August 1946

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August 15, 1946: U.S. President Truman dispatches ships to Turkey

August 16, 1946: Direct Action Day protest turns into rioting in Calcutta, 10,000 people die

The following events occurred in August 1946:

August 1, 1946 (Thursday)

• The five-member Atomic Energy Commission was established, transferring control of nuclear weapons from military to civilian control.^[1]
• The Fulbright Scholarship program was created.^[2]

• Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) was founded as a consortium of the flag carriers of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.^[3]
• Born: Mike Emrick, American sportscaster (The NHL on NBC), in La Fontaine, Indiana;, and Sandi Griffiths, American singer (The Lawrence Welk Show), in Los Angeles

August 2, 1946 (Friday)

• The first sale of radioactive isotopes was completed, when a container of carbon-14 was delivered from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to the Barnard Free Skin and Cancer Hospital in St. Louis.^[4]
• Battle of Athens (1946): In Athens, Tennessee, a group of World War II veterans took up arms to keep the McMinn County sheriff and his deputies from counting the ballots in the primary election.^[5]
• Born: Nakagami Kenji, Japanese novelist, in Shingū, Wakayama
• Died: Gen. Andrey Vlasov, 45, was executed in the Soviet Union after being convicted of treason, arising out of his surrender to Germany in 1942.

August 3, 1946 (Saturday)

• Santa Claus Land, credited as the first "theme park" for coordinating amusement park rides with a Christmas time theme, was opened by Louis Koch at Santa Claus, Indiana. Now operating as Holiday World, the park preceded Disneyland by nine years.^[6]
• Born: Jack Straw, British Home Secretary 1997-2001, Foreign Secretary 2001-06; in Buckhurst Hill, Essex

August 4, 1946 (Sunday)

• 1946 Dominican Republic earthquake: An 8.0 magnitude quake killed more than 100 people in the Dominican Republic. Almost of the victims were killed by a tsunami that washed over the coastal village of Matanza after the shock registered at 1:51 pm local time (1751 UTC).^[7]

August 5, 1946 (Monday)

• Neil Armstrong of Wapakoneta, Ohio, who on July 20, 1969, would be the first man to walk on the moon earned his student pilot's certificate on his 16th birthday, learning on an Aeronca Champion airplane.^[8]
• Born: Shirley Ann Jackson, Chair of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in physics; in Washington, D.C.

August 6, 1946 (Tuesday)

• Hungary's gold reserve of $32,000,000 was returned to Budapest, from Frankfurt, where it had been stored by the government of Nazi Germany. The return of the gold stabilized the Hungarian economy following the hyperinflation of the prior two months.^[9]
• Martin Luther King, Jr., a 17-year-old junior at Morehouse College, began a lifelong crusade against racial prejudice, with the publication of a letter in the Atlanta Constitution, in response to an editorial. His father later remarked that the letter was the first "indication that Martin was headed for greatness".^[10]
• A pair of unmanned B-17 bombers landed in California after having been flown a distance of 2,174 miles from Hawaii, piloted entirely by radio control, as the United States Army carried out "Operation Remote". Press releases declared that the experiment proved "that guided missiles of the air forces can be launched by radio control and successfully hit a target more than 2,000 miles distant".^[11]
• Died: Tony Lazzeri, 42, American MLB 2nd baseman and Hall of Famer

August 7, 1946 (Wednesday)

• Dardanelles crisis: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin sent a demand to Turkey to permit "joint defense" of the Dardanelles Strait, with the implication that Soviet troops would enter Turkish territory. At the same time, editorials appeared in the Soviet press supporting the retrocession of the Kars Province, Ardahan and Artvin, which had been ceded from Russia to Turkey after World War One. Concluding that a takeover of Turkey would allow the Soviets to control the Middle East, U.S. President Truman sent the USS Franklin D. Roosevelt and two destroyers to the area.^[12]
• Mariano Ospina Pérez was inaugurated as the 23rd President of Colombia.^[13]

