November 1946

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November 20, 1946: UMW President Lewis orders nationwide walkout of coal miners

November 9, 1946: First flight of the 92-ton airplane Constitution

November 12, 1946: Song of the South released

November 10, 1946: Kurchatov begins Soviet quest for nuclear weapons

The following events occurred in November 1943

November 1, 1946 (Friday)

• In what the National Basketball Association (NBA) credits as its first game, the New York Knicks defeated the Toronto Huskies 68–66. The only game scheduled for the opener of what was then called the Basketball Association of America took place in Canada. Ossie Schectman of the Knicks scored the first points in the first game.^[1] The night before, the first exhibition game of the season for the National Basketball League (which would merge with the BAA to form the NBA) saw the pro debut of George Mikan, who scored 19 points for the Chicago Gears in a 55-50 loss to the Rochester Royals.^[2]
• At Kraków, Archbishop Adam Sapieha personally ordained 26-year-old Karol Wojtyla as a Roman Catholic priest. Father Wojtyla's career would see him rise through the hierarchy of the Church, becoming Pope John Paul II in 1978.^[3]
• In what has been described as "the beginning of modern accelerator technology",^[4] a beam of alpha particles was accelerated at the synchrotron in Berkeley, California, to generate an unprecedented 350 MeV of energy.

November 2, 1946 (Saturday)

• Twenty-eight people were killed in the derailment of a train in the Soviet zone of Germany near Leipzig, between Altenburg and Zeitz.^[5]
• Born: Giuseppe Sinopoli, Italian conductor and composer, Venice (d. 2001)
• Died: Thomas L. Bailey, 58, Governor of Mississippi, died at the executive mansion in Jackson.

November 3, 1946 (Sunday)

• The new Constitution of Japan, which included that nation's renunciation of war, was promulgated by proclamation of the Emperor Hirohito, who had been allowed to keep the Chrysanthemum Throne in return for dropping all claims of divinity. The instrument took effect, by its terms, on May 3, 1947.^[6]

November 4, 1946 (Monday)

• The November 16, 1945, charter establishing UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, took effect after Greece became the 20th nation to ratify it.^[7]
• Gabriel González Videla was inaugurated as the 25th President of Chile.^[8]
• Born: Laura Bush, First Lady of the United States from 2001-2009, as Laura Lane Welch in Midland, TX; and Robert Mapplethorpe, controversial American photographer, in New York City (d. 1989)

November 5, 1946 (Tuesday)

• In the 1946 U.S. midterm Congressional elections, the Republican Party captured control of both houses from the Democrats.^[9] In the Senate, a 56-39 advantage for the Democrats gave way to a 51-45 Republican majority, while in the House of Representatives, the Democrats' 242-191 lead was reversed, with the Republicans up 246 to 188. Freshmen Congressmen included Republican Richard M. Nixon of California's 12th district, and Democrat John F. Kennedy of the Massachusetts 11th.
• The Boston Celtics very first home game was preceded by the first smashing of a glass backboard. Boston's Chuck Connors, who would also play major league baseball and become a TV star in The Rifleman, accidentally tore down a poorly fitted rim.^[10]
• Born: Gram Parsons, American country singer, as Ingram Connor III in Winter Haven, Florida (d. 1973) and Herman Brood, Dutch rock musician and painter, in Zwolle (d. 2001)

November 6, 1946 (Wednesday)

President Vandenberg?

President Truman

• The day after the Republican takeover of both houses of Congress, U.S. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas proposed that his fellow Democrat, President Harry S. Truman, should resign to make way for a Republican. Fulbright's proposal, endorsed by the Atlanta Constitution and the Chicago Sun, was that Arthur H. Vandenberg, U.S. Senator from Michigan, be made U.S. Secretary of State (at the time, the Vice-President's office was vacant and the Secretary was next in line for the presidency), after which Truman would step down in favor of President Vandenberg.^[11] Truman did not dignify Fulbright's suggestion with a response, but the White House let it be known that the idea would be ignored.^[12]
• Born: Sally Field, American TV and film actress, in Pasadena, CA

November 7, 1946 (Thursday)

