 to 57,795 in 1975.
Georges Nomarski (1919-1997) - Scientist, inventor of differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC), who lived in Antony.
René Desmaison (1930-2007) - French climber who lived a long time with his godfather Paul Roze with whom he started climbing.
André Aubry (1931-) - Former Senator-Mayor of Antony.
Georges Chaulet (1931-2012) - Author of more than 150 novels for young people in his series Fantômette and a comic book writer (Les 4 As), who lived in Antony.
Patrick Devedjian (1944-) - Mayor of Antony from 1983 to 2002, Minister under Jacques Chirac and Nicolas Sarkozy.
Philippe Duron (1947-) - Politician, born in Antony
Jules-Édouard Moustic (1951-) - Comedian, born in Antony.
Jérôme Cahuzac (1952-) - Former Minister, was a schoolboy in Antony.^[206]
Stéphane Sirkis (1959-1999) - Born in Antony, former guitarist of the band Indochine.
Nicola Sirkis (1959-) - Twin brother of Stéphane, singer, guitarist and lyricist of Indochine.
Élie Semoun (1963-) - Comedian born in Antony.
Agnès Jaoui (1964-) - screenwriter, film director and actress
Laurent Lafforgue (1966-) - Born in Antony, mathematician, winner of the 2002 Fields Medal.
Didier Drogba (1978-) - professional football player at Chelsea (England), lived in Antony in the Baconnets quarter.

Iconography (photos)

See Media related to Antony at Wikimedia Commons.

The photographer Robert Doisneau immortalized the streets of Antony in his famous report entitled "The marriage of Paul and Odette" on 8 January 1944.^[207]^[208] Besides the photos in the Commons gallery (only in French), this website includes very many pictures of Antony.

Bibliography

Collective work, Listening Point, Service municipal de la jeunesse de la ville d'Antony, 1978
Thérèse Chenot, Anne Fontaine, Jeannine Héreil, Françoise Libbe, Alix Pouzet and Marie-Claude Watrin, Antony, from its origins to today, éditions Connaissance d'Antony, 1987 (ISBN 2-9502235-0-8)
Anne Fontaine and Françoise Libbe, Saint-Saturnin of Antony, 1992 (ISBN 2-9502235-1-6)
Lucien Baclé, Bicycle rides around the western and southern communes of Châtenay-Malabry, Antony, Verrières-le-Buisson, Massy: 17 circuits from 10 to 45 km, on pleasant secondary roads, éditions L. Baclé, 1996
Yvonne Firino, Antony five centuries of street and place names, Association for the promotion of heritage of Antony, éditions APPA, 1998 (ISBN 2-9512924-0-6)
Micheline Olivier, The Chapel Sainte-Marie Mère of the Church of Sainte-Marie of Antony, The sacred art at Sainte-Marie, 2002
Jean-Pierre Tarin, The Notables of the First Empire: their residences in Île-de-France, éditions Terana, 2002

Notes and references

Notes

↑ At the beginning of the 21st century, the methods of identification have been modified by Law No. 2002-276 of 27 February 2002, the so-called "law of local democracy" and in particular Title V "census operations" allows, after a transitional period running from 2004 to 2008, the annual publication of the legal population of the different French administrative districts. For communes with a population greater than 10,000 inhabitants, a sample survey is conducted annually, the entire territory of these communes is taken into account at the end of the period of five years. The first "legal population" after 1999 under this new law came into force on 1 January 2009 and was based on the census of 2006.