August 8, 1946 (Thursday)

Mitchell

• The B-36 Peacemaker bomber was flown by the United States Air Force for the first time. Designed to carry the atomic bomb, and having a range of 6,000 miles, the B-36 was the first intercontinental carrier of nuclear weapons.;^[14][15]
• More than twenty years after his court-martial and resignation from the United States Army, and ten years after his death, Billy Mitchell was awarded the Medal of Honor by the U.S. Congress "for outstanding pioneer service in the field of American military aviation", and posthumously promoted to the rank of Major General.^[16]

August 9, 1946 (Friday)

• The body of African-American veteran John C. Jones, victim of a lynching, was found in a bayou near Minden, Louisiana. As a result of an investigation by the NAACP, the crime was reported nationwide and led to the first FBI investigation of a lynching in Louisiana, followed by the creation of a Committee on Civil Rights by President Truman. One author described the response to the Jones murder as "the first time since Reconstruction that the federal government had evinced any real concern over the discriminatiory treatment of black people".^[17]
• Born: Jim Kiick, American NFL running back, in Lincoln Park, New Jersey

August 10, 1946 (Saturday)

• In Athens, Alabama, a mob of white men and teenagers, estimated at 2,000 people, rioted after two white men had been jailed for an unprovoked attack on a black man the day before. Breaking into smaller groups, the mob went into town and began beating any African-American seen the street. State troops, sent by the Governor, arrived at 4:00 pm and restored order by midnight. Nobody was killed, but more than 50 black persons were injured. Sixteen white suspects were later indicted by a county grand jury for the violence.^[18]

August 11, 1946 (Sunday)

Schoolteacher Dumarsais

• Schoolteacher Dumarsais Estimé was elected President of Haiti^[19]

August 12, 1946 (Monday)

• African Mine Workers' Strike: In the largest labor strike in South Africa since 1922, more than 60,000 black members of the African Mineworkers Union walked away from their jobs in the nation's gold mines, including 13,000 at Witwatersrand. A group of 4,000 striking miners marched at Johannesburg to protest working conditions.^[20]

August 13, 1946 (Tuesday)

McCarthy

Wells

• Tenth Circuit Judge Joseph McCarthy defeated longtime U.S. Senator Robert M. La Follette, Jr. in the Wisconsin Republican primary^[21]
• In the United States, the Indian Claims Commission was established to fix a fair market value for land taken from the American Indians "at the time the land was taken". An example of the low awards of compensation was $29.1 million for the entire state of California, at 47 cents an acre. Between 1946 and the 1951 deadline, 370 petitions were filed.^[22]
• Died: H.G. Wells, 79, British science fiction author; and William J. Gallagher, 71, retired Minneapolis street sweeper who was elected to Congress in 1944;^[23]

August 14, 1946 (Wednesday)

• Zhdanov Doctrine: Soviet politician Andrei Zhdanov began a campaign against writers and artists whose work showed "anti-Soviet sentiment" or complacency toward Communist party goals. At Zhdanov's direction, the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party passed the resolution "About the journals Zvezda and Leningrad" on proper Soviet literature, condemning the two literary magazines for publishing the works of author Mikhail Zoshchenko and poet Anna Akhmatova. The editors of the magazines were replaced, and the two writers were barred from publishing further works.^[24] Similar condemnations followed against bourgeois influence in theater (August 26) and film productions (September 4).^[25]
• An American B-29 reconnaissance plane discovered a large ice floe 300 miles north of Alaska. Nine miles in width, 17 miles long, and ideal for the basing of aircraft, "Target X" was the first of three "floating bases" used by the United States.^[26]
• Born: Larry Graham, American comedian, in Beaumont, Texas

August 15, 1946 (Thursday)