• A major reform of the Japanese writing system was ordered by that nation's Ministry of Education, which eliminated 70% of the kanji symbols that could be used in legal documents, newspapers and magazines. Effective November 16, a list of 1,850 kanji was made from 6,000 traditional ones, with plans to reduce the number further to 881. Words formerly rendered in kanji were replaced with the hiragana syllabic system.^[13]
• Born: Milton Lee Olive, African-American Medal of Honor recipient (killed in action 1965)

November 8, 1946 (Friday)

• The government of Japan expelled from office 162,915 persons who had held posts during World War II, ranging from village employees to prefecture chiefs. The names were supplied by Brigadier General Courtney Whitney of the American occupational government.^[14]

November 9, 1946 (Saturday)

• Dubbed the "Game of the Century", the first ever between college football's two highest ranked teams, took place before a crowd of 74,000 at New York's Yankee Stadium, with #1 Army facing #2 Notre Dame. The game ended in a 0-0 tie, but brought Army's 25 game winning streak to a halt.^[15]
• The Lockheed R6V Constitution, at 92 tons the largest airplane up to that time, made its first flight.^[16]

November 10, 1946 (Sunday)

• French legislative election, November 1946: The French Communist Party (PCF) received a plurality in the National Assembly, taking 182 of the 627 seats.^[17]
• At least 1,400 people were killed in an earthquake of magnitude 7.3 in the Ancash Region of Peru. Hardest hit was the village of Quiches in the Sihuas Province, and the city of Moyobamba.^[18]
• A team led by Igor Kurchatov began work on assembling the Soviet Union's first nuclear reactor.^[19]
• The very first Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust wetland reserve, created by Sir Peter Scott, opened at Slimbridge, Gloucestershire.^[20]
• Born: Alaina Reed Hall, American TV actress, as Bernice Reed in Springfield, Ohio (d. 2009)
• Died: Nguyen Van Thinh, President of Cochin-China, hanged himself at his apartment in Saigon after being unable to meet with French Indochina Commissioner Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu.^[21]

November 11, 1946 (Monday)

• Margaret Truman, the 22-year-old daughter of the President of the United States, made her operatic debut, singing at the opening of the 62nd season of the Metropolitan Opera in New York.^[22]
• Born: Corrine Brown, African-American Congresswoman, in Jacksonville, Florida
• Died: Nikolai Burdenko, 70, Soviet pioneer in neurosurgery

November 12, 1946 (Tuesday)

• The Disney film Song of the South, first to combine live action with animation and most popular movie of 1946, premiered at the Fox Theater in Atlanta.^[23]
• In Chicago, a branch of the Exchange National Bank (now part of the LaSalle Bank) opened "Autobank", a set of ten drive-up teller windows.^[24]
• Died: Madan Mohan Malaviya, 84, Indian patriot

November 13, 1946 (Wednesday)

• Meteorologist Vincent Schaefer, a researcher for the General Electric company, made the first successful test of cloud seeding as a means of weather control. Taking off in an airplane from Schenectady, New York, Schaefer dropped six pounds of dry ice pellets into the clouds at 14,000 feet over Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Within two minutes, snow flakes began falling. The snow didn't reach the town below, evaporating at about 11,000 feet, but Schaefer, who had earlier discovered a laboratory process for artificially making snow, demonstrated that the process could be duplicated on a large scale.^[25]
• Born: Wanda Coleman, African American author, in Los Angeles

November 14, 1946 (Thursday)

• American embassy chargé d'affaires George R. Merrell, for the United States, and Jawaharlal Nehru of the interim government of India, signed the Air Transport Services Pact in New Delhi, clearing the way for U.S. airlines to fly around the world.^[26]
• Died: Manuel de Falla, 69, Spanish composer

November 15, 1946 (Friday)

• At 3:00 pm, at the residence of Indonesian Vice-President Sutan Sjahrir, the Linggajati Agreement was initialed at Malang, by Sjahrir, and with former Netherlands Prime Minister Willem Schermerhorn. Mediated by Lord Killearn of the United Kingdom, the agreement provided for a ceasefire, and control of Java, Sumatra and the Kalimantan portion of Borneo by the Republic of Indonesia, while the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies would continue on Sulawesi, the Lesser Sunda Islands, West New Guinea, and the Maluku Islands.;^[27]
• The National Assembly of the Republic of China convened at Nanjing with hopes that a new constitution could be created that would be agreeable to both the Nationalist and Communist parties. The Communists and the China Democratic League boycotted the meeting, which drafted a constitution for the Republic of China that would eventually be limited to the island of Taiwan.^[28]
• Born: Gwyneth Powell, British TV actress (Grange Hill), in Levenshulme

