Cape Town

For other uses, see Cape Town (disambiguation).
Cape Town
Kaapstad (Afrikaans)
Ikapa (Xhosa)


Coat of arms
Nickname(s): Mother City, Tavern of the Seas
Motto: Spes Bona (Latin for "Good Hope")
Cape Town

 Cape Town shown within Western Cape

Coordinates: 33°55′31″S 18°25′26″E / 33.92528°S 18.42389°E / -33.92528; 18.42389Coordinates: 33°55′31″S 18°25′26″E / 33.92528°S 18.42389°E / -33.92528; 18.42389
Country South Africa
Province Western Cape
Municipality City of Cape Town
Founded 1652
Government[1]
 • Type Metropolitan municipality
 • Mayor Patricia de Lille (DA)
 • Council Cape Town City Council
 • City manager Achmat Ebrahim
Area[2]
 • City 400.28 km2 (154.55 sq mi)
 • Metro 2,444.97 km2 (944.01 sq mi)
Highest elevation 1,590.4 m (5,217.8 ft)
Lowest elevation 0 m (0 ft)
Population (2011)[2]
 • City 433,688
 • Density 1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi)
 • Metro 3,740,026
 • Metro density 1,500/km2 (4,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Capetonian
Racial makeup (2011)[3][4]
 • Black African 18.6%
 • Coloured 46.4%
 • Indian/Asian 1.4%
 • White 31.7%
 • Other 1.9%
First languages (2011)
 • English 44.9%
 • Afrikaans 32.8%
 • Xhosa 15.2%
 • Other 8.1%
Postal code (street) 7700 to 8099
PO box 8000
Area code +27 (0)21
HDI Increase 0.74 High (2010)[5]
GDP US$ 58.9 billion [6]
GDP per capita US$ 14,086[6]
Website www.CapeTown.gov.za

Cape Town (Afrikaans: Kaapstad [ˈkɑːpstɐt]; Xhosa: Ikapa) is a coastal city in South Africa. It ranks third among the most populous urban areas in South Africa, after Johannesburg and Durban, and has roughly the same population as the Durban Metropolitan Area.[7] It is also the provincial capital and primate city of the Western Cape.

As the seat of the National Parliament it is also the legislative capital of the country. It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality. The city is famous for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, as well as for such well-known landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point. As of 2014, it is the 10th most populous city in Africa and home to 64% of the Western Cape's population.[8] It is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflecting its role as a major destination for immigrants and expatriates[9] to South Africa. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design.[10] In 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both the American New York Times[11] and the British Daily Telegraph.[12]

Located on the shore of Table Bay, Cape Town was first developed by the Dutch East India Company as a victualling (supply) station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa, India, and the Far East. Jan van Riebeeck's arrival on 6 April 1652 established the first permanent European settlement in South Africa. Cape Town quickly outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope, becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony. Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg, Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa.

History

Arrival of Jan van Riebeeck in Table Bay by Charles Bell

The earliest known remnants in the region were found at Peers Cave in Fish Hoek and date to between 15,000 and 12,000 years ago.[13] Little is known of the history of the region's first residents, since there is no written history from the area before it was first mentioned by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias in 1486. Vasco da Gama recorded a sighting of the Cape of Good Hope in 1497. In the late 16th century, Portuguese, French, Danish, Dutch and English ships regularly stopped over in Table Bay en route to the Indies. They traded tobacco, copper and iron with the Khoikhoi in exchange for fresh meat.

In 1652, Jan van Riebeeck and other employees of the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oost-indische Compagnie, VOC) were sent to the Cape to establish a way-station for ships travelling to the Dutch East Indies, and the Fort de Goede Hoop (later replaced by the Castle of Good Hope). The settlement grew slowly during this period, as it was hard to find adequate labour. This labour shortage prompted the authorities to import slaves from Indonesia and Madagascar. Many of these became ancestors of the first Cape Coloured communities.[14][15] Under Van Riebeeck and his successors as VOC commanders and later governors at the Cape, an impressive range of useful plants were introduced to the Cape – in the process changing the natural environment forever. Some of these, including grapes, cereals, ground nuts, potatoes, apples and citrus, had an important and lasting influence on the societies and economies of the region.[16]

View of Table Bay with ships of the Dutch East India Company, c. 1683
A model of Cape Town as it would have appeared in 1800.

The Dutch Republic being transformed in Revolutionary France's vassal Batavian Republic, Great Britain moved to take control of its colonies. Britain captured Cape Town in 1795, but the Cape was returned to the Dutch by treaty in 1803. British forces occupied the Cape again in 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, Cape Town was permanently ceded to Britain. It became the capital of the newly formed Cape Colony, whose territory expanded very substantially through the 1800s. With expansion came calls for greater independence from Britain, with the Cape attaining its own parliament (1854) and a locally accountable Prime Minister (1872). Suffrage was established according to the non-racial, but sexist Cape Qualified Franchise.[17][18]

The discovery of diamonds in Griqualand West in 1867, and the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886, prompted a flood of immigrants to South Africa.[19] Conflicts between the Boer republics in the interior and the British colonial government resulted in the Second Boer War of 1899–1902, which Britain won. In 1910, Britain established the Union of South Africa, which unified the Cape Colony with the two defeated Boer Republics and the British colony of Natal. Cape Town became the legislative capital of the Union, and later of the Republic of South Africa.

In the 1948 national elections, the National Party won on a platform of apartheid (racial segregation) under the slogan of "swart gevaar". This led to the erosion and eventual abolition of the Cape's multiracial franchise, as well as to the Group Areas Act, which classified all areas according to race. Formerly multi-racial suburbs of Cape Town were either purged of unlawful residents or demolished. The most infamous example of this in Cape Town was District Six. After it was declared a whites-only region in 1965, all housing there was demolished and over 60,000 residents were forcibly removed.[20] Many of these residents were relocated to the Cape Flats and Lavender Hill. Under apartheid, the Cape was considered a "Coloured labour preference area", to the exclusion of "Bantus", i.e. Africans

School students from Langa, Gugulethu and Nyanga in Cape Town reacted to the news of protests against Bantu Education in Soweto in June 1976 and organised gatherings and marches which were met with resistance from the police. A number of school buildings were burnt down.[21][22]