• Truman Doctrine: U.S. President Harry S. Truman informed Turkey's President İsmet İnönü that the United States would provide its assistance to help Turkey resist Soviet demands for control of the Dardanelles straits. Over the next year, Truman lobbied Congress to provide more than $400,000,000 in aid to both Turkey and Greece as part of American strategy in the Middle East.^[27]
• Died: Edward R. Bradley, 86, horse breeding magnate

August 16, 1946 (Friday)

• Direct Action Day: What was intended as a protest in favor of creating a separate Muslim nation of "Pakistan", rather than having a Hindu-majority government in an independent British India, turned into rioting that killed more than 10,000 people in and around Calcutta. Muslim League leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah had set a day "for the Muslim Nation to resort to direct action to achieve Pakistan and assert their just rights to vindicate their honor" after the League decided not to participate in a government with the Hindu Indian National Congress led by Mahatma Gandhi.^[28] Historians disagree as to which side began the killing, but before the violence was put down, 3,000 Hindus and 7,000 Muslims had been murdered in religious violence.^[29]
• The founding conference of the All Hyderabad Trade Union Congress is convened in Secunderabad, Hyderabad State.^[30][31]
• The Kurdistan Democratic Party was founded in Iraq by Mustafa Barzani.^[32]

Born: American Actor-Playwright Jim Brochu

August 17, 1946 (Saturday)

• Robert Penn Warren's novel All the King's Men was published for the first time, by Harcourt Press.^[33]
• Soviet physicist Pyotr L. Kapitsa was removed from his posts and put under house arrest after offending Lavrentiy Beria. Kapitsa, who would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978, was reportedly spared from execution by order of Joseph Stalin, and lived until 1984.^[34]
• Army Air Force First Sergeant Lawrence Lambert became first person in United States to test an ejection seat.^[35]

August 18, 1946 (Sunday)

• The All-America Football Conference (AAFC), which would later bring the San Francisco 49ers and the Cleveland Browns to the NFL, made its debut with an exhibition game in Portland, Oregon. The Brooklyn Dodgers and the Chicago Rockets played to a 14-14 tie.^[36] The first regular season AAFC game would take place on September 6.
• Vergarolla explosion: The explosion of a pile of undefused landmines killed seventy people on a beach at the seaside resort of Pula, formerly under the control of Italy and now part of Croatia.^[37]

August 19, 1946 (Monday)

• An American C-47 transport plane was shot down after straying into the airspace of Yugoslavia, a week after another group of American flyers had been captured. All five men aboard the plane were killed in the crash.^[38]
• Born: Bill Clinton, 42nd President of the United States (1993–2001), as William Jefferson Blythe III, at 8:51 a.m. in Hope, Arkansas; and Charles F. Bolden, Jr., American space shuttle astronaut, and NASA Administrator since 2009, in Columbia, South Carolina

August 20, 1946 (Tuesday)

• Bob Feller of the Cleveland Indians became the first Major League Baseball pitcher to have the speed of his throw measured by radar, with a U.S. Army "lumiline chronograph" clocking him at 98.6 mph at a game in Washington, D.C. against the Senators. Feller's Indians lost, 5-4.^[39]
• The Pittsburgh Pirates voted against joining a labor union, the "American Baseball Guild". The election was conducted by the Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board, and only 19 of the 31 eligible players participated. With one vote invalidated, the margin was 15-3 against unionizing. In 1965, the Major League Baseball Players Association would be created for members of all of the MLB teams.^[40]
• Born: N. R. Narayana Murthy, Indian businessman and founder of Infosys Technologies, in Mysore; Connie Chung, American news anchor, as Constance Yu-Hwa Chung in Washington, D.C.; and Ralf Hütter, German techno singer and musician (Kraftwerk), in Krefeld
• Died: Fielding H. Yost, 75, American college football coach
• Died: Vojtech Tuka, 66, former Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of the Nazi puppet state Slovak Republic, 1939-1944, by execution

August 21, 1946 (Wednesday)

