Beylik of Lâdik

Lâdik (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈladic]) or Inanjids (Modern Turkish: İnançoğulları Beyliği ) was an Anatolian beylik with its capital in Denizli. It was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. Its name derives from that of Laodicea on the Lycus.^[1]

The current Turkish province of Denizli was named the sanjak (sub-province) of Lâdik till the early years of the Republic of Turkey.

Its rulers are listed below:

Bey	Reign	Notes
Mehmed Bey	1261-1262
Ali Bey	1262-1305
İnanç Bey	1305-1335
Murâd Arslan	1335-1362
İshâk Bey	1362-1368

References

↑ Lâdik in 1300 from Euratlas

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Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Ancestor: Qutalmish
Founder: Suleyman I
Capital: İznik, then Konya

Important centers and extension	Konya Kayseri Sivas (1175) Malatya (1178) Alanya Antalya

Dynasty	Suleyman I (1077–1086) Kilij Arslan I (1092–1107) Melikshah (1107–1116) Mesud I (1116–1156) Kilij Arslan II (1156–1192) Kaykhusraw I (1192–1196) Süleymanshah II (1196–1204) Kilij Arslan III (1204–1205) Kaykhusraw I (2nd reign) (1205–1211) Kaykaus I (1211–1220) Kayqubad I (1220–1237) Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246) Kaykaus II (1246–1260) Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265) Kayqubad II (1249–1257) Kaykhusraw III (1265–1282) Mesud II (1282–1284) Kayqubad III (1284) Mesud II (2nd reign) (1284–1293) Kayqubad III (2nd reign) (1293–1294) Mesud II (3rd reign) (1294–1301) Kayqubad III (3rd reign) (1301–1303) Mesud II (4th reign) (1303–1307) Mesud III (1307)

Chronology	1243 Gradually vassalized to the Mongol Empire after the defeat suffered in the Battle of Köse Dağ 1307 Taken over by the Beylik of Karamanids

Palaces and castles	Seljuk Palace in Konya (1190–1220) Kubadabad Palace in Beyşehir (1220–1230) Keykubadiye Palace in Kayseri (1220–1230) Alanya Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) and Shipyard constructions and widescale extension of Alanya Castle

Külliye ("complexes") and dar al-shifa (hospitals) and medrese (schools) and mosques:	Gevher Nesibe Külliye with Medical Center and Medical School and Mosque in Kayseri (1204–1210) Battal Gazi Külliye in Seyitgazi (1208) Karatay Medrese in Konya (1225) Ince Minaret Medrese in Konya (1258–1279) Atabeg Ferruh Darüşşifa in Çankırı (1236) Alâeddin Keykubad I Darüşşifa in Konya (1237) Torumtay Darüşşifa in Amasya (1266) Izzeddin Keykavus I Şifaiye Medrese and Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Sivas (1218) Gökmedrese in Sivas (1271) Çifte Minaret Medrese in Sivas (1271) Alaeddin Mosque in Konya (1220) Alâeddin Mosque in Niğde (1220) Great Mosque of Malatya in Eskimalatya (Battalgazi) (1224) Hüsameddin Temurlu castle, caravanseai and medrese in Kalehisar, Alaca (~1250) Havadan Külliye in Develi (~1300)

Caravanserais	Ağzıkara Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1237) Ak Han caravanserai near Denizli (1254) Alaca Han caravanserai in Alacahan (~1280) Alara Han caravanserai near Manavgat Alay Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1190) Altınapa Han caravanserai between Beyşehir and Konya (1201) Angit Han caravanserai between Konya and Akşehir (1201) Burma Han caravanserai in Divriği (13th century) Çakallı Han caravanserai near Samsun (~1250) Çardak Han (Hanabad) caravanserai in Çardak (1230) Çay Han caravanserai in Çay (1279) Dokuzun Han caravanserai in Konya (1210) Eğirdir Han caravanserai in Eğirdir (1238) Ertokuş Han caravanserai near Eğirdir (1224) Eshab-i Kehf Han caravanserai near Afşin–Elbistan (~1225) Evdir Han caravanserai near Antalya (1224) Ezinepazar Han caravanserai near Amasya (1246) Goncalı Akhan caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray Hatun Han caravanserai between Amasya and Tokat Hekim Han caravanserai in Hekimhan (1220) Horozlu Han caravanserai near Konya (1249) Incir Han caravanserai near Bucak (1239) Kadın Han caravanserai in Kadınhanı (1223) Karatay Han caravanserai near Pınarbaşı (1241) Kargı Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246) Kesikköprü Han caravanserai near Kırşehir (1268) Kırkgöz Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246) Kızılören Han caravanserai near Konya (1206) Kuruçeşme Han caravanserai near Konya (1210) Melleç Han caravanserai near Anamur (13th century) Mirçinge Han caravanserai near Divriği (13th century) Obruk Han caravanserai near Konya (1230) Öresin Han caravanserai near Aksaray (~1275) Pazar Han caravanserai near Tokat (1239) Zazadın Han caravanserai near Konya (1236) Şarapsa Han caravanserai near Alanya (1246) Sarı Han caravanserai near Ürgüp (1249) Sevserek Han caravanserai between Malatya and Pötürge (13th century) Sultan Han caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray (1229) Sultan Han caravanserai near Bünyan between Kayseri and Sivas (1236) Susuz Han caravanserai near Bucak (1246)