Cape Town was home to many leaders of the anti-apartheid movement. On Robben Island, a former penitentiary island 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the city, many famous political prisoners were held for years. In one of the most famous moments marking the end of apartheid, Nelson Mandela made his first public speech since his imprisonment, from the balcony of Cape Town City Hall hours after being released on 11 February 1990. His speech heralded the beginning of a new era for the country, and the first democratic election, was held four years later, on 27 April 1994. Nobel Square in the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront features statues of South Africa's four Nobel Peace Prize winners: Albert Luthuli, Desmond Tutu, F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela. Since 1994, the city has struggled with problems such as drugs, a surge in violent drug-related crime and more recently gang violence. At the same time, the economy has surged to unprecedented levels due to the boom in the tourism and the real estate industries. With a Gini coefficient of 0.67, Cape Town has the highest rate of equality in South Africa.[23]

Geography

Cape Town's "City Bowl" viewed from Table Mountain

Cape Town is located at latitude 33.55° S (approx. the same as Sydney and Buenos Aires and equivalent to Casablanca and Los Angeles in the northern hemisphere) and longitude 18.25° E. Table Mountain, with its near vertical cliffs and flat-topped summit over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high, and with Devil's Peak and Lion's Head on either side, together form a dramatic mountainous backdrop enclosing the central area of Cape Town, the so-called City Bowl. A thin strip of cloud, known colloquially as the "tablecloth", sometimes forms on top of the mountain. To the immediate south, the Cape Peninsula is a scenic mountainous spine jutting 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwards into the Atlantic Ocean and terminating at Cape Point. There are over 70 peaks above 300 m (980 ft) within Cape Town's official city limits. Many of the city's suburbs lie on the large plain called the Cape Flats, which extends over 50 kilometres (30 mi) to the east and joins the peninsula to the mainland. The Cape Flats is situated on what is known as a rising marine plain, consisting mostly of sandy geology and confirming that at one point Table Mountain was itself an island.. The Cape Town region generally, with its Mediterranean climate, extensive coastline, rugged mountain ranges, coastal plains, inland valleys and semi-desert fringes, has much in common with Southern California.

Climate

Cape Town has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb),[24][25][26] with mild, moderately wet winters and dry, warm summers. Winter, which lasts from the beginning of June to the end of August, may see large cold fronts entering for limited periods from the Atlantic Ocean with significant precipitation and strong north-westerly winds. Winter months in the city average a maximum of 18.0 °C (64 °F) and minimum of 8.5 °C (47 °F) [27] Total annual rainfall in the city averages 515 millimetres (20.3 in). Summer, which lasts from early December to March, is warm and dry with an average maximum of 26.0 °C (79 °F) and minimum of 16.0 °C (61 °F). The region can get uncomfortably hot when the Berg Wind, meaning "mountain wind", blows from the Karoo interior for a couple of weeks in February or early March. Late spring and early summer may sometimes feature a strong wind from the south-east, known locally as the Cape Doctor, so called because it blows air pollution away. This wind is caused by a high-pressure system which sits in the South Atlantic to the west of Cape Town, known as the South Atlantic High. Cape Town receives 3,100 hours of sunshine per year.[28]

Water temperatures range greatly, between 10 °C (50 °F) on the Atlantic Seaboard, to 22 °C (72 °F) in False Bay. Average annual Ocean temperatures are between 13 °C (55 °F) on the Atlantic Seaboard (similar to Californian waters, such as San Francisco or Big Sur), and 17 °C (63 °F) in False Bay (similar to Northern Mediterranean temperatures, such as Nice or Monte Carlo).

Climate data for Cape Town (1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 39.3
(102.7)		 38.3
(100.9)		 42.4
(108.3)		 38.6
(101.5)		 33.5
(92.3)		 29.8
(85.6)		 29.02
(84.24)		 32.0
(89.6)		 33.1
(91.6)		 37.2
(99)		 39.9
(103.8)		 41.4
(106.5)		 42.4
(108.3)
Average high °C (°F) 26.1
(79)		 26.5
(79.7)		 25.4
(77.7)		 23.0
(73.4)		 20.3
(68.5)		 18.1
(64.6)		 17.5
(63.5)		 17.8
(64)		 19.2
(66.6)		 21.3
(70.3)		 23.5
(74.3)		 24.9
(76.8)		 22.0
(71.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 20.4
(68.7)		 20.4
(68.7)		 19.2
(66.6)		 16.9
(62.4)		 14.4
(57.9)		 12.5
(54.5)		 11.9
(53.4)		 12.4
(54.3)		 13.7
(56.7)		 15.6
(60.1)		 17.9
(64.2)		 19.5
(67.1)		 16.2
(61.2)
Average low °C (°F) 15.7
(60.3)		 15.6
(60.1)		 14.2
(57.6)		 11.9
(53.4)		 9.4
(48.9)		 7.8
(46)		 7.0
(44.6)		 7.5
(45.5)		 8.7
(47.7)		 10.6
(51.1)		 13.2
(55.8)		 14.9
(58.8)		 11.4
(52.5)
Record low °C (°F) 7.4
(45.3)		 6.4
(43.5)		 4.6
(40.3)		 2.4
(36.3)		 0.9
(33.6)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 −4.3
(24.3)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 0.2
(32.4)		 1.0
(33.8)		 3.9
(39)		 6.2
(43.2)		 −4.3
(24.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 15
(0.59)		 17
(0.67)		 20
(0.79)		 41
(1.61)		 69
(2.72)		 93
(3.66)		 82
(3.23)		 77
(3.03)		 40
(1.57)		 30
(1.18)		 14
(0.55)		 17
(0.67)		 515
(20.28)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5.5 4.6 4.8 8.3 11.4 13.3 11.8 13.7 10.4 8.7 4.9 6.3 103.7
Average relative humidity (%) 71 72 74 78 81 81 81 80 77 74 71 71 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 337.9 297.4 292.9 233.5 205.3 175.4 193.1 212.1 224.7 277.7 309.8 334.2 3,094
Source: World Meteorological Organization,[27] NOAA,[28] South African weather service,[29] eNCA[30]

Flora and fauna

Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos growing in Table Mountain National Park.

Located in a CI Biodiversity hotspot as well as the unique Cape Floristic Region, the city of Cape Town has one of the highest levels of biodiversity of any equivalent area in the world.[31] These protected areas are a World Heritage Site, and an estimated 2,200 species of plants are confined to Table Mountain – more than exist in the whole of the United Kingdom which has 1200 plant species and 67 endemic plant species.[32][33][34] Many of these species, including a great many types of proteas, are endemic to the mountain and can be found nowhere else.[35]

It is home to a total of 19 different vegetation types, of which several are completely endemic to the city and occur nowhere else in the world.[36] It is also the only habitat of hundreds of endemic species,[37] and hundreds of others which are severely restricted or threatened. This enormous species diversity is mainly because the city is uniquely located at the convergence point of several different soil types and micro-climates.