• In Marburg in the American zone of Germany, the bodies of Frederick the Great, who ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786, and his father Frederick William I of Prussia (who ruled 1713-1740) were reburied after having been removed from Potsdam in 1943. The ceremony was presided over by Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia, grandson of the last Kaiser of Germany and the eldest son of former Crown Prince Wilhelm.^[41] Louis Ferdinand, pretender to the throne from 1951 to 1994, lived to see the reinternment of the kings in Potsdam in 1991, following the reunification of Germany.^[42]

August 22, 1946 (Thursday)

Sztojay

• Döme Sztójay, who had served as Prime Minister of Hungary during occupation by the Nazi Germany, was executed by a firing squad after being convicted of treason and crimes against humanity.^[43]
• The Seoul National University was established in Korea on the campus of the former Keijo Imperial University, and included colleges of arts and sciences, engineering, agriculture, law, education, commerce, arts, medicine and dentistry. By^[44]

August 23, 1946 (Friday)

• The State of North Rhine-Westphalia, with Düsseldorf as its capital, was established in the British occupation zone of Germany by order of the zone's Military Governor, Sir Sholto Douglas.^[45]
• The Big Sleep, based on the mystery by Raymond Chandler and starring Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, was released.^[46]
• Frontier guards at Khist-Tepe in the Kunduz Province of Afghanistan were digging a foundation for a cattle shed and struck a buried vase containing 626 ancient Greek silver coins that had been buried 2000 years earlier.^[47]
• Born: Keith Moon, English rock drummer for The Who, in Wembley (d. 1978)

August 24, 1946 (Saturday)

• Norma Jean Baker agreed to a suggestion by Ben Lyon, talent manager at 20th Century Fox sigining a contract for the first time with her new stage name. Borrowing the names of actress Marilyn Miller, and her mother, Gladys Monroe Baker, she became Marilyn Monroe.^[48]
• Philippine Communist leader Juan Feleo disappeared and was presumed killed, triggering the eight year insurgency called the Hukbalahap or Huk Rebellion.^[49]
• Elijah Muhammad was released from federal prison in Milan, Michigan after four years, and became the American Nation of Islam's undisputed leader.^[50]
• The House of Representatives of Japan approved the nation's new Constitution by a vote of 421-8.^[51] The House of Councillors would approve it later in the year.^[52]
• Died: James McReynolds, 84, U.S. Supreme Court Justice from 1914 to 1941; and Maria Andersson, reputed to have been born in 1829 and, at 117, the oldest woman in Finland.

August 25, 1946 (Sunday)

• The body of former Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was secretly moved from Milan police headquarters to the nearby Capuchin Monastery in Cerro Maggiore.^[53] On the same day, the body of former President of Germany, Paul von Hindenburg, was quietly reburied at the Elizabeth Church in Marburg, 12 years after his death and 19 months after retreating Nazis had removed it from the Tannenberg Memorial to avoid its capture by Soviet forces.^[54]
• Born: Charles Ghigna, American children's author famous as "Father Goose", in Bayside, New York; and Rollie Fingers, American MLB pitcher, Hall of Fame enshrinee, in Steubenville, Ohio

August 26, 1946 (Monday)

• The United States consented to the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, popularly known as the World Court.^[55] The U.S. would withdraw its acceptance on October 7, 1985.;^[56]
• Born: Valerie Simpson, American singer and half of the duo of Ashford & Simpson, in New York City; Mark Snow, American composer, in New York City; Tom Ridge, first United States Secretary of Homeland Security (2001–2003), in Munhall, Pennsylvania; and Zhou Ji, Chinese Minister of Education, in Shanghai

August 27, 1946 (Tuesday)

• A milestone in vascular surgery was achieved when Portuguese surgeon João Cid dos Santos performed the removal of plaque from an artery, a procedure now referred to as an endarterectomy.^[57]
• Owners of baseball's National League and American League teams met and secretly voted 15-1 to retain the ban against African-Americans, on grounds that integration of the game would be harmful to the Negro Leagues. The dissenting vote was from Branch Rickey, owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, who then went to Commissioner Happy Chandler to overturn the ruling.^[58]