Anatolian beyliks

Tzachas (1081 - 1092)

Founder Tzachas Capital İzmir

Chronology	1082 Submitted to the Seljuks of Turkey

Important centers and extension:	Ephesus Lesbos Chios

Shah-Armens (1100–1207)

Founder Sökmen el Kutbi Capital Ahlat

Chronology	1207 Submitted to the Ayyoubids

Important centers and extension:	Silvan Malazgirt Erciş Adilcevaz Başkale Eleşkirt Van Tatvan Bitlis Muş Hani

Dynasty:	Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112) Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?) Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?) Sökmen the Second (1128–1185) Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193) Aksungur (1193–1197) Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)

Important works:	Ahlat Tombs

Artuqids (1102 - )

Ancestors Eksük and his son Artuk, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan Founder Muinüddin Sökmen Bey Capitals Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput

Important centers and extension:	Diyarbakır Hasankeyf Silvan Mardin Midyat Harput Palu Aleppo (temporarily in 1117)

Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty:	Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104) Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)

Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty:	Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122) Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154) Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)

Harput Dynasty:	Belek Bey (1112–1124) Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?) Sökmen the Second (? - ?)

Important works:	Artuqid Palace in Diyarbakır Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls Malabadi Bridge Hasankeyf Bridge Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108) Emineddin (brother of Ilgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between 1122) Great Mosque of Silvan Great Mosque of Mardin Older Great Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir) Great Mosque of Kızıltepe Great Mosque of Harput Artuqid Caravanserai in Mardin Ibrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek

Danishmends (1071–1178)

Founder Danishmend Gazi Capitals Sivas Niksar

Chronology	1175 Capital city of Sivas incorporated into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 1178 Malatya branch incorporated into the Seljuk Sultanate

Important centers and extension:	Sivas Niksar Malatya Kayseri Tokat Amasya Kastamonu Ankara

Dynasty:	Danishmend Gazi (1071–1105) Emir Gazi Gümüştekin (1105–1134) Melik Mehmed (1134–1146) Yağıbasan (1146–1164) Melik Ismail (1164–1175)

Important works:	Great Mosque of Niksar Great Mosque of Kayseri Kayseri Kölük Mosque Danishmend Gazi Tomb (Melik Gazi Tomb) in Niksar Denishmend Melik Mehmed Gazi Tomb in Kayseri

Mengujekids (1071–1277)

Founder Mengücek Bey Capitals Erzincan, later also Divriği

Important centers and extension:	Erzincan Divriği Kemah Şebinkarahisar

Dynasty:	Mengücek Bey (1071–1118) Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120) 1120–1142 Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends

Erzincan and Kemah Branch	Mengücekli Davud Shah (1142- ?) 1228 Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Divriği Branch	Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?) 1277 Beylik destroyed by Abaka

Important works:	Divriği Great Mosque and Divriği Turan Melek Sultan Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1229) Kale Mosque in Divriği

Saltukids (1072–1202)

Founder Saltuk Bey Capital Erzurum

Chronology	1202 Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Important centers and extension:	Erzurum Tercan

Dynasty:	Saltuk Bey (1072–1102) Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124) Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132) Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168) Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191) Mama Hatun (1191–1200) Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)

Important works:	Great Mosque of Erzurum Emir Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan Kale Mosque in Erzurum Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147)

Aydinids (1307–1425)

Founder Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey Capitals Birgi, later Ayasluğ

Important centers and extension:	Tire İzmir Alaşehir Aydın Sakız/Chios (between 1336–1344)

Dynasty:	Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334) Umur Beg (1334–1348) Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?) Aydınoğlu Isa Bey ( - 1390)