Table Mountain has an unusually rich biodiversity. Its vegetation consists predominantly of several different types of the unique and rich Cape Fynbos. The main vegetation type is endangered Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos, but critically endangered Peninsula Granite Fynbos, Peninsula Shale Renosterveld and Afromontane forest occur in smaller portions on the mountain.

Unfortunately, rapid population growth and urban sprawl has covered much of these ecosystems with development. Consequently, Cape Town now has over 300 threatened plant species and 13 which are now extinct. The Cape Peninsula, which lies entirely within the city of Cape Town, has the highest concentration of threatened species of any continental area of equivalent size in the world.[38] Tiny remnants of critically endangered or near extinct plants often survive on road sides, pavements and sports fields.[39] The remaining ecosystems are partially protected through a system of over 30 nature reserves – including the massive Table Mountain National Park.

Suburbs

Cape Town's urban geography is influenced by the contours of Table Mountain, its surrounding peaks, the Durbanville Hills, and the expansive lowland region known as the Cape Flats. These geographic features in part divide the city into several commonly known groupings of suburbs (equivalent to districts outside South Africa), many of which developed historically together and share common attributes of language and culture.

City Bowl

An aerial panoramic of Cape Town's City Bowl taken from above Signal Hill looking north.
Main article: City Bowl

The City Bowl is a natural amphitheatre-shaped area bordered by Table Bay and defined by the mountains of Signal Hill, Lion's Head, Table Mountain and Devil's Peak.

The area includes the central business district of Cape Town, the harbour, the Company's Garden, and the residential suburbs of De Waterkant, Devil's Peak, District Six, Zonnebloem, Gardens, Bo-Kaap, Higgovale, Oranjezicht, Schotsche Kloof, Tamboerskloof, University Estate, Vredehoek, Walmer Estate and Woodstock.

Atlantic Seaboard

Camps Bay viewed from Lion's Head
Panoramic view of Hout Bay from Chapman's Peak, with Chapman's Peak Drive visible at the base of the mountain

The Atlantic Seaboard lies west of Cape Town and Table Mountain, and is characterised by its beaches, cliffs, promenade and hillside communities. The area includes, from north to south, the neighbourhoods of Green Point, Mouille Point, Three Anchor Bay, Sea Point, Fresnaye, Bantry Bay, Clifton, Camps Bay, Llandudno, and Hout Bay. The Atlantic Seaboard has some of the most expensive real estate in South Africa particularly on Nettleton and Clifton Roads in Clifton, Ocean View Drive and St Leon Avenue in Bantry Bay, Theresa Avenue in Bakoven and Fishermans Bend in Llandudno. Camps Bay is home to the highest concentration of multimillionaires in Cape Town and has the highest number of high-priced mansions in South Africa with more than 155 residential units exceeding R20 million (or $US1.8 million).[40]

West Coast

The West Coast suburbs lie along the beach to the north of the Cape Town city centre, and include Bloubergstrand, Milnerton, Tableview, West Beach, Big Bay, Sunset Beach, Sunningdale and Parklands, as well as the exurbs of Atlantis and Melkbosstrand. The Koeberg Nuclear Power Station is located within this area and maximum housing density regulations are enforced in much of the area surrounding the nuclear plant.

Northern Suburbs

The Northern Suburbs are Afrikaans-speaking, and include Bellville, Bothasig, Brooklyn, Burgundy Estate, Durbanville, Edgemead, Elsie's River, Factreton, Goodwood, Kensington, Maitland, Monte Vista, Panorama, Parow, Richwood, Thornton, Table View, and Welgemoed. Much of the northern suburbs is colloquially known as Tygerberg and is home to Tygerberg Hospital, the largest hospital in the Western Cape and second largest in South Africa[41]

Southern Suburbs

The Southern Suburbs hug along the eastern slopes of Table Mountain, southeast of the city centre. This area has mixed languages but is predominantly English-speaking, and includes, from north to south, Rondebosch, Pinelands, Newlands, Mowbray, Observatory, Bishopscourt, Claremont, Wynberg, Plumstead, Ottery, and Bergvliet. West of Wynberg lies Constantia which, in addition to being a wealthy neighbourhood, is a notable wine-growing region within the City of Cape Town. Constantia not only offers a luscious suburban living lifestyle, but also attracts tourists for its well known wine farms and Cape Dutch architecture.

South Peninsula

Simon's Town

The South Peninsula is generally regarded as the area south of Muizenberg on False Bay and Noordhoek on the Atlantic Ocean, all the way to Cape Point. Until recently quite rural, the population of the area is growing quickly as new coastal developments proliferate and larger plots are subdivided to provide more compact housing. It includes Capri Village, Clovelly, Fish Hoek, Glencairn, Kalk Bay, Kommetjie, Masiphumelele, Muizenberg, Noordhoek, Ocean View, Scarborough, Simon's Town, St James, Sunnydale, Sun Valley, and Steenberg. South Africa's largest naval base is located at Simon's Town harbour as well as Boulders Beach, the site of a large colony of African penguins[42]

Eastern Suburbs

The Eastern Suburbs lie southeast of the Afrikaans-speaking neighbourhoods in the Northern Suburbs, beyond the airport, and notably are the site of several new subsidized housing projects and are also Afrikaans-speaking. Communities include Fairdale, Brackenfell, Kraaifontein, Kuils River, Blue Downs, Belhar, Delft, Mfuleni and Protea Hoogte.

Cape Flats

Main article: Cape Flats

The Cape Flats (Die Kaapse Vlakte in Afrikaans) is an expansive, low-lying, flat Afrikaans-speaking area situated to the southeast of the central business district of Cape Town. From the 1950s the area became home to people the apartheid government designated as non-White and has been described by some as 'Apartheid's dumping ground'. Race-based legislation such as the Group Areas Act and pass laws either forced non-white people out of more central urban areas designated for white people and into government-built townships in the Flats or made living in the area illegal, forcing many people designated as Black into informal settlements elsewhere in the Flats.

Since then the Flats have been home to much of the population of Greater Cape Town. This area includes the neighbourhoods of Mitchell's Plain, Athlone, Elsie's River, Hanover Park, Bishop Lavis, Manenberg, Strandfontein, Gugulethu, Nyanga, Langa, and Khayelitsha.

Government

Cape Town City Hall as seen from the Grand Parade in front of the building. Table Mountain is visible in the background.
Main article: City of Cape Town

Cape Town's local government is the City of Cape Town, which is a metropolitan municipality. Cape Town is governed by a 221-member city council. The city is divided into 111 electoral wards; each ward directly elects one member of the council, whilst the other 110 councillors are elected by a system of party-list proportional representation. The Executive Mayor and Executive Deputy Mayor are chosen by the city council.