November 16, 1946 (Saturday)

• At Johnstown, Pennsylvania, the Evangelical United Brethren Church (EUB) was created by merger of Evangelical Church and the United Brethren in Christ. On April 23, 1968, the EUB's 750,000 members would combine in a merger with the Methodist Church to create the United Methodist Church.^[29]
• Born: Mahasti, Iranian pop singer, as Eftekhar Dadehbala in Tehran (d. 2007)

November 17, 1946 (Sunday)

• The Franco-Siamese Agreement was signed in Washington, D.C., annulling the Tokyo convention that had ended the Franco-Thai War. In return for its entry into the United Nations, the Kingdom of Thailand returned territory won in the war, ceding the provinces of Pak Lay and Bassac (Champasak) to Laos, and the provinces of Battambang and Siem Reap to Cambodia.^[30]
• Born: Terry E. Branstad, Governor of Iowa, in Leland, Iowa

November 18, 1946 (Monday)

• Following his participation at a criminal trial of two white men in Columbia, Tennessee, African-American lawyer Thurgood Marshall was arrested by city police and narrowly avoided a lynch mob. With the aid of friends, the future U.S. Supreme Court justice managed to get out of town and back to Nashville.^[31]
• Born: Joe Dante, American film director (Gremlins), in Morristown, NJ
• Died: Jimmy Walker, 65, Mayor of New York City 1926-32; and Donald Meek, 68, Scottish-born character actor who often portrayed meek persons

November 19, 1946 (Tuesday)

• Romanian general election, 1946: Led by Prime Minister Petru Groza, the Romanian Communist Party won 79.86% and 379 of the 414 seats in Parliament, in an election characterized by intimidation and fraud.^[32]
• The United Nations Organization admitted its first new members since 1945, with Afghanistan, Iceland and Sweden bringing the total to 102.
• Zhou Enlai departed Nanjing and returned to Yan'an, bringing to an end the negotiations between the Communists and the Kuomintang. Zhou and nine other Communist officials were provided safe passage on an American aircraft provided by General George C. Marshall, who arranged for U.S. transport of all remaining Communist leaders from Nationalist held cities.^[33]

November 20, 1946 (Wednesday)

• Coal miners across the United States walked out on strike after United Mine Workers President John L. Lewis defied a court injunction and ordered members to cease work. In all, 400,000 miners stopped coal production a month before winter was to begin.^[34] As the strike wore on, American workers in related industries were laid off,^[35] nations dependent on American coal faced their own economic crises,^[36] and a worldwide crisis was envisioned.^[37] Then, on December 7, Lewis abruptly ordered the miners back to work, at least until the end of March.^[38]
• A minor incident in French Indochina set in motion a chain of events that would lead to nearly 30 years of war in Vietnam, first with France and then with the United States. A French patrol boat seized a Chinese junk as it sailed into the harbor of Haiphong, smuggling a cargo of gasoline. The Viet Minh guerrilla army captured the French boat and its crew, and the French Army responded with an ultimatum that expired two days later with deadly consequences.^[39]
• Students at Arizona State University (at that time "Arizona State College at Tempe" or Tempe State) voted 819-196 to change the name of their sports teams from the "Bulldogs" to the "Sun Devils".^[40]
• Born: Duane Allman, American rock guitarist, in Nashville (d. 1971), and Judy Woodruff, American television reporter, in Tulsa
• Died: Timothy Pflueger, American architect

November 21, 1946 (Thursday)

• On a visit to the Navy base at Key West, Harry S. Truman became the first U.S. President to ride underwater in a submarine. Reporters were barred from accompanying the President aboard the captured German submarine U-2513. Along with 22 other people, Truman was taken 440 feet below the surface, and witnessed a secret demonstration of the U-boat's technology, including the "schnorkel", a Nazi adaptation of the submarine snorkel.^[41]

November 22, 1946 (Friday)

• The film The Best Years of Our Lives, about American veterans returning to civilian life after World War II, had its world premiere, at the Astor Theater in New York City.^[42]
• Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov, whose party won 247 of the 465 available seats in parliamentary elections, was named as the new Prime Minister of Bulgaria.^[43] Dimitrov, who replaced Kimon Georgiev, had been the Secretary-General of Comintern, and had held Soviet citizenship until 1944.^[44]
• Died: Otto Thierack, 57, Reich Minister of Justice in Nazi Germany from 1942-1945, hanged himself before he could be brought before a United States military court in the Nuremberg Judges' Trial.

