Clan MacLea

Clan MacLea or Livingstone
Mac Dhunnshleibhe and Mac an Léigh

Crest: A demi-man representing the figure of Saint Moluag Proper, his head ensigned of a circle of glory Or, having about his shoulders a cloak Vert, holding in his dexter hand the great Staff of Saint Moluag Proper and in his sinister hand a cross crosslet fitchée Azure.[1]
Motto NI MI E MA'S URRAIN DHOMH[2]
Slogan CNOC AINGEIL[1]
Profile
District Argyll
Plant badge Grass of Parnassus[3]
Chief
Niall Livingstone of Bachuil[4]
Baron of the Bachuil[4]
Seat Bachuil, Isle of Lismore

The Clan MacLea is a Highland Scottish clan, which was traditionally located in the district of Lorn in Argyll, Scotland,[5] and is seated on the Isle of Lismore. There is a tradition of some MacLeas Anglicising their names to Livingstone, thus the Clan Livingstone Society's website[6] also refers to clan as the Highland Livingstones.[5] The current chief of Clan MacLea was recognised by Lord Lyon as the "Coarb of Saint Moluag" and the "Hereditable Keeper of the Great Staff of Saint Moluag."

Origins

Origin of the names MacLea and Livingstone

There are conflicting theories of the etymology of MacLea, MacLay and similar surnames, and they could have multiple origins. The name may be an Anglicisation of Mac an Léigh (Scottish Gaelic), meaning son of the physician.[7] In addition to MacLea, the Gaelic language surname Mac an Léigh is also anglicized to McKinley (surname) and MacNulty. The leading theory today, however, is that the name MacLea is derived from the patronymic Mac Dhunnshleibhe, meaning son of Donn Sléibhe (son of + the brown haired, or chieftain + of the mountain).[7] In 1910 Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll maintained that the surname MacLea evolved from the name Maconlea, which was originally Mac Dhunnshleibhe. By the eighteenth century the standard form of the name had become MacLea or other forms with similar spellings (MacLeay, McClay, etc.). This is largely a distinction without significance, though, as Mac an Léigh is a nickname surname which was given to the Mac Dhunnshleibhe by the indigenous populations in both Ulster and the Scottish Highlands and which was, eventually, adopted as a substitute surname by the Mac Dhunnshleibhe themselves.[8] The Mac Dhunnshleibhe royals were also one of Ireland’s ancient hereditary medical families.[9]

The surname Livingstone/Livingston is derived from the placename, modern Livingston, which is in West Lothian, Scotland.[10] Livingston was in turn named after an individual named Leving who appears in the early twelfth century in the charters of David I of Scotland.[7][11] This Leving was the progenitor of the powerful aristocratic Livingston family.[12] There are multiple theories of the origin of Leving (Anglo-Saxon, Fleming, Frank, Norman, and even Hungarian).

In the mid seventeenth century James Livingston of Skirling, who was of a branch of these Lowland Livingstons, was granted a nineteen-year lease of the Bishoprics of Argyll and the Isles.[13] Sometime before 1648, James Livingston seems to have stayed at Achanduin Castle on Lismore, and it is thought that around this time that the surname Livingstone would have been adopted by MacLeas on the island.[13]

Descent from Dunshleibe

The Duke of Argyll wrote that it was possible that the eponymic progenitor of all the Mac(Duns)leves, (MacLeas, highland Livingstones, etc.), of Lismore may be Dunshleibe son of Aedh Alain O'Neill.[13] Aed Alain was the son of the Irish prince Anrothan O'Neill, who traditionally is said to have married a Princess of Dál Riata, inheriting her lands of Cowal and Knapdale. Anrothan in turn was a son of Aodh O'Neill, King of Ailech (r.1030-1033).[13] From him the family would ultimately descend from Niall of the Nine Hostages, High King of Ireland, who reigned in the fifth century, although the O'Neill dynasty actually take their name from his descendant Niall Glúndub, a High King of Ireland living five centuries later. Dunshleibe is also thought to have been the common ancestor of clans in western Argyll including the Lamonts, the MacEwens of Otter, the Maclachlans, the MacNeils of Barra, and the MacSweens.[13]

Dunshleibe Ua Eochadha

An alternative and the modernly accepted theory, however, is that the MacLea are descended of Ruaidhri Mac Duinnsleibhe, the 54th Christian and last king of Ulidia.[14]

The Coarbs of Saint Moluag are proposed to be closely related to the rigdamnai or Royal Family of Ulster and their use of the name Mac Duinnshleibhe to be a proud reminder and declaration of that fact.[15]

According to Byrne the Ulaid rigdamnai alone used the name Mac Duinnshleibhe

“ So for instance when after 1137 the Dál Fiatach kingship was confined to the descendants of Donn Sleibe Mac Eochada (slain in 1091), the rigdamnai set themselves apart from the rest of the family by using the name Mac Duinnshleibhe (Donleavy)." Francis John Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings page 128.