In the local government elections of 18 May 2011, the Democratic Alliance (DA) won an outright majority, taking 135 of the 221 council seats. The African National Congress, the national ruling party, received 73 seats.[43] As a result of this victory Patricia de Lille, the DA mayoral candidate, was inaugurated as Executive Mayor on 1 June.

Demographics

Population density in Cape Town
  <1 /km²
  1–3 /km²
  3–10 /km²
  10–30 /km²
  30–100 /km²
  100–300 /km²
  300–1000 /km²
  1000–3000 /km²
  >3000 /km²
Geographical distribution of home languages in Cape Town (2011)
  Xhosa
  No population or no language dominant
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1658360—    
17313,157+3.02%
183620,000+1.77%
187545,000+2.10%
189167,000+2.52%
1901171,000+9.82%
1950618,000+2.66%
1955705,000+2.67%
1960803,000+2.64%
1965945,000+3.31%
19701,114,000+3.35%
19751,339,000+3.75%
19801,609,000+3.74%
19851,933,000+3.74%
19902,296,000+3.50%
19962,565,018+1.86%
20012,892,243+2.43%
20073,497,097+3.22%
20113,740,025+1.69%
20143,750,000+0.09%
Note: Census figures (1996–2011) cover figures after 1994 reflect the greater Cape Town metropolitan municipality reflecting post-1994 reforms. Sources: 1658-1904,[44] 1950-1990,[45]

1996,[46] 2001, and 2011 Census;[47]

2007,[48] 2014 Census estimates.

According to the South African National Census of 2011, the population of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality – an area that includes suburbs and exurbs not always considered as part of Cape Town – is 3,740,026 people. This represents an annual growth rate of 2.6% compared to the results of the previous census in 2001 which found a population of 2,892,243 people.[49] :54 The sex ratio is 96, meaning that there are slightly more women than men.[49]:55 42.4% of the population described themselves as "Coloured", 15.7% as "White", 38.6% as "Black African", and 1.4% as "Indian or Asian".[49]:56–59 In 1944, 47% of the city's population was White, 46% was Coloured, less than 6% was Black African and 1% was Asian.[50] Of those residents who were asked about their first language, 35.7% spoke Afrikaans, 29.8% spoke Xhosa and 28.4% spoke English. 24.8% of the population is under the age of 15, while 5.5% is 65 or older.[49]:64

Of those residents aged 20 or older, 1.8% have no schooling, 8.1% have some schooling but did not finish primary school, 4.6% finished primary school but have no secondary schooling, 38.9% have some secondary schooling but did not finish Grade 12, 29.9% finished Grade 12 but have no higher education, and 16.7% have higher education. Overall, 46.6% have at least a Grade 12 education.[49]:74 Of those aged between 5 and 25, 67.8% are attending an educational institution.[49]:78 Amongst those aged between 15 and 65 the unemployment rate is 23.7%.[49]:79 The average annual household income is R161,762.[49]:88

There are 1,068,573 households in the municipality, giving an average household size of 3.3 people.[49]:80 Of those households, 78.4% are in formal structures (houses or flats), while 20.5% are in informal structures (shacks).[49]:81 94.0% of households use electricity for lighting.[49]:84 87.3% of households have piped water to the dwelling, while 12.0% have piped water through a communal tap.[49]:85 94.9% of households have regular refuse collection service.[49]:86 91.4% of households have a flush toilet or chemical toilet, while 4.5% still use a bucket toilet.[49]:87 82.1% of households have a refrigerator, 87.3% have a television and 70.1% have a radio. Only 34.0% have a landline telephone, but 91.3% have a cellphone. 37.9% have a computer, and 49.3% have access to the Internet (either through a computer or a cellphone).[49]:83

Economy

View of the skyline of Cape Town's central business district. The economic heart of the city and the Western Cape province.
Main entrance to the Cape Town International Convention Centre

Cape Town is the economic hub of the Western Cape Province, South Africa's second main economic centre and Africa's third main economic hub city. It serves as the regional manufacturing centre in the Western Cape. In 2011 the city's GDP was US$56.8 billion with a GDP per capita of US$15,721.[6] In the five years preceding 2014 Cape Town GDP grew at an average of 3.7% a year. As a proportion of GDP the agriculture and manufacturing sectors have declined whilst finance, business services, transport and logistics have grown reflecting the growth in specialised services sectors of the local economy. Fishing, clothing and textiles, wood product manufacturing, electronics, furniture, hospitality, finance and business services are industries in which Cape Town's economy has the largest comparative advantage.[8]

Between 2001 and 2010 the city's Gini coefficient, a measure of inequality, improved by dropping from 0.59 in 2007 to 0.57 in 2010 only to increase to 0.67 by 2011/12. Despite this increase, Cape Town's Gini coefficient remained the lowest of any large city in South Africa.[8]

Cape Town has recently enjoyed a booming real estate and construction market, because of the 2010 World Cup as well as many people buying summer homes in the city or relocating there permanently. Cape Town hosted nine World Cup matches: Six first-round matches, one second-round match, one quarter final and one semifinal. The central business district is under an extensive urban renewal programme, with numerous new buildings and renovations taking place under the guidance of the Cape Town Partnership.[51]

Cape Town has four major commercial nodes, with Cape Town Central Business District containing the majority of job opportunities and office space. Century City, the Bellville/TygerValley strip and Claremont commercial nodes are well established and contain many offices and corporate headquarters as well. Most companies headquartered in the city are insurance companies, retail groups, publishers, design houses, fashion designers, shipping companies, petrochemical companies, architects and advertising agencies.[52] The most notable companies headquartered in the city are food and fashion retailer Woolworths,[53] supermarket chain Pick n Pay Stores and Shoprite,[54] New Clicks Holdings Limited, fashion retailer Foschini Group,[55] isp MWEB, Mediclinic International,etv, multi-national mass media giant Naspers, and financial services giant Sanlam.[56] Other notable companies include Belron (vehicle glass repair and replacement group operating worldwide), CapeRay (develops, manufactures and supplies medical imaging equipment for the diagnosis of breast cancer), Ceres Fruit Juices (produces fruit juice and other fruit based products), Coronation Fund Managers (third-party fund management company), ICS (was one of the largest meat processing and distribution companies in the world), Vida e Caffè (chain of coffee retailers), Capitec Bank (commercial bank in the Republic of South Africa). The city is a manufacturing base for several multi-national companies including, Johnson & Johnson, GlaxoSmithKline, Levi Strauss & Co., Adidas, Bokomo Foods, and Nampak.

Much of the produce is handled through the Port of Cape Town or Cape Town International Airport. Most major shipbuilding companies have offices and manufacturing locations in Cape Town.[57] The Province is also a centre of energy development for the country, with the existing Koeberg nuclear power station providing energy for the Western Cape's needs.