• France signed a treaty with Laos establishing a protectorate and recognizing Sisavang Vong, King of Luang Prabang, as the nation's monarch^[59]
• Born: Flossie Wong-Staal, Chinese-American biochemist and co-discoverer (with Robert Gallo) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), in Guangzhou, China

August 28, 1946 (Wednesday)

• The Sudanese Defense Force massacred 46 Eritrean civilians and injured 60 in Asmara after a Sudanese soldiers had been killed by a resident.^[60]

August 29, 1946 (Thursday)

• The Workers Party of North Korea was created by a merger of the Communist Party and the New People's Party, with Kim Tu-bong as Chairman, and Kim Il-sung and Chu Yong-ha as vice chairmen.^[61]
• Born: Bob Beamon, American athlete who held the world record for the long jump for 23 years, in New York City; and Dimitris Christofias, President of Cyprus since 2008, in Dikomo
• Died: Ataman Semenov, 55, who had fled the Soviet Union in 1921 to Korea under Japanese protection, then provided intelligence^[62]

August 30, 1946 (Friday)

• The United States signed an agreement to sell (for $20,000,000) surplus aircraft to the government of Chiang Kai-shek's Republic of China government for and effectively ruining negotiations between conducted by General George C. Marshall between Chiang and Communist Party leader Mao Zedong.^[63]
• The German state of Rheinland-Pfalz was created from the northern section of the French occupation zone of Germany by the French Governor, Marie Pierre Kœnig.^[64]
• Died: Jack Woolams, chief test pilot for the X-1, in an unrelated airplane crash at an airshow. Chuck Yeager would break the sound barrier in the X-1-1 on October 14, 1947^[65]

August 31, 1946 (Saturday)

• John Hersey's article "Hiroshima", later to be published as a best selling book, first appeared, in The New Yorker, with the stories of six survivors of the blast, the entire issue^[66]
• The last French troops left Lebanon, departing Beirut for Marseilles.^[67]