November 23, 1946 (Saturday)

• As the French battlecruiser Suffren sat in Haiphong harbor, Colonel Pierre-Louis Debès delivered an ultimatum at 7:00 a.m., telling the Viet Minh that it had two hours to withdraw its armies from the port and from the French and Chinese sections of the city, or face bombardment. At 9:45, Debès, who had been directed by General Jean Etienne Valluy to give the enemy "une dure leçon" ("a hard lesson") for the events earlier in the week, ordered an attack.^[45] The Suffren fired its 8-inch shells into the Vietnamese city, killing soldiers and civilians. The Viet Minh claimed that 20,000 people died, and French Admiral Robert Battet later gave the number of deaths as "no more than 6,000".^[46]

November 24, 1946 (Sunday)

• Tomas Berreta was elected the 32nd President of Uruguay, defeating Luis Alberto de Herrara and comedian Domingo Tortorelli.^[47]
• Born: Ted Bundy, American serial killer, as Theodore Cowell in Burlington, VT (executed 1989)
• Died: László Moholy-Nagy, 56, Hungarian born artist and designer

November 25, 1946 (Monday)

• In response to Republican Party pressure to purge the United States government of suspected Communists, President Truman issued Executive Order #9806, creating the six member "Temporary Commission on Employee Loyalty".^[48] On March 21, 1947, Truman would create a more permanent program by Executive Order 9835.^[49]
• Missing since 1823, the remains of Mexican conquistador Hernán Cortés were discovered behind a wall in chapel of the Hospital de Jesús Nazareno in Mexico City. Cortés (1485-1547) had conquered the Aztec Empire in by 1521 before returning to his native Spain. His body was returned to Mexico in 1562, hidden after that nation declared independence from Spain, and then forgotten for 123 years. The four foot long crystal and gold casket was found two weeks after Spanish antiquarian Fernando Baez found church records that showed its location in the unused room.^[50]

• Born: Marc Brown, American children's author, illustrator, and creator, starting 1976, of the Arthur series of books, in Erie, PA
• Died: Henry Morgenthau, Sr., 90, German-born American diplomat; George Gandy, 95, American businessman

November 26, 1946 (Tuesday)

• In the Soviet Union, Central Committee investigator Mikhail Suslov began what has been described as "a new page in the history of repression" ^[51] by recommending the purge of members of the USSR's Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (EAK). Over the next six years, members of the group were arrested and tortured. On August 12, 1952, thirteen of the most prominent EAK members were executed for after being convicted of treason.
• Born: Art Shell, first African-American NFL head coach in the modern era, in Charleston, SC

November 27, 1946 (Wednesday)

• Fidel Castro, a 22-year-old law student at the University of Havana, made his first major speech, denouncing Cuban President Ramón Grau at the Colon Cemetery.^[52]

November 28, 1946 (Thursday)

• The 23rd Indian Division, which sustained 407 dead, 808 wounded and 162 missing in what author Martin Gilbert described as "the last Allied casualties" of World War II,^[53] completed a mission that had begun two weeks before V-J day. At the end of the Burma Campaign, the British Empire had ordered 92,000 troops to the Indonesian island of Java, with a deadly assault on September 15, 1945. Allied casualties continued to be sustained as the Indian and British forces set about to disarm 270,000 Japanese troops and evacuate 110,000 Allied prisoners, even as Indonesian and Dutch forces fought each other.^[54]

November 29, 1946 (Friday)

• The All Indonesia Centre of Labour Organizations (SOBSI) was founded in Jakarta.^[55][56]
• Johannes Vares-Barbarus, Chairman of the Presidium of the Estonian SSR since 1940 after assisting in Estonia's 1940 annexation to the Soviet Union, was found shot to death in the presidential palace in Kadriorg, Tallinn.^[57]
• Born: Suzy Chaffee, American alpine skier and actress, in Rutland, VT

November 30, 1946 (Saturday)