It seems as though Ruaidhri Mac Duinnsleibhe was the last king of Ulidia dying at the end of the twelfth century . Rory, son of Dunsleve, is number 54 on O'Hart's roll of the kings of Ulidia and described as "the last king of Ulidia, and its fifty-fourth king since the advent of St. Patrick to Ireland."

In Irish Pedigrees – The Stem of the Dunlevy family, Princes of Ulidia, O'Hart says

"Tuirmach Teamrach, the 81st Monarch of Ireland had a son named Fiach Fearmara, who was ancestor of the Kings of Argyle and Dalriada, in Scotland: this Fiach was also the ancestor of MacDunshleibe and O’Dunsleibhe, anglicised Dunlevy, Dunlief, Dunlop, Levingstone and Livingstone. …
According to Dr O’Donovan descendants of this family (Cu-Uladh the son the last MacDunshleibe King of Ulidia), soon after the English invasion of Ireland, passed into Scotland, where they changed their name."

Livingston and MacLea DNA project

In 2003 a DNA project was established to compare the Y-DNA of males bearing the different variations of the surnames Livingstone and MacLea. The project aims to find a blood link between the so-called Highland Livingstones and the Lowland Livingstons, and to investigate the various origins of these surnames.[16] Many male lines have been identified, including those of Dr Livingstone, a clan member, and the chiefly line of Barons of Bachuil. Considering the above-mentioned theories about the possible origin of the clan in Ireland, it is relevant to report that the clan seems to have no male line with the DNA signature associated with Uí Néill families in Ireland. Apparently many Irish families with "Mac Dunshleibhe" surnames suchy as Dunleavy do have such a DNA signature[17]

Coarb of Saint Moluag

The Isle of Lismore and the hills of Kingairloch beyond.
See also: Saint Moluag

Saint Moluag was a Scottish missionary, and a contemporary of Saint Columba, who evangelized the Picts of Scotland in the sixth century. According to the Irish Annals, in 562 Saint Moluag beat Saint Columba in a race to the large Isle of Lismore. The nineteenth century historian William F. Skene claimed the Isle of Lismore was the sacred island of the Western Picts and the burial place of their kings whose capital was at Beregonium, across the water at Benderloch.

The Coarb, or successor, of the saint was the hereditary keeper of his pastoral staff. The Great Staff of Saint Moluag, or Bachuil Mor is thought to be the sixth-century saint's crozier or staff.[13] The Bachuil Mor is a plain wooden staff that is about 38 inches long. There is evidence that the Bachuil Mor was at one time covered with plates of gilt copper of which some remain.[18] On 21 December 1950 on the petition of Livingstone of Bachuil, the Lord Lyon King of Arms ruled that Livingstone was the Coarb of Saint Moluag. Livingstone's ancestor Iain McMolmore Vic Kevir appears in a charter of 1544 as "with keeping of the great staff of the blessed Moloc, as freely as the father, grandfather and great-grandfather and other predecessors of the said Iain."[13]

Since St. Moluag was the founder and head of three schools (Lismore, Rosemarkie and Mortlach) and several subordinate monasteries, he is viewed as a "sovereign lord" by the Lord Lyon. As his successor, the Coarb is viewed as a sovereign baron and is granted a unique Cap of Maintenance of Gules doubled Vair to place in his coat of arms.

History

Despite claiming ancient heritage the clan was not formally recognised by the Lord Lyon until 2003. The first clan chief of Clan MacLea to be recognised was William Jervis Alastair Livingstone of Bachuil, in 2003. The late chief represented the clan as a member of the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs.[19] William Jervis Alastair Livingstone of Bachuil died in February 2008 and was succeeded by his son Niall.[20][21]

Civil War and Jacobite risings

During the Scottish Civil War of the 17th century the Livingstones remained loyal to the Crown and as a result their estates suffered, firstly at the hands of the Scottish Covenanters and later at the hands of Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarians.[10]

During the 18th century the Clan Livingstone supported the Jacobite rising of 1715 and as a result their titles were forfeited.[10] The MacLeas (later referred to as Livingstones) fought in the Appin Regiment at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. Donald Livingstone, Bun-a-mhuilinn, Morvern, was of the Livingstones of Achnacree, Benderloch and was 18 when he fought at Culloden saving the Appin Standard.[22]

Clan battles

Clan profile

Crest badge, clan badge and clan chief

Tartans

Tartan image Notes
Modern Livingstone tartan. Livingstone Sett, or Livingstone.[26][27] Although the Livingstones or MacLeas are associated with the Buchanans, MacDougalls and the Stewarts of Appin, the tartan sett does not resemble that of any of these clans. The tartan most closely resembles the MacDonell of Keppoch tartan.[28]
Livingston Dress tartan. 'Livingstone Dress, also known as Livingston Dress.[29][30]
Livingstone or MacLay tartan. Livingstone / MacLay. This tartan is based upon the MacLaine of Lochbuie tartan which dates before 1810.[31] The Maclaine of Lochbuie tartan dates before 1810 and was first published in 1886.[32]