References

1. James G. Ryan and Leonard C. Schlup, eds. Historical Dictionary of the 1940s (M.E. Sharpe, 2006) p. 33
2. Naomi B. Lynn and Arthur F. McClure, The Fulbright Premise: Senator J. William Fulbright's Views on Presidential power (Bucknell University Press, 1973) p. 57
3. Harm Gustav Schroeter, The European Enterprise: Historical Investigation into a Future Species (Springer, 2008) p. 39
4. J. Samuel Walker, Permissible Dose: A History of Radiation Protection in the Twentieth Century (University of California Press, 2000) p. 13; Martin G. Pomper, Molecular Imaging in Oncology (Informa Health Care, 2008) iii
5. "20 SHOT IN ELECTION RIOT", Pittsburgh Press, August 2, 1946, p. 1'"Citizen's Council Takes Over In Riot-Torn Athens", 'Pittsburgh Press, August 3, 1946, p1; "TENNESSEE: Battle of the Ballots", TIME Magazine, August 12, 1946
6. Pat Koch and Jane Ammeson, Holiday World (Arcadia Publishing, 2006)
7. USGS Historic Earthquakes; James F. Dolan and Paul Mann, Active Strike-slip and Collisional Tectonics of the Northern Caribbean Plate Boundary Zone (Geological Society of America, 1998) p. 151; "TIDAL WAVES RIP WEST INDIES", 'Pittsburgh Press, August 5, 1946, p. 1
8. James R. Hansen, First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong (Simon & Schuster, 2005) p. 50
9. William Z. Slany, U.S. and Allied Efforts To Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany During World War II (DIANE Publishing, 1997) p. 155
10. Roger Bruns, Martin Luther King, Jr: a biography (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006) pp. 13-14
11. "Radio -Guided Planes Fly Pacific To Set Long-Distance Record", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 7, 1946, p. 1
12. James Chace, Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World (Simon and Schuster, 2007) p153
13. Mary Roldán, Blood and fire: La Violencia in Antioquia, Colombia, 1946-1953 (Duke University Press, 2002) p. 44
14. Russell F. Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (Indiana University Press, 1977) p. 372
15. "U.S. Round-Trip-to Europe Bomber Flies for First Time from Base in Texas", 'Pittsburgh Press, August 8, 1946, p. 1
16. Alfred F. Hurley, Billy Mitchell, Crusader for Air Power (Indiana University Press, 1975) p. 277; "Medal for Mitchell", Milwaukee Journal, August 9, 1946, p. 21
17. Adam Fairclough, Race and Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915-1972 (University of Georgia Press, 2008) p. 113; "Louisiana Negro Beaten to Death", 'Pittsburgh Press, August 15, 1946, p. 1
18. "Mob Roaming Alabama Town", 'Pittsburgh Press, August 11, 1946, p. 1; Ted Robert Gurr, ed., Violence in America: Protest, Rebellion, Reform (SAGE, 1989) p. 248
19. Martin Munro, Exile and Post-1946 Haitian Literature(Liverpool University Press, 2007) p. 25
20. Newell Maynard Stultz, Afrikaner politics in South Africa, 1934-1948 (University of California Press, 1974) p. 115; Iris Berger, South Africa in World History (Oxford University Press US, 2009) pp. 111-112
21. "Senate Race Lost, LaFollette Admits" 'Pittsburgh Press, August 14, 1946, p1
22. M. Annette Jaimes, The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization, and Resistance (South End Press, 1992) p. 146; Alison R. Bernstein, American Indians and World War II: Toward a New Era in Indian Affairs (University of Oklahoma Press, 1991); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: the United States Government and the American Indians (University of Nebraska Press, 1995) p1019
23. "'Street-Cleaner' Congressman Dies", 'Pittsburgh Press, August 13, 1946, p. 2
24. Edward J. Brown, Russian Literature Since the Revolution (Harvard University Press, 1982) p180; "Russian Writers Discover Foreign Customs Are Taboo", 'Pittsburgh Press, August 22, 1946, p8
25. Paul Sjeklocha and Igor Mead, Unofficial Art in the Soviet Union (University of California Press, 1967) p. 48
26. Carl Hoffman, Hunting Warbirds: The Obsessive Quest for the Lost Aircraft of World War II (Random House, Inc., 2002) p. 15; "Ice-Cube Airport", by Aubrey O. Cookman, Jr., Popular Mechanics (September 1952), pp. 134-138
27. Tareq Y. Ismael, International Relations of the Contemporary Middle East: A Study in World Politics (Syracuse University Press, 1986) p. 142
28. Stanley Wolpert, Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi (Oxford University Press US, 2002) p. 222; Ross Marlay and Clark D. Neher, Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders (Rowman & Littlefield, 1999) p. 293