Events	1390 First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt 1402–1414 Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403) Aydınoğlu Umur Bey the Second (1403–1405) İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals) 1425 Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II

Important works:	Isabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)

Isfendiyarids (~1300–1461)

Founder Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Capital Kastamonu

Chronology	1392 Incorporation (by conquest) of Kastamonu branch into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I

Important centers and extension:	Sinop Eflani Çankırı Kalecik Tosya Araç Samsun (temporarily)

Dynasty:	Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340) Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345) Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361) Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385) Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)

Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty :	Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440) Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443) Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)

Chronology	1461 Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II

Chobanids (1227–1309)

Founder Hüsamettin Çoban Bey, commander from Kayı Oghuz clan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Capital Kastamonu

Chronology	1309 Incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Isfendiyarids

Important centers and extension:	Kastamonu Taşköprü

Dynasty:	Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?) Alp Yürek (? - ?) Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?) Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309)

Dulkadirids (1348- ~1525)

Ancestor Hasan Dulkadir Founder Zeyneddin Karaca Bey Capital Elbistan

Chronology	1443–1525 Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire

Important centers and extension:	Maraş Malatya Harput Kayseri Antep

Dynasty:	Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348) Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386) Sûli Bey (1386–1396) Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443) Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454) Melik Arslan (?-?) Shah Budak (?-1492) Şahsuvar (?-?) Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507) Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)

Eretnids (1328–1381)

Founder Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Timurtash Capital Sivas, later Kayseri

Chronology	1326 Beylik replaced by Mehmed Bey's chancellor Kadı Burhaneddin

Important centers and extension:	Sivas Kayseri Niğde Tokat Amasya Erzincan Şebinkarahisar Niksar

Dynasty:	Eretna Bey (1328–1352) Gıyasüddin Mehmed Bey (1352–1365) Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365–1380) Mehmed Bey the Second (1380–1381)

Eshrefids (1288–1326)

Founder Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey, regent to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Capital Beyşehir

Chronology	1326 Beylik destroyed by Demirtaş, the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia

Important centers and extension:	Beyşehir Akşehir Bolvadin

Dynasty:	Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288–1302) Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302–1320) Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320–1326)

Important works:	Eşrefoğlu Mosque in Beyşehir (1299)

Germiyanids (1300–1429)

Ancestor Kerimüddin Alişir Founder Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First Capital Kütahya

Important centers and extension:	Kula (District), Manisa Simav Yenicekent Yenicekent (Beylik of Lâdik between 1300–1368)

Dynasty:	Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340) Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361) Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387)

Chronology	1390 First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I 1402–1414 Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402–1429) 1414 Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I 1429 Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II

Hamidids (~1280–1374)

Ancestors Hamid and his son Ilyas Bey, frontier rulers under Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Founder Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey Capital Isparta

Chronology	1374 Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to Karamanid dynasty.

Important centers and extension:	Eğirdir Uluborlu Gölhisar Korkuteli and Antalya transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey

Dynasty:	Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324) Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330) Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?) Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?) Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?) Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)

Karamanids (~1250–1487)

Ancestor Nure Sûfi from Afshar Oghuz clan Founder Kerimeddin Karaman Bey Capitals successively Ereğli Ermenek Larende (Karaman) Konya Mut

Chronology	1398–1402 First incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I 1402–1414 Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane 1414–1487 Gradual second incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed I, Murad II and Mehmed II.

Dynasty:	Kerimeddin Karaman Bey (1256–1261) Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1261–1283) Güneri Bey (1283–1300) Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300–1308) Yahşı Han Bey (1308–1312) Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey (1312–1333) Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333–1348) Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey, 2nd reign (1348–1349) Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349–1350) Şemdeddin Bey the Second (1350–1351) Burhaneddin Musa Bey (1351–1356) Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1356–1357) Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357–1398) Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398–1399) Bengi Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418–1424) Damat Ibrahim Bey (1424–1464) Sultanzade Ishak Bey (1464) Sultanzade Pir Ahmed Bey (1464–1469) Karamanoğlu Kasım Bey (1469–1483) Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)

Karasids (1303–1360)

Ancestor Melik Danişmend Gazi Founder Karesi Bey Capital Balıkesir

Chronology	1374 Incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Beylik under Orhan and Murad I

Important centers and extension:	Aydıncık Bergama Edremit Bigadiç Ezine

Dynasty:	Karesi Bey (1307–1328) Demir Han (1328–1345) Yahşı Han (1328–1345) Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)

Ladik (~1300–1368)