• In the annual Army-Navy Game at Philadelphia, a 1-7-0 U.S. Naval Academy nearly upset the 8-0-1 and #1 ranked Army Cadets. Navy was within 3 yards of the goal with 10 seconds left, but game officials failed to stop the clock before another play could be run.^[58] When the final Associated Press poll was taken on December 3, Notre Dame took the #1 spot and the unofficial college football championship.^[59]
• Died: Gustav Noske, 78, former German Defense Minister and Social Democratic Party official
• Born: Marina Abramović, Yugoslavian performance artist, in Belgrade; and Lynne Russell, American news anchor for CNN Headline News, 1983-2001, in Orange, NJ

References

1. "Do you know who scored THE FIRST BASKET in the NBA?", TheFirstBasket.com; Charles Rosen, The First Tip-off: The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2008) p1; "Knickerbockers Squeeze to 68-66 Win in Opener", Milwaukee Journal, November 2, 1946, pB-2
2. "Mikan Scores 19 Points, But Gears Bow to Royals Before Crowd of 3,500", Schenectady (NY) Gazette, November 1, 1946, p22
3. Edward Renehan, Pope John Paul II (Infobase Publishing, 2006) p32
4. Hans Günter Dosch Beyond the Nanoworld: Quarks, Leptons, and Gauge Bosons (A K Peters, Ltd., 2008) p61
5. "28 Die in Rail Wreck", Pittsburgh Press, November 2, 1946, p1
6. "Hirohito Hails New Constitution", Pittsburgh Press, November 3, 1946, p1 Grant Kohn Goodman and Barry D. Steben, America's Japan: The First Year, 1945-1946 (Fordham University Press, 2005) p75
7. J. C. Aggarwal and S. P. Agrawal, Documentation Encyclopaedia of UNESCO and Education (Concept Publishing Company, 1991) p5
8. Salvatore Bizzarro, Historical Dictionary of Chile (Scarecrow Press, 2005) p324
9. "LANDSLIDE GIVES GOP CONGRESS AND STATE", Pittsburgh Press, November 6, 1946, p1
10. John J. Fontanella, The Physics of Basketball (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006) p129
11. "Sen. Fulbright Says Truman Should Resign", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, November 7, 1946, p1
12. "Truman Won't Resign, Will Ignore Suggestion-- White House Believes Proposal Unworthy Of Presidential Denial" , Miami Daily News, November 7, 1946, p1
13. "Jap Language Cut To 1,800 Characters", Miami Daily News, November 7, 1946, p1; J. Marshall Unger, Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading Between the Lines (Oxford University Press US, 1996) p58
14. "160,000 JAP LEADERS OUSTED", Miami Daily News, November 8, 1946, p1
15. Stuart Miller, The 100 Greatest Days in New York Sports (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006) pp97-100 "Army, Irish Slug To 0-0 Tie In Thriller Before 74,000", Miami Daily News, November 10, 1946, p1
16. "92-Ton Constitution Makes Maiden Flight", Miami Daily News, November 10, 1946, p1
17. "French Vote Communists Into Power", Daytona Beach Morning Journal, November 11, 1946, p1
18. "Earthquakes of Peru", USGS.gov
19. Richard Rhodes, Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (Simon and Schuster, 1996)p272
20. David Evans, A History of Nature Conservation in Britain (Psychology Press, 1997) p88
21. Oscar Chapuis, The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p145
22. "Margaret Truman Helps Opera To Colorful Start", Miami Daily News, November 11, 1946, p1
23. Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons (New American Library, 1987) p369
24. Homer Williams, Building Type Basics for Banks and Financial Institutions (John Wiley and Sons, 2010) p33; "First Complete Autobank Opens on La Salle St.", Chicago Tribune, November 13, 1946, p2
25. Kristine Harper, Weather and Climate: Decade by Decade (Infobase Publishing, 2007) pp93-94; "Snow From a Cloud Produced by Science", Milwaukee Journal, November 14, 1946, p1
26. Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949: Germany-Iran (G.P.O. 1954) pp1236-1244; "India Pact Clears Way For U.S. World Air Routes", Miami Daily News, November 14, 1946, p6-A
27. Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung From the Formation of the State of East Indonesia towards the Establishment of the United States of Indonesia (Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 1996) p96