29. "Rioters Sweep Calcutta: 2250 Dead, Injured", 'Pittsburgh Press, August 18, 1946, p. 1; The Calcutta Riots of 1946, massviolence.org
30. Bhaskara Rao, V. Agrarian and Industrial Relations in Hyderabad State. New Delhi: Associated Pub. House, 1985. p. 121
31. Gour, Raj Bahadur. Random Writings. Hyderabad: Makhdoom Society in collaboration with Prachee Publications, Hyderabad, 2002. p. 5
32. Masʻūd Bārzānī, Mustafa Barzani and the Kurdish Liberation Movement (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) p. 173
33. James A. Grimshaw, Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren: A Literary Correspondence (University of Missouri Press, 1998)
34. Michael Parrish, The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996) p. 43
35. http://afehri.maxwell.af.mil/Documents/pdf/lambert.pdf
36. "Dodgers, Rockets Tie At 14 To 14", Bend (OR) Bulletin, August 19, 1946, p. 3
37. Mines Explosion at Vergarola Beach, Pola August 18, 1946
38. "ANOTHER U.S. PLANE SHOT DOWN", Pittsburgh Press, August 19, 1946; "Five Yanks on Plane Killed" (Press, August 23); "Yugoslavs Bury 5 Killed on Plane" (Press, August 24); "Yugoslavs Return Bodies of Flyers" (Press, August 28)
    • Robert Cowley, The Cold War: A Military History (Random House, Inc., 2006 ) p. 11
39. Tom Deveaux, The Washington Senators, 1901-1971(McFarland, 2005) p. 166
40. "Pirates Vote, 15-3, Against Baseball Union", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 21, 1946; William Marshall, Baseball's Pivotal Era, 1945-1951 (University Press of Kentucky, 1999) p. 82; MLBPA History
41. Giles MacDonogh, After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation (PublicAffairs, 2009) p93
42. Jay Brunhouse, Maverick Guide to Berlin (Pelican Publishing, 2008) p. 404
43. John Laughland, A History of Political Trials: From Charles I to Saddam Hussein (Peter Lang, 2008) p. 150
44. John C. Weidman and Namgi Park, eds., Higher Education in Korea: Tradition and Adaptation (Taylor & Francis, 2000)
45. Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1 (Cambridge University Press, 2010) p. 140
46. Gene D. Phillips, Creatures of Darkness: Raymond Chandler, Detective Fiction, and Film Noir (University Press of Kentucky, 2003) p. 67.
47. Frank L. Holt, Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan (University of California Press, 2006) pp. 139-140
48. Sarah Churchwell, The Many Lives of Marilyn Monroe (Macmillan, 2005) pp. 167-171
49. Amy Blitz, The Contested State: American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000) p. 87
50. Claude Andrew Clegg III, An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad (Macmillan, 1998) p. 97
51. "New Constitution Passed by Jap House", Post-Gazette, August 25, 1946, p5
52. Louis Henkin, Albert J. Rosenthal, Constitutionalism and Rights: The Influence of the United States Constitution Abroad (Columbia University Press, 1990) p. 233
53. Ray Moseley, Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce (Taylor Trade Publications, 2004) p356
54. Anna von der Goltz, Hindenburg: Power, Myth, and the Rise of the Nazis (Oxford University Press US, 2009) p. 193
55. "World Court Rule Accepted by U.S.", Pittsburgh Press, August 26, 1946, p2
56. Michla Pomerance, The United States and the World Court as a "Supreme Court of the Nations" (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1996) p. 449
57. Jeffrey A. Norton, Surgery: Basic Science and Clinical Evidence (Springer, 2001) p. 974
58. Roger I. Abrams, Legal Bases: Baseball and the Law (Temple University Press, 1998) p. 105
59. "Indochina", by Ellen Hammer, in The State of Asia: A Contemporary Survey (American Institute of Pacific Relations, 1951) p. 240
60. Tekeste Negash, Eritrea and Ethiopia: the federal experience (Transaction Publishers, 1997) p. 42
61. Charles K. Armstrong, The North Korean Revolution, 1945-1950 (Cornell University Press, 2004) pp. 108-109; Gi-Wook Shin, Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy (Stanford University Press, 2006) p161
62. Michael Parrish, The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996) p. 125
63. Lyman Van Slyke, The China White Paper: August 1949 (U.S. Department of State, 1949) p180
64. F. Roy Willis, France, Germany, and the New Europe: 1945-1967 (Stanford University Press, 1968) p47
65. Alan Pierce, Breaking the Sound Barrier (ABDO Group, 2005) p24
66. Lawrence S. Wittner, The Struggle Against the Bomb (Stanford University Press, 1993) p. 58
67. Charles Winslow, Lebanon: War and Politics in a Fragmented Society(Psychology Press, 1996) p. 73