References

↑ INSEE
↑ Inhabitants of Hautes-de-Seine (French)
↑ Antony in the Competition for Towns and Villages in Bloom (French)
↑ Calculation of orthodromic distances between Antony and Paris, consulted on 6 April 2012 (French).
↑ Geographic presentation in the PLU, September 2006, Antony official website, consulted on 6 April 2012 (French).
↑ Geography and Territories, Antony official website, consulted on 6 April 2012 (French).
↑ La Bièvre, Sandre website, consulted on 6 April 2012 (French).
↑ The Ruisseau des Godets, Sandre website, consulted on 6 April 2012 (French).
↑ Environmental chapter in the report from the presentation of PLU, page 3, Antony official website, consulted on 6 April 2012 (French).
↑ Deliberations of the Municipal Council, 2003, Association for the promotion of the heritage of Antony (APPA), consulted on 6 April 2012 (French).
↑ The Bièvre to be restored to the surface in Hauts-de-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine General Council website, consulted on 6 April 2012 (French).
↑ Google Maps
↑ Geographic repertoire of communes, published by IGN, Read online (French)
↑ Collective work, Antony, from its origins to modern times, éd. Connaissance d'Antony, Antony, 1987, p. 15 (French).
↑ Cuvier, Research on the fossilised bones, Vol. III and V, dissertation, Paris, 1925, Read online (French).
↑ MeteoFrance page on Antony, Météo France website, consulted on 7 April 2012 (French).
1 2 The Floods and Submersions of the Bievre, 23 August 2006, Ministry of Equipment, consulted on 7 April 2012 (French).
↑ Paris, Nice, Strasbourg, Brest
↑ Data from the Station at Villacoublay from 1981 to 2010 (French)
↑ Layout of Departmental road 920, Website created by the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine, consulted on 8 April 2012 (French).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Y. Firino, Antony - Five centuries of Street and Place names, APPA, Antony, 1998 ISBN 2-9512924-0-6 (French).
↑ Geo-technical Mission for the completion of the southern tunnel on the A86 at Antony, doubletrade.com website, consulted by 8 April 2012 (French).
↑ Presentation of the Construction project for the departmental route 920, October 2008, Website created by the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine, consulted on 8 April 2012 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 35, November 1989, p. 22 (French).
1 2 3 4 On POS at PLU, Official Antony website, consulted on 8 April 2012 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 228, October 2008, p. 8 (French).
↑ RD920: an axis to redesign, 7 October 2008, General Council website, consulted on 8 April 2012 (French).
↑ Municipal Order regulating the 30 km/h zones and pedestrian zones in several roads in Antony, 23 November 2009, Read online (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 129, February 1999, p. 22 (French).
↑ Transport in Île-de-France, RATP website, consulted on 8 April 2012 (French).
↑ The modernisation of the Massy-Valenton line: a slow course, 13 February 2007, National Institute of Consumption, consulted on 8 April 2012 (French).
↑ Organisation of the Western sector and the link to Massy-Valenton, Réseau Ferré de France website, consulted on 8 April 2012 (French).
↑ Massy-Valenton, City of Antony website, consulted on 8 April 2012 (French).
↑ The VAL Paris airport transport, symbioz.net website, consulted on 8 April 2012 (French).
↑ Plan for the collation of the Large Quarters - IRIS 2000 – Antony, INSEE website, 8 April 2012 (French).
↑ Communal page for Land Use, 2008, Institute of Organisation and Planning for Île-de-France website, consulted on 8 April 2012 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 226, July 2008, p. 39 (French).
1 2 PLU: report of the Commissioners-Investigators (Vol. 1), PS section of Antony website, consulted on 8 April 2012 (French).
↑ Organisation and sustainable development plan, Official Antony website, consulted on 8 April 2012 (French).
1 2 Public Enquiry - Plan for modification of the PLU, Official Antony website, consulted on 8 April 2012 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 90, March 1995, p. 3 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 72, May 1993, pp. 16-17 (French).
1 2 3 Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 173, June 2003 (French)
↑ Le Point, Monthly review, 10 January 2003. (French)
1 2 Lodgings, Antony, 30 June 2011, INSEE website, consulted on 10 April 2012 (French).
↑ Statistical data for Antony, linternaute.com from the Benchmark Group website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ " The Antony Housing Office is castigated for not having housed the poor", the daily Le Monde, 12 August 2008. (French)
↑ Law No. 2003-710 for the positioning and scheduling for the city and urban renovation, 1 August 2003, Légifrance website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Le 92, bulletin of the General Council of Hauts-de-Seine, Monthly review, No. 14, November 2006. (French)
↑ Works on the A86 at Antony, a Council General of Hauts-de-Seine website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Covering of the A86, Antony Official website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Publication of JO on 25 March 1992 on the order of the Minister of the Economy, Finance and Budget on 17 February 1992: Authorises the amicable transfer to the city of Antony (Hauts-de-Seine) of an assembly of buildings located at Antony, Avenue Lebrun, cadastral section E, No. 28 for 6,169 metres square (French)