28. William L. Tung, The Political Institutions of Modern China (Martinus Nijhoff, 1968) p200
29. Charles Yrigoyen, Jr. and Susan E. Warrick, Historical Dictionary of Methodism (Scarecrow Press, 2005) p119-120
30. Arthur J. Dommen, The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Indiana University Press, 2001) p162
31. Ruth T. Feldman, Thurgood Marshall (Lerner Publications, 2001), pp7-11
32. Federal Research Division, Romania: A Country Study (Kessinger Publishing, 2004) p86
33. Bevin Alexander, The Strange Connection: U.S. Intervention in China, 1944-1972 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992) p63
34. "THE BIG COAL STRIKE IS ON! U. S. TO ACT AGAINST LEWIS", Chicago Tribune, November 21, 1946, p1; "COAL STRIKE GRIPS NATION; U.S. MOVES AGAINST LEWIS", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, - November 21, 1946, p1
35. "Coal Strike Furloughs 175,000 More Workers", Los Angeles Times, November 30, 1946, p2
36. "Europe Hit by U.S. Coal Strike; Industry in Peril", Chicago Tribune, December 5, 1946, p1
37. "25,000,000 May be Idle If Coal Strike Is Prolonged; Fairly Ample Stock Piles Here", New York Times, November 22, 1946; "Economic Collapse In 90 Days Seen If Strike Continues" Baltimore Sun, December 3, 1946, p1
38. "COAL STRIKE OFF!", Pittsburgh Press - December 7, 1946, p1
39. Oscar Chapuis, The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p150
40. Michael Leo Donovan, Yankees to Fighting Irish: What's Behind Your Favorite Team's Name (Taylor Trade Publications, 2004) p82; "Tempe Teams Change Name To Sun Devils", Prescott (AZ) Evening Courier, November 21, 1946, p2-1
41. Robert P. Watson, et al., The National Security Legacy of Harry S. Truman (Truman State University Press, 2005) p27; "Truman Dives 440 Feet In German Sub", Pittsburgh Press, November 21, 1946, p9
42. Harriet Hyman Alonso, Robert E. Sherwood: The Playwright in Peace and War (University of Massachusetts Press, 2007) p287
43. "Dimitrov Asked Form New Bulgaria Cabinet", Montreal Gazette November 22, 1946, p9
44. "Ex-Russian Heads Cabinet", Windsor (ON) Daily Star, November 22, 1946, p17
45. Ross Marlay and Clark D. Neher, Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders (Rowman & Littlefield, 1999) p104
46. Spencer Tucker, Vietnam (University Press of Kentucky, 1999) pp46-47
47. Uruguayans Chorus 'No' To Free Milk, Free Wine", Miami Daily News, November 26, 1946, p1; "Uruguayans Elect Pro-U.S. President", New York Times, November 26, 1946, p17
48. "President Orders Purge of Disloyal from U.S. Posts", New York Times, November 26, 1946, p1; "Communists To Be Ousted", Boise City (ID) News, November 28, 1946, p1
49. Walter John Raymond, Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms (Brunswick Publishing, 1992) p289
50. "Find Bones of Cortes, Spanish Conqueror of Mexico, Experts Say", Milwaukee Journal, November 26, 1946, p2
51. Alexander N. Yakovlev, et al., A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia (Yale University Press, 2004) p202
52. Thomas M. Leonard, Fidel Castro: A Biography (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) p10
53. Martin Gilbert, The Day the War Ended: May 8, 1945 - Victory in Europe (Macmillan, 2004) p409
54. "U.K.'s Thankless Task In Indonesia To End Thursday As Troops Last of British Troops Embark", Montreal Gazette, November 26, 1946, p9; "British Leave Indonesia Post", Eugene (OR) Register-Guard, November 29, 1946, p3
55. Hindley, Donald. The Communist Party of Indonesia, 1951-1963. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964. p. xvi
56. Wolf, Charles. The Indonesian Story, the Birth, Growth and Structure of the Indonesian Republic. New York: J. Day, 1948. p. 68
57. Mart Laar, War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944-1956 (Howells House, 1992)
58. "Navy Falls 3 Yards Short of Victory, 21 to 18", Milwaukee Journal, December 1, 1946, pIII-1
59. "Notre Dame Rated National Champion— Writers' Poll Gives Irish 100 Firsts To Army's 48", Miami Daily News, December 4, 1946, p2-B