The Western Cape is an important tourist region in South Africa; the tourism industry accounts for 9.8% of the GDP of the province and employs 9.6% of the province's workforce. In 2010, over 1.5 million international tourists visited the area.[58]

With the highest number of successful Information Technology companies in Africa, Cape Town is an important centre for the industry on the continent. Growing at an annual rate of 8.5% and an estimated worth of R77 billion in 2010 nationwide the IT industry in Cape Town is becoming increasingly important to the city's economy.[59]

The city was recently named as the most entrepreneurial city in South Africa, with the percentage of Capetonians pursuing business opportunities almost three times higher than the national average. Those aged between 18 and 64 were 190% more likely to pursue new business, whilst in Johannesburg, the same demographic group was only 60% more likely than the national average to pursue a new business.[60]

Panorama of the Cape Town city centre

Tourism

Cape Town is not only the most popular international tourist destination in South Africa, but Africa as a whole. This is due to its good climate, natural setting, and well-developed infrastructure. The city has several well-known natural features that attract tourists, most notably Table Mountain,[61] which forms a large part of the Table Mountain National Park and is the back end of the City Bowl. Reaching the top of the mountain can be achieved either by hiking up, or by taking the Table Mountain Cableway. Cape Point is recognised as the dramatic headland at the end of the Cape Peninsula.[62] Many tourists also drive along Chapman's Peak Drive, a narrow road that links Noordhoek with Hout Bay, for the views of the Atlantic Ocean and nearby mountains. It is possible to either drive or hike up Signal Hill for closer views of the City Bowl and Table Mountain.[63]

Clifton Beach is one of Cape Town's most famous beaches and is a significant tourist destination in its own right.

Many tourists also visit Cape Town's beaches, which are popular with local residents.[64] Due to the city's unique geography, it is possible to visit several different beaches in the same day, each with a different setting and atmosphere. Though the Cape's water ranges from cold to mild, the difference between the two sides of the city is dramatic. While the Atlantic Seaboard averages annual water temperatures barely above that of coastal California around 13 °C (55 °F), the False Bay coast is much warmer, averaging between 16 and 17 °C (61 and 63 °F) annually. This is similar to water temperatures in much of the Northern Mediterranean (for example Nice). In summer, False Bay water averages slightly over 20 °C (68 °F), with 22 °C (72 °F) a common high. Beaches located on the Atlantic Coast tend to have very cold water due to the Benguela current which originates from the Southern Ocean, whilst the water at False Bay beaches may be warmer by up to 10 °C (18 °F) at the same moment due to the influence of the warm Agulhas current, and the surface warming effects of the South Easter wind.[64]

Both coasts are equally popular, although the beaches in affluent Clifton and elsewhere on the Atlantic Coast are better developed with restaurants and cafés, with a strip of restaurants and bars accessible to the beach at Camps Bay. Boulders Beach near Simon's Town is known for its colony of African penguins.[65] Surfing is popular and the city hosts the Red Bull Big Wave Africa surfing competition every year.

The city has several notable cultural attractions. The Victoria & Alfred Waterfront, built on top of part of the docks of the Port of Cape Town, is the city's most visited tourist attraction. It is also one of the city's most popular shopping venues, with several hundred shops and the Two Oceans Aquarium.[66][67] The V&A also hosts the Nelson Mandela Gateway, through which ferries depart for Robben Island.[68] It is possible to take a ferry from the V&A to Hout Bay, Simon's Town and the Cape fur seal colonies on Seal and Duiker Islands. Several companies offer tours of the Cape Flats, a mostly Coloured township, and Khayelitsha, a mostly black township.[69]

Cape Town is noted for its architectural heritage, with the highest density of Cape Dutch style buildings in the world. Cape Dutch style, which combines the architectural traditions of the Netherlands, Germany, France and Indonesia, is most visible in Constantia, the old government buildings in the Central Business District, and along Long Street.[70][71] The annual Cape Town Minstrel Carnival, also known by its Afrikaans name of Kaapse Klopse, is a large minstrel festival held annually on 2 January or "Tweede Nuwe Jaar" (Afrikaans: Second New Year). Competing teams of minstrels parade in brightly coloured costumes, performing Cape Jazz, either carrying colourful umbrellas or playing an array of musical instruments. The Artscape Theatre Centre is the main performing arts venue in Cape Town.

The city also encloses the 36 hectare Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden that contains protected natural forest and fynbos along with a variety of animals and birds. There are over 7,000 species in cultivation at Kirstenbosch, including many rare and threatened species of the Cape Floristic Region. In 2004 this Region, including Kirstenbosch, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[72]

Cape Town's transport system links it to the rest of South Africa; it serves as the gateway to other destinations within the province. The Cape Winelands and in particular the towns of Stellenbosch, Paarl and Franschhoek are popular day trips from the city for sightseeing and wine tasting.[73][74] Whale watching is popular amongst tourists: southern right whales and humpback whales are seen off the coast during the breeding season (August to November) and Bryde's whales and killer whale can be seen any time of the year.[75] The nearby town of Hermanus is known for its Whale Festival, but whales can also be seen in False Bay.[75] Heaviside's dolphins are endemic to the area and can be seen from the coast north of Cape Town; dusky dolphins live along the same coast and can occasionally be seen from the ferry to Robben Island.[75]

The only complete windmill in South Africa is Mostert's Mill, Mowbray. It was built in 1796 and restored in 1935 and again in 1995.

The most popular areas for visitors to stay include Camps Bay, Sea Point, the V&A Waterfront, the City Bowl, Hout Bay, Constantia, Rondebosch, Newlands, Somerset West, Hermanus and Stellenbosch, as well.[76]

In November 2013, Cape Town was voted the best global city in The Daily Telegraph's annual Travel Awards.[77]

Communications and media

Several newspapers, magazines and printing facilities have their offices in the city. Independent News and Media publishes the major English language papers in the city, the Cape Argus and the Cape Times. Naspers, the largest media conglomerate in South Africa, publishes Die Burger, the major Afrikaans language paper.[78]

Cape Town has many local community newspapers. Some of the largest community newspapers in English are the Athlone News from Athlone, the Atlantic Sun, the Constantiaberg Bulletin from Constantiaberg, the City Vision from Bellville, the False Bay Echo from False Bay, the Helderberg Sun from Helderberg, the Plainsman from Michells Plain, the Sentinel News from Hout Bay, the Southern Mail from the Southern Peninsula, the Southern Suburbs Tatler from the Southern Suburbs, Table Talk from Table View and Tygertalk from Tygervalley/Durbanville. Afrikaans language community newspapers include the Landbou-Burger and the Tygerburger. Vukani, based in the Cape Flats, is published in Xhosa.[79]

Cape Town is a centre for major broadcast media with several radio stations that only broadcast within the city. 94.5 Kfm (94.5 MHz FM) and Good Hope FM (94–97 MHz FM) mostly play pop music. Heart FM (104.9 MHz FM), the former P4 Radio, plays Jazz and R&B, while Fine Music Radio (101.3 FM) plays classical music and jazz. Bush Radio is a community radio station (89.5 MHz FM). The Voice of the Cape (95.8 MHz FM) and Cape Talk (567 kHz MW) are the major talk radio stations in the city.[80] Bokradio (98.9 MHz FM) is an Afrikaans music station.[81] The University of Cape Town also runs its own radio station, UCT Radio (104.5 MHz FM).