↑ The fountain of Croix-de-Berny, Official Antony website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ The development works of Noyer-Doré, Official Antony website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 150, March 2001, cover page. (French)
↑ ZUS The Grand Ensemble, Minister of Housing and the City website, consulted on 24 January 2009 (French).
1 2 Collective work, Antony, from its origin to modern times, éd. Connaissance d'Antony, Antony, 1987, p. 21. (French)
↑ A. Fontaine, Antony and its church, APPA, Antony, 1992. (French)
↑ Etymological Dictionary of place names in France, Librairie Guénégaud, Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing, 1979, Paris, ISBN 2-85023-076-6, p. 21b under Anthien (French).
↑ Antony Town History, Official Antony website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
1 2 Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00088060 IA00121241 Royal Manufactory of Waxes (French)
↑ Ph. Barthelet, The writers and the Hauts-de-Seine, 1994 ISBN 2-9508609-1-5 (French).
↑ Collective work, Antony, on a small village and a great suburb 1980. (French)
↑ French Ministry of Culture Notice IA00121270 Antony Castle (French)
↑ The property of François Molé, 2003, Association for the promotion of Antony heritage website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ The property of the Marquis de Castries, 2003, Association for the promotion of Antony heritage website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Outbuilding of the Folly, 2003, Association for the promotion of Antony heritage website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
1 2 Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00088059 Maison Saint-Jean IA00121237 Maison Saint-Jean (French)
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 48, February 1991, p. 16. (French)
↑ The Coaching Inn, 2003, Association for the promotion of Antony heritage website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Sarran Castle, 2003, Association for the promotion of Antony heritage website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ The Maison des arts, 2003, Association for the promotion of Antony heritage website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Review by the Association for the promotion of Antony heritage, Antony, No. 12. (French)
↑ The Paul Manchon day nursery, 2003, Association for the promotion of Antony heritage website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 213, May 2007. (French)
↑ Review of the Association for the promotion of Antony heritage, Antony, No. 6. (French)
↑ J. Dauphin, Doctor Father Ferrand de Missol, 1805-1883, review "Les contemporains", éditions La Maison de la Bonne Presse, No. 286, chapter 7 "The work of Saint-Raphaël". (French)
↑ Collective work, Antony, from its origins to modern times, éd. Connaissance d'Antony, Antony, 1987, p. 45. (French)
↑ The Liberation of Antony, special number of the Review of the Association for the promotion of Antony heritage, Antony, No. 10, 1st semester 1994. (French)
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 46, December 1990, p. 18. (French)
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 98, January 1996, p. 9. (French)
↑ Le Figaro, daily newspaper article, "An intersection for drugs destroyed", Wednesday 27 February 2001, p. 15. (French)
↑ Y. Firino, Antony - Five centuries of street and place names, APPA, Antony, 1998, p. 5 ISBN 2-9512924-0-6 (French)
↑ Antony Guide 2009 published with Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 230, December 2008. (French)
↑ The Heritage of the communes of Hauts-de-Seine, éditions Flohic, ISBN 2-908958-95-3, p. 32 (French)
↑ List of communes equipped with electronic voting machines in the 92, Préfecture of Hauts-de-Seine website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Ballot on 29 May 2005 on the European Constitution - Antony, Ministry of Interior website, consulted on 10 May 2008 (French).
↑ Electoral results for first and second round, Daily Le Figaro website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Results of Electoral indices, Ministry of Interior website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Official Municipal Bulletin, May 2011, p. 44. (French)
↑ During the Municipal Council meeting of 25 March 2008, Caroline Pégang notably voted for all the budgetary resolutions, for which her own party rebuked her, MoDem of Antony website, 14 April 2009, consulted on 5 June 2009 (French).
↑ On 17 June 2011 for the election of delegates for the Senatorial elections, Caroline Pégang was absent giving the power to a councilor from the majority party: Read online.
↑ Presentation by Mayor Jean-Yves Sénant, Antony official website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 141, April 2000, p. 11. (French)
↑ The Council of Young Citizens, Antony official website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Council of Seniors, Antony official website, consulted on 15 March 2009 (French).
↑ Elected in the majority, Antony official website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Elected in the opposition, Antony official website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
1 2 3 Results of the Municipal elections of 2008, RFO website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ List of Mayors of France