Ancestor Germiyanlı Ali Bey Founder Inanç Bey Capital Denizli

Chronology	1368 Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan

Important centers and extension:	Denizli

Dynasty:	Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314) Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?) Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360) Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)

Menteşe (~1261–1424)

Founder Menteşe Bey Capitals Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat

Important centers and extension	present-day Muğla Province Muğla Finike Kaş Çameli Acıpayam Tavas Bozdoğan Çine temporarily Aydın and Güzelhisar, also Rhodes between 1300–1314

Dynasty:	Menteşe Bey (~1261 - ~1282) Menteşeoğlu Mesud Bey (~1282 - ~1320) Menteşeoğlu Şücaüddin Orhan Bey (~1320 - ~1340) Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey (~1340 - ~1360)

Chronology	1360 Division between the three sons of Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey; Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed 1390 First period of incorporation into the Ottoman Empire (by submission) under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt 1402–1414 Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Menteşeoğlu Ilyas Bey 1414 Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty under Mehmed I 1424 Second and last incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II

Important works:	Firuz Bey Mosque in Milas İlyas Bey Mosque in Didim Great Mosque of Muğla (1344) Vakıflar Hamam (Turkish bath) in Muğla (1334)

Pervâneoğlu (1261–1322)

Ancestor Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî (vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum) Founder Süleyman Pervâne Capital Sinop

Chronology	1516 Incorporation into the Beylik of Isfendiyarids

Important centers and extension:	Sinop

Dynasty:	Süleyman Pervâne (1261–1277) Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277–1296) Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296–1300) Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300–1326)

Important works	Muîneddin Pervâne Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Tokat (1276) Pervâne Medrese in Sinop Durağan Han caravanserai in Durağan (1266) Eğret Han caravanserai near İhsaniye (1278) Pervâne Bey Medrese in Closed Bazaar in Kayseri Mosque in Merzifon

Ramadanids (1352–1516)

Founder Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan Capitals Adana

Chronology	1516 Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I 1516–1608 Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.

Important centers and extension:	Adana Tarsus

Dynasty:	Ibrahim Bey (1344-?) Ahmed Bey (?-1416) Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417) Hamza Bey (1417–1427) Mehmed Bey (1427-?) Eyluk Bey (? - ?) Dündar Bey (? - ?) Omer Bey (?-1490) Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511) Hahmud Bey (1511–1516) Selim Bey (?-?) Kubad Bey (1517-?)

Sahib Ataids (1275–1341)

Founder Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali, vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Capital Afyonkarahisar

Chronology	1341 Incorporation into the Beylik of Germiyan

Important centers and extension:	Akşehir Beyşehir Sandıklı Denizli

Dynasty	Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali (1275–1288) and sons Nusreddin Ahmed (1288–1341)

Important works:	Sâhib Ata Caravanserai in Sultandağı

Sarukhanids (1302–1410)

Founder Saruhan Bey Capital Manisa

Important centers and extension:	Demirci Nif (Kemalpaşa) Akhisar Gördes Menemen

Dynasty	Saruhan Bey (1302–1345) Fahreddin Ilyas Bey Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey ( -1388) Hızır Shah (1388–1390)

Chronology	1390 First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt 1402–1410 Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402–1403) Hızır Shah (1403–1410) 1410 Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I

Teke (1301–1423)

Ancestors Hamidoğlu dynasty Founder Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey Capitals Antalya Korkuteli

Important centers and extension:	Antalya (lost to the Kingdom of Cyprus between 1361–1373) Teke Peninsula

Dynasty:	Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?) Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327) Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?) Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?) Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375) Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)

Chronology	1390 First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt 1402–1423 Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402–1423) 1423 Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II

Important works:	Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~1375)

States in late medieval Anatolia (after 1071)

Muslim states	Ahis Shah-Armens Akkoyunlu Alaiye Artuqids Aydinids Canik Chobanids Çubukoğulları Danishmends Dilmaç Beylik of Dulkadir Eretnids Erzincan Eshrefids Germiyanids Hamidids İnal Isfendiyarids Kadi Burhan al-Din Kara Koyunlu Karamanids Karasids Ladik Mengujekids Beylik of Menteşe Ottoman Empire Pervâneoğlu Ramadanids Sultanate of Rum Sahib Ataids Saltukids Sarukhanids Tanrıbermiş Teke Tzachas

Christian states	Byzantine Empire Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Empire of Nicaea Empire of Trebizond Knights Hospitaller Latin Empire Philaretos Brachamios Zaccaria family

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Beylik of Lâdik

See also

References