The SABC (South African Broadcasting Corporation) has a small presence in the city, with satellite studios located at Sea Point. e.tv has a greater presence, with a large complex located at Longkloof Studios in Gardens. M-Net is not well represented with infrastructure within the city. Cape Town TV is a local TV station, supported by numerous organisation and focusing mostly on documentaries. Numerous productions companies and their support industries are located in the city, mostly supporting the production of overseas commercials, model shoots, TV-series and movies.[82] The local media infrastructure remains primarily in Johannesburg.

Sport

Kitesurfing in Table Bay
Venue Sport Capacity Club(s)
Cape Town Stadium Association football/Rugby 69,070 Ajax CT
Newlands Cricket Ground Cricket 25,000 Cape Cobras, Western Province Cricket
Newlands Rugby Stadium Rugby 47,000 Stormers, Western Province
Athlone Stadium Association football 24,000 Santos Football Club
Philippi Stadium Association football 5,000
Bellville Velodrome Cycling track 3,000 Western Province Cycling
Hartleyvale Hockey Centre Field Hockey 2,000 Western Province Hockey
Turfhall Stadium Softball 3,000 Western Province Softball
Good Hope Centre Various indoor sports 6,000 Various
Royal Cape Yacht Club Sailing N/A Royal Cape Yacht Club
Grand West Arena Various 6,000 N/A
Green Point Athletics Stadium Athletics, Association football 5,000 N/A
Newlands Swimming Pool Swimming/water polo/diving 2,000 WP Aquatics
Autshumato/Berg River Dam Rowing/Canoe-Kayak N/A N/A]
Khayelitsha canal Rowing/Canoe
Khayelitsha Rugby & Soccer stadium Association football/Rugby 6,000

Cape Town's most popular sports by participation are cricket, association football, swimming, and rugby union.[83] In rugby union, Cape Town is the home of the Western Province side, who play at Newlands Stadium and compete in the Currie Cup. In addition, Western Province players (along with some from Wellington's Boland Cavaliers) comprise the Stormers in the Southern Hemisphere's Super Rugby competition. Cape Town also regularly hosts the national team, the Springboks, and hosted matches during the 1995 Rugby World Cup, including the opening ceremony and game, as well as the semi-final between New Zealand and England that saw Jonah Lomu run in four tries.

Association football, which is better known as soccer in South Africa, is also popular. Two clubs from Cape Town play in the Premier Soccer League (PSL), South Africa's premier league. These teams are Ajax Cape Town, which formed as a result of the 1999 amalgamation of the Seven Stars and the Cape Town Spurs and newly promoted Chippa United. Cape Town was also the location of several of the matches of the FIFA 2010 World Cup including a semi-final,[84] held in South Africa. The Mother City built a new 70,000 seat stadium (Cape Town Stadium) in the Green Point area.

In cricket, the Cape Cobras represent Cape Town at the Newlands Cricket Ground. The team is the result of an amalgamation of the Western Province Cricket and Boland Cricket teams. They take part in the Supersport and Standard Bank Cup Series. The Newlands Cricket Ground regularly hosts international matches.

Cape Town has Olympic aspirations: in 1996, Cape Town was one of the five candidate cities shortlisted by the IOC to launch official candidatures to host the 2004 Summer Olympics. Although the games ultimately went to Athens, Cape Town came in third place. There has been some speculation that Cape Town is seeking the South African Olympic Committee's nomination to be South Africa's bid city for the 2020 Summer Olympic Games.[85]

Sports events

The city of Cape Town has vast experience in hosting major national and international sports events.

The Cape Town Cycle Tour is the world's largest individually timed cycle race – and the first event outside Europe to be included in the International Cycling Union's Golden Bike Series. It sees over 35,000 cyclists tackling a 109 km (68 mi) route around Cape Town. The Absa Cape Epic is the largest full-service mountain bike stage race in the world.

Some notable events hosted by Cape Town have included the 1995 Rugby World Cup, 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup, and World Championships in various sports such as athletics, fencing, weightlifting, hockey, cycling, canoeing, gymnastics and others.

Cape Town was also a host city to the 2010 FIFA World Cup from 11 June to 11 July 2010, further enhancing its profile as a major events city. It was also one of the host cities of the 2009 Indian Premier League cricket tournament.

Education

Public primary and secondary schools in Cape Town are run by the Western Cape Education Department. This provincial department is divided into seven districts; four of these are "Metropole" districts – Metropole Central, North, South, and East – which cover various areas of the city.[86] There are also many private schools, both religious and secular, in Cape Town.

Tertiary education

University of Cape Town's main campus

Cape Town has a well-developed higher system of public universities. Cape Town is served by three public universities: the University of Cape Town (UCT), the University of the Western Cape (UWC) and the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT). Stellenbosch University, while not in the city itself, is 50 kilometres from the City Bowl and has additional campuses, such as the Tygerberg Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and the Bellville Business Park closer to the City.

Both the University of Cape Town and Stellenbosch University are leading universities in South Africa. This is due in large part to substantial financial contributions made to these institutions by both the public and private sector. UCT is an English-speaking institution. It has over 21,000 students and has an MBA programme that is ranked 51st by the Financial Times in 2006.[87] It is also the top-ranked university in Africa, being the only African university to make the world's Top 200 university list at number 146.[88] Since the African National Congress has come into governmental power, some restructuring of Western Cape universities has taken place and as such, traditionally non-white universities have seen increased financing, which has benefitted the University of the Western Cape.[89][90]

The public Cape Peninsula University of Technology was formed on 1 January 2005, when two separate institutions – Cape Technikon and Peninsula Technikon – were merged. The new university offers education primarily in English, although one may take courses in any of South Africa's official languages. The institution generally awards the National Diploma.