↑ A free electron and his fief, 23 May 2005, magazine L'Express website, consulted on 21 November 2008 (French).
↑ The "Cash Flow Capacity" (CAF) the surplus of working capital. This excess permits the repayment of debt. The surplus (CAF - reimbursement of debt) is added to income from investments (endowments, grants, capital gains on sale of property) to finance expenditure on facilities. This total represents the available finance for the commune
↑ Accounts for the Commune of Antony, alize2 database of the Ministry of Finance, consulted on 29 June 2009 (French).
↑ District Court of Antony: contact and competence, Court of Appeal of Versailles website, consulted on 29 June 2009 (French).
↑ District Court of Antony, Ministry of Justice website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Guide to Antony, 2008 edition, printed by the Town Hall, p. 96. (French)
↑ French Ministry of Culture Notice IA00121255 Nursery School (French)
↑ List of competent jurisdictions for a commune, Ministry of Justice website, consulted on 8 March 2013 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 223, April 2008.
↑ Environmental chapter of the report of the presentation of the PLU, page 5, Antony official website, consulted on 25 January 2009 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 222, March 2008. (French)
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 8, April 1985.
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 156, November 2001, p. 39. (French)
↑ National Commission for Decentralised cooperation (French)
↑ Antony official website (French)
↑ Solidarity tax on wealth 2004, Tax Directorate website, consulted on 15 October 2009 (French).
↑ Solidarity tax on wealth 2008, Les Échos Daily, consulted on 15 October 2009 (French).
↑ Page RFDM2010COM: LOcal Fiscal Revenue per household - 2010, INSEE website, consulted on 11 November 2012 (French).
↑ Employment zones in Île-de-France, INSEE website, consulted on 24 November 2008 (French).
1 2 Employment page for Antony, journaldunet.com website of the Benchmark Group, consulted on 9 December 2008 (French).
↑ Demographic data from INSEE published by linternaute - Employment (French)
↑ CEN T1 - Active establishments by sector of activity at 31 December 2008, October 2010, INSEE website, consulted on 9 June 2011 (French).
↑ Le Parisien, 1 September 2011 (French)
↑ Legal Conditions, Pomona Company website, consulted on 26 February 2009 (French).
↑ Chronopost installed its head office at Antony Park 2, 30 July 2008, LaVieImmo.com from Cadran Finance Company, consulted on 26 February 2009 (French).
↑ Life in Antony,Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 128, January 1999, p. 6 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 206, December 2006, p. 13 (French).
↑ Scholastic life, Antony official website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Annual directory of the Institution
↑ Publication in the Official Journal No. 157 on 12 July 2010
↑ Arc en Ciel - Jean Trubert School since the beginning, Jean Trubert School website, consulted on 24 November 2012 (French).
↑ IUFM of Antony-Jouhaux, capcampus.com of the Australis society, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Guide to the Academy of Versailles, Academy of Versailles website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ The RUA and citizens of Antony at JT of 20 hours on TF1, 20 November 2007, Citizens of Antony blog website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 33, September 1989. (French)
↑ The UNEF opposes the transfer of the university residence at Antony, UNEF website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Municipal Council meeting on 17 June 2011 (French)
↑ Classification of Hospitals, 1 February 2008, L'Express magazine website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Historic and key figures for the Hospital at Antony, Antony Hospital website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Erasme Hospital, Erasme Hospital website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Guide to Antony, 2008 edition, printed by the Town Hall, p. 139 (French)
↑ Antony Athletics 92, Antony Athletics 92 website, consulted on 19 January 2009 (French).
↑ Antony Sports Rugby, consulted on 19 January 2009 (French).
↑ Antony Sport Football, consulted on 19 January 2009 (French).
↑ Antony a little young, 14 December 2008, Le Parisien Daily website, consulted on 19 January 2009 (French).
↑ French Ministry of Culture Notice IA00121243 Sports Complex (French)
↑ [http://www.leparisien.fr/hauts-de-seine-92/les-rugbymen-du-racing-s-entraineront-au-plessis-25-09-2010-1081642.php The rugby men of racing training at Plessis, 25 September 2010, Le Parisien Daily website, consulted on 28 April 2011 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 134, September 1999, p. 5 (French)
↑ The Tour Dictionary, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Map of the course at Antony, Antony official website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 206, October 2006, p. 29 (French)
↑ Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel, decision No. 88-525 of 9 December 1988 relative to the use of a cable network distributing sound and television broadcasting services in the territory of the city of Antony
↑ Interview by the Director, Walles Kotra: "France Ô transmits on TNT Île-de-France", 24 September 2007, afrik.com of the "Africa on the Internet" society, consulted on 23 November 2008 (French).