See also

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Clan Crest". clanmclea.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  2. 1 2 "Matriculation". clanmclea.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
  3. 1 2 "Clan Livingstone Warrant". clanmclea.co.uk.
  4. 1 2 3 "The Chief of Clan Livingstone". clanmclea.co.uk.
  5. 1 2 "Livingstone-MacLea". clanmclea.co.uk.
  6. ↑ "Clan McLea". clanmclea.co.uk.
  7. 1 2 3 "Last Name Meanings and Origins - Search Surnames at Ancestry.com". ancestry.com.
  8. ↑ Rev. Patrick Woulfe, Priest of the Diocese of Limerick, Member of the Council, National Academy of Ireland, Irish Names and Surnames, © 1967 Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, in Irish and English, pp. 355-356
  9. ↑ See A. Nic Donnchadha, "Medical Writing in Irish", in 2000 Years of Irish Medicine, J.B. Lyons, ed., Dublin, Eirinn Health Care Publications © 2000, p. 217 (Nic Donchadha contribution reprinted from Irish Journal of Medicine, Vol. 169, No. 3, pp 217-220, again, at 217). See, also, generally, Susan Wilkinson, "Early Medical Education in Ireland", Irish Migration Studies in Latin America, Vol. 6, No. 3 (November 2008).
  10. 1 2 3 Way, George and Squire, Romily. Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia. (Foreword by The Rt Hon. The Earl of Elgin KT, Convenor, The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs). Published in 1994. Pages 414 - 415.
  11. ↑ "History of Livingston, West Lothian at LivingstonAlive.co.uk. Livingston Village history, from new-town to capital of Silicon Glen. The history of Livingston, West Lothian, Scotland.". livingstonalive.co.uk.
  12. ↑ "Stirnet". stirnet.com.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Highland Clans, p.117-119.
  14. ↑ Highland Papers II. Edinburgh: Scottish Historical Society. 1916. p. 255. Note on list of Stuart loyalists massacred at the 1647 Battle of Dunaverty in Kintyre, Scotland, "Of the surnames appearing in the second column the M'onleas were originally M'Dunleas ; the D disappears through euphonistic elision in Gaelic. Although Niall 10th Duke of Argyll, thought it quite possible that their eponymic ancestor was Dunsleve, the son of Aedh Alain, the O'Neill Prince evidence now leads to the conclusion that they are descendents of the Ruaidhri Mac Duinnsleibhe, the last king of Ulidia."
  15. ↑ "Clan Livingstone - Mac Dunsleve". clanmclea.co.uk.
  16. ↑ "Family Tree DNA - Livingston/MacLea - Background - Family Tree DNA". familytreedna.com.
  17. ↑ http://www.gen.tcd.ie/molpopgen/link%20files/McEvoy%20et%20al%202006%20Hum%20Gen%20Sup_Info.xls
  18. ↑ The Celtic Magazine, p.287.
  19. ↑ "clanchiefs.org". clanchiefs.org.
  20. ↑ "William Jervis Alastair Livingstone of Bachuil". scotsheraldry.com. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
  21. ↑ "The Late Chief of Clan Livingstone". clanmclea.co.uk.
  22. ↑ "Clan Livingstone - Donald Livingstone". clanmclea.co.uk.
  23. 1 2 Traditions of the MacAulays of Lewis, p. 381. Sir Robert Gordon's Genealogie of the Earles of Southerland."
  24. ↑ "Clan Livingstone Cadets". clanmclea.co.uk.
  25. 1 2 "The Clan MacLea - the Highland Livingstones". clanmclea.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
  26. ↑ "Clan Livingstone Tartan Modern Colours". clanmclea.co.uk.
  27. ↑ "Livingstone Clan Tartan WR1003". tartans.scotland.net. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
  28. ↑ The Setts of the Scottish Tartans, p.73.
  29. ↑ "Clan Livingstone - Dress Tartan". clanmclea.co.uk.
  30. ↑ "Livingston Dress Tartan WR650". tartans.scotland.net. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
  31. ↑ "Clan Livingstone / MacLay tartan". clanmclea.co.uk.
  32. ↑ "MacLaine of Lochbuie Clan Tartan WR1462". tartans.scotland.net. Retrieved 2008-03-04.

References

  • Mackenzie, Alexander (editor). The Celtic Magazine, (vol.6). Inverness: A. & W. MacKenzie, 1881.
  • Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Sir Ian. The Highland Clans. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., 1982. ISBN 0-517-54659-0.
  • Stewart, Donald C. The Setts of the Scottish Tartans, with descriptive and historical notes. London: Shepheard-Walwyn, 1974. ISBN 0-85683-011-9.
  • Thomas, Capt. F W L. "Traditions of the MacAulays of Lewis". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 14 (1880).

External links

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