Cape Town has also become a popular study abroad destination for many international college students. Many study abroad providers offer semester, summer, short-term, and internship programs in partnership with Cape Town universities as a chance for international students to gain intercultural understanding.

Transport

Air

Cape Town International Airport serves both domestic and international flights. It is the second-largest airport in South Africa and serves as a major gateway for travellers to the Cape region. Cape Town has direct flights to most cities in South Africa as well as a number of international destinations.[91]

Cape Town International Airport recently opened a brand new central terminal building that was developed to handle an expected increase in air traffic as tourism numbers increased in the lead-up to the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[92] Other renovations include several large new parking garages, a revamped domestic departure terminal, a new Bus Rapid Transit system station and a new double-decker road system. The airport's cargo facilities are also being expanded and several large empty lots are being developed into office space and hotels.

The Cape Town International Airport was among the winners of the World Travel Awards for being Africa's leading airport.[93]

Sea

The Port of Cape Town is a major transport node in southern Africa. In addition to moving freight it also serves as a major repair site for ships and oil rigs.

Cape Town has a long tradition as a port city. The Port of Cape Town, the city's main port, is in Table Bay directly to the north of the central business district. The port is a hub for ships in the southern Atlantic: it is located along one of the busiest shipping corridors in the world. It is also a busy container port, second in South Africa only to Durban. In 2004, it handled 3,161 ships and 9.2 million tonnes of cargo.[94]

Simon's Town Harbour on the False Bay coast of the Cape Peninsula is the main operational base of the South African Navy.

Rail

The Shosholoza Meyl is the passenger rail operations of Spoornet and operates two long-distance passenger rail services from Cape Town: a daily service to and from Johannesburg via Kimberley and a weekly service to and from Durban via Kimberley, Bloemfontein and Pietermaritzburg. These trains terminate at Cape Town railway station and make a brief stop at Bellville. Cape Town is also one terminus of the luxury tourist-oriented Blue Train as well as the five-star Rovos Rail.

Metrorail operates a commuter rail service in Cape Town and the surrounding area. The Metrorail network consists of 96 stations throughout the suburbs and outskirts of Cape Town.

Road

Cape Town is the origin of three national roads. The N1 and N2 begin in the foreshore area near the city centre.

The N1 runs ENE as a highway through Edgemead, Parow, Bellville, and Brackenfell. It connects Cape Town to Paarl and the major cities in the interior - Bloemfontein, Johannesburg, Pretoria and Zimbabwe. An older at-grade road, the R101, runs parallel to the N1 from Bellville.

The N2 runs ESE as a highway through Rondebosch, Guguletu, Khayelitsha, Macassar to Somerset West. It becomes a multiple-carriageway at-grade road from the intersection with the R44 onwards. The N2 continues east along the coast, linking Cape Town to the coastal cities of Port Elizabeth, East London and Durban. An older at-grade road, the R101, runs parallel to the N1 initially, before veering south at Bellville, to join the N2 at Somerset West via the suburbs of Kuils River and Eerste River.

The N7 originates from the N1 at Wingfield Interchange near Edgemead. It runs north, initially as a highway, but becoming an at-grade road from the intersection with the M5 (Potsdam Rd) onwards. It links Cape Town with the Northern Cape Province and Namibia.

There are also a number of two- and three-digit regional routes linking Cape Town with surrounding areas. The R27 originates from the N1 near the Foreshore and runs north parallel to the N7, but nearer to the coast. It passes through the suburbs of Milnerton, Table View and Bloubergstrand and links the City to the West Coast, ending at the town of Velddrif. The R44 enters the east of the metro from the north, from Stellenbosch. It connects Stellenbosch to Somerset West, then crosses the N2 to Strand and Gordon's Bay. It exits the metro heading south hugging the coast, leading to the towns of Betty's Bay and Kleinmond.

Of the three-digit routes, the R300, which is informally known as the Cape Flats Freeway, is a highway linking the N1 at Brackenfell to the N2 near Mitchells Plain and the Cape Town International Airport. The R302 runs from the R102 in Bellville, heading north across the N1 through Durbanville leaving the metro to Malmesbury. The R304 enters the northern limits of the metro from Stellenbosch, running NNW before veering west to cross the N7 at Philadelphia to end at Atlantis at a junction with the The R307. This R307 starts north of Koeberg from the R27 and, after meeting the R304, continues north to Darling, Western Cape, Darling. The R310 originates from Muizenberg and runs along the coast, to the south of Mitchell's Plain and Khayelitsha, before veering north-east, crossing the N2 west of Macassar, and exiting the metro heading to Stellenbosch.

Cape Town, like most South African cities, uses Metropolitan or "M" routes for important intra-city routes, a layer below National (N) roads and Regional (R) routes. Each city's M roads are independently numbered. Most are at-grade roads. However, the M3 splits from the N2 and runs to the south along the eastern slopes of Table Mountain, connecting the City Bowl with Muizenberg. Except for a section between Rondebosch and Newlands that has at-grade intersections, this route is a highway. The M5 splits from the N1 further east than the M3, and links the Cape Flats to the CBD. It is a highway as far as the interchange with the M68 at Ottery, before continuing as an at-grade road.

Cape Town suffers from the worst traffic congestion in South Africa due to a lack of investment in infrastructure.[95][96]

Buses

Golden Arrow Bus Services operates scheduled bus services throughout the Cape Town metropolitan area. Several companies run long-distance bus services from Cape Town to the other cities in South Africa.

Integrated Rapid Transit (IRT)[97]

Main article: MyCiTi

Cape Town has a significantly enhanced public transport system in about 10% of the City, running north to south along the west coastline of the City, comprising Phase 1 of the IRT system. This is known as the MyCiTi service.

MyCiTi Phase 1 includes services linking the Airport to the Cape Town inner city, as well as the following areas: Blouberg / Table View, Dunoon, Atlantis and Melkbosstrand, Milnerton, Paarden Eiland, Century City, Salt River and Walmer Estate, and all suburbs of the City Bowl and Atlantic Seaboard all the way to Llandudno and Hout Bay.

The MyCiTi N2 Express service comprise of two routes each linking the Cape Town inner city and Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain on the Cape Flats.

The service use high floor articulated and standard size buses in dedicated busways, low floor articulated and standard size buses on the N2 Express service, and smaller 9m Optare buses in suburban and inner city areas. It offers universal access through level boarding and numerous other measures, and requires cashless fare payment using the EMV compliant smart card system, called myconnect. Headway of services (i.e. the time between buses on the same route) range from 3 mins to 20 mins in peak times to 60 minutes during quiet off-peak periods.

Taxis

Cape Town has two kinds of taxis: metered taxis and minibus taxis. Unlike many cities, metered taxis are not allowed to drive around the city to solicit fares and instead must be called to a specific location.