↑ WiFi network in Antony, Antony official website, consulted on 23 November 2008 (French).
↑ André Aubry, former senator for Hauts-de-Seine, 25 January 2009, Senate website, consulted on 26 January 2009 (French).
↑ List of publications allowed to publish judicial and legal announcements in the department of Hauts-de-Seine, Chamber of Trades and Artisans of Hauts-de-Seine, consulted on 23 November 2008. (French)
↑ List of periodical magazines, Bishop of Nanterre website, consulted on 17 January 2009 (French).
↑ Antony Plus with you, consulted on 23 November 2008 (French).
↑ The journal, May 2009, Vivre à la Fontaine Saint Ex website, consulted on 26 February 2011. (French)
↑ Public announcements of JO Associations, Official Journal website, consulted on 11 January 2010 (French).
↑ Map of Deaneries January 2010, Diocese of Nanterre website, consulted on 18 September 2011 (French).
↑ List of parishes of Hauts-de-Seine, Diocese of Nanterre website, consulted on 18 September 2011 (French).
↑ Parish of Saint-Saturnin, Deanery of Antony website, consulted on 17 January 2009 (French).
1 2 Parish of Saint-Jean-Porte-Latine, Deanery of Antony website, consulted on 17 January 2009 (French).
↑ Parish of Saint-Maxime of Antony, consulted on 10 November 2011 (French).
↑ Evangelical Baptist Church, consulted on 17 January 2009 (French).
↑ Presentation of the synagogue of Antony, Jewish Consistory of Paris Association website, consulted on 17 January 2009 (French).
↑ Muslim Directory, consulted on 22 September 2011 (French).
↑ Muslim Directory, consulted on 22 September 2011 (French).
↑ Tenrikyo website, (French).
↑ Page dedicated to buddhist sects in Japan, Sects in France website (French).
↑ The Manufactory of waxes, 2003, Association for the promotion of the heritage of Antony, consulted on 30 November 2008 (French).
↑ The Chénier House, 2003, Association for the promotion of the heritage of Antony, consulted on 30 November 2008 (French).
↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée IA00121273 Church of Saint Saturnin (French)
↑ The Heritage of communes of Hauts-de-Seine, éditions Flohic, ISBN 2-908958-95-3, p. 33 (French).
↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée EA92000002 Church of Saint-Jean-Porte-Latine (French)
↑ An association created in 1931 by Cardinal Verdier to promote the construction of Catholic churches
↑ Review Les Chantiers du Cardinal, No. 86, June 1984, p. 14 (French).
↑ Review Les Chantiers du Cardinal, No. 73, March 1981, p. 7 (French).
↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM92000721 Statue: Saint Maxime (French)
↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée IA00121272 Church of Saint-Odile (French)
↑ Review Les Chantiers du Cardinal, No. 85, March 1984, p. 22 (French).
↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM92000729 Bas-relief: Saint Odile (French)
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 44, October 1990 (French)
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 167, December 2002, p. 5 (French).
↑ Lognes, Flowery Towns and Villages website, consulted on 6 April 2012 (French).
↑ Town brochure Heritage, notable parks and trees, September 2006 (French)
↑ The Trees of Antony, Laurence Hirbec personal website, consulted on 30 November 2008 (French).
↑ The cinema and Hauts-de-Seine, éditions Sogemo, 1993 (French)
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 106, November 1996, p. 19 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 112, May 1997, pp. 12-14 (French).
↑ Né de père inconnu (1950), IMDb: The Internet Movie Database website, consulted on 30 November 2008.
↑ Le Parisien: 2 years of black screens for le Select Read online (French)
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 60, April 1992, p. 34 (French)
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 92, May 1995, p. 22 (French).
↑ The Municipal Conservatory, Antony official website, consulted on 30 November 2008 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 108, January 1997, p. 5 (French)
↑ The Firmin-Gémier theatre, TheatreOnline society website, consulted on 30 November 2008 (French).
↑ Firmin-Gémier theatre, consulted on 30 November 2008 (French).
↑ Heritage: Antony housing. Document published by the cultural service and Information Communication Service of the City of Antony, July 2005 (reprinted September 2008). (French)
↑ The Union of Ecologist Associations "Environnement 92" mentioned this issue in a list of 10 "sensitive dossiers" in Hauts-de-Seine. The 10 hot dossiers for eco-freaks, Olivier Bureau, September 2009, Le Parisien, consulted on 11 October 2009 (French).
↑ They defend their houses, Le Parisien, Hauts-de-Seine edition, 21 September 2009. (French)
↑ Biography of Patrick Devedjian, Patrick Devedjian personal website, consulted on 22 November 2008 (French).
↑ Life in Antony, Official Municipal Bulletin, Antony, Monthly review, No. 225, June 2008, p. 35
↑ Y. Firino, Antony - Five centuries of street and place names, APPA, Antony, 1998, p. 48, ISBN 2-9512924-0-6 (French)
↑ Le Figaro 28 September 2012 (French)
↑ The Marriage of Paul and Odette, Alain Beaulet, éditions Mango - Atelier Robert Doisneau, 2004, ISBN 2-914353-53-7 (French)
↑ The Marriage of Paul and Odette (Mango Editions), 3 May 2007, livresphotos.com, consulted on 27 June 2009 (French).

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Communes in the Metropolitan Area of Paris

Population over 2 million	City of Paris

Population over 100,000	Argenteuil Boulogne-Billancourt Montreuil Saint-Denis

Population over 75,000	Asnières-sur-Seine Aubervilliers Aulnay-sous-Bois Champigny-sur-Marne Colombes Courbevoie Créteil Nanterre Rueil-Malmaison Versailles Vitry-sur-Seine

Population over 50,000	Antony Le Blanc-Mesnil Bondy Cergy Chelles Clamart Clichy Drancy Épinay-sur-Seine Évry Fontenay-sous-Bois Issy-les-Moulineaux Ivry-sur-Seine Levallois-Perret Maisons-Alfort Meaux Neuilly-sur-Seine Noisy-le-Grand Pantin Saint-Maur-des-Fossés Sarcelles Sartrouville Sevran Villejuif

Population over 25,000	Alfortville Athis-Mons Bagneux Bagnolet Bezons Bobigny Bois-Colombes Brunoy Bussy-Saint-Georges Cachan Charenton-le-Pont Châtenay-Malabry Châtillon Chatou Le Chesnay Choisy-le-Roi Clichy-sous-Bois Conflans-Sainte-Honorine Corbeil-Essonnes La Courneuve Draveil Élancourt Ermont Franconville Fresnes Gagny La Garenne-Colombes Garges-lès-Gonesse Gennevilliers Gonesse Goussainville Grigny Guyancourt L'Haÿ-les-Roses Herblay Houilles Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Livry-Gargan Malakoff Mantes-la-Jolie Massy Melun Meudon Montfermeil Montigny-le-Bretonneux Montrouge Les Mureaux Neuilly-sur-Marne Nogent-sur-Marne Noisy-le-Sec Palaiseau Le Perreux-sur-Marne Pierrefitte-sur-Seine Plaisir Le Plessis-Robinson Poissy Pontault-Combault Pontoise Puteaux Rambouillet Ris-Orangis Romainville Rosny-sous-Bois Saint-Cloud Saint-Germain-en-Laye Saint-Ouen Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Sannois Savigny-sur-Orge Savigny-le-Temple Stains Sucy-en-Brie Suresnes Taverny Thiais Trappes Tremblay-en-France Vanves Vigneux-sur-Seine Villemomble Villeneuve-la-Garenne Villeneuve-Saint-Georges Villeparisis Villepinte Villiers-le-Bel Villiers-sur-Marne Vincennes Viry-Châtillon Yerres

Population under 25,000	1,669 other communes

Communes of the Hauts-de-Seine department

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