Cape Town metered taxi cabs mostly operate in the city bowl, suburbs and Cape Town International Airport areas. Large companies that operate fleets of cabs can be reached by phone and are cheaper than the single operators that apply for hire from taxi ranks and Victoria and Alfred Waterfront. There are about a thousand-meter taxis in Cape Town. Their rates vary from R8 per kilometre to about R15 per kilometre. The larger taxi companies in Cape Town are Excite Taxis, Cabnet and Intercab and single operators are reachable by cellular phone. The seven seated Toyota Avanza are the most popular with larger Taxi companies. Meter cabs are mostly used by tourists and are safer to use than minibus taxis.

Minibus taxis are the standard form of transport for the majority of the population who cannot afford private vehicles.[98] Although essential, these taxis are often poorly maintained and are frequently not road-worthy. These taxis make frequent unscheduled stops to pick up passengers, which can cause accidents.[99][100] With the high demand for transport by the working class of South Africa, minibus taxis are often filled over their legal passenger allowance. Minibuses are generally owned and operated in fleets.[101]

Twin towns – sister cities

Cape Town has nine twin towns and sister cities:

Country City Established
Belgium Belgium Antwerp[102] 1996
Germany Germany Aachen[103] 2000
Israel Israel Haifa[104] 1975
China China Hangzhou[105] 2005
Mozambique Mozambique Maputo 1994
France France Nice[106] 1974
Russia Russia Saint Petersburg[107] 2001
Portugal Portugal Funchal 1995
Angola Angola Luanda 1997

See also

References

  1. ↑ Pollack, Martin (31 May 2006). "Achmat Ebrahim is the new city manager of Cape Town". City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
  2. 1 2 "Main Place Cape Town". Census 2011.
  3. ↑ "City of Cape Town". Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  4. ↑ "2011 Census". Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  5. ↑ "Regional Development Profile: City of Cape Town" (PDF). Western Cape Government. 2013. p. 25. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 "Global city GDP 2011". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  7. ↑ "Community Survey, 2007: Basic Results Municipalities" (PDF). Statistics South Africa. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
  8. 1 2 3 Morris, Michael (21 November 2014). "Highlights from the State of the City 2014 report". Weekend Argus. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  9. ↑ "Why Cape Town is one of the best cities for travel and expat living". ExpatCapeTown. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  10. ↑ "Cape Town Hosts Official WDC 2014 Signing Ceremony". World Design Capital. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  11. ↑ "14 Fun Facts You Didn’t Know About Cape Town - Interesting & Amusing Things about the Mother City". Cape Town Magazine.
  12. ↑ "The world's best cities". Telegraph.co.uk.
  13. ↑ "The Antiquity of man". SouthAfrica.info.
  14. ↑ "Cape-Slavery-Heritage " Coloured People of the Western Cape have the most Diverse Ancestry in the World :: iBlog". Cape-slavery-heritage.iblog.co.za. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  15. ↑ "Slavery and early colonisation , South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. 22 September 1927. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  16. ↑ Pooley, S. ‘Jan van Riebeeck as Pioneering Explorer and Conservator of Natural Resources at the Cape of Good Hope (1652–62),’ Environment and History 15 (2009): 3–33. doi:10.3197/096734009X404644
  17. ↑ Bell, Charles. "A painting of the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck in Table Bay". Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  18. ↑ McCracken, J.L. The Cape Parliament, 1854-1910. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1967.
  19. ↑ Mbenga, Bernard. "New History of South Africa". Tafelberg, South Africa, 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  20. ↑ "Recalling District Six". SouthAfrica.info. 19 August 2003.
  21. ↑ "Cape Schools Join the Revolt - South African History Online".
  22. ↑ "Western Cape Youth Uprising timeline 1976 - South African History Online".
  23. ↑ "Cape Town least unequal SA city - Politics | IOL News". IOL.co.za. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  24. ↑ Robinson, Peter J.; Henderson-Sellers, Ann (1999). Contemporary Climatology. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. p. 123. ISBN 9780582276314.
  25. ↑ Rohli, Robert V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2011). Climatology. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 250. ISBN 9781449649548.
  26. ↑ "Cape Point (South Africa)". Global Atmosphere Watch Station Information System (GAWSIS). Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014. climate zone – Csb (Warm temperate climate with dry and warm summer)
  27. 1 2 "World Weather Information Service – Cape Town". Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  28. 1 2 "Cape Town/DF Malan Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  29. ↑ "Climate data: Cape Town". Old.weathersa.co.za. 28 October 2003. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  30. ↑ "Hottest temperature". enca.com. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  31. ↑ "Brochures, booklets and posters". Capetown.gov.za. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  32. ↑ "Unique Biodiversity Poster" (PDF). Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  33. ↑ Cape Town Tourism. "Vote for Table Mountain – Cape Town Tourism". Capetown.travel. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  34. ↑ "Western Cape". Southafricaholiday.org.uk. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  35. ↑ A.G. Rebelo, C. Boucher, N. Helme, L. Mucina, M.C. Rutherford et al. 2006. Fynbos Biome, in: L. Mucina & M.C. Rutherford (eds). The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.
  36. ↑ "National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2005 Targets". Capetown.gov.za. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  37. ↑ "Endemic Species of the city of Cape Town" (PDF).
  38. ↑ "The View from The Cape: Extinction Risk, Protected Areas, and Climate Change" (PDF). Perceval.bio.nau.edu. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  39. ↑
  40. ↑ Muller, Joan. "Joburg has the cash, Cape Town the class". BDLive. Business Day. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  41. ↑ Editor. "Tygerberg Hospital: Overview". Western Cape Department of Health. Western Cape Government. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  42. ↑ Editor. "History of the South African Navy". SA Navy. SA Navy. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  43. ↑ "Seat Calculation Detail: City of Cape Town" (PDF). Independent Electoral Commission. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  44. ↑ Worden, Nigel; van Hyningen, Elizabeth; Bickford-Smith, Vivian (1998). Cape Town: The Making of a City. Claremont, Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip Publishers. p. 212. ISBN 0-86486-435-3.
  45. ↑ "Population estimates for Cape Town, South Africa, 1950-2015". Mongabay.com. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  46. ↑ "Census 96 : Community Profile". City of Cape Town. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  47. ↑ "City of Cape Town – 2011 Census – Cape Town" (PDF). City of Cape Town. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  48. ↑ Small, Karen (December 2008). "Demographic and Socio-economic Trends for Cape Town: 1996 to 2007" (PDF). City of Cape Town. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Census 2011 Municipal report: Western Cape (PDF). Statistics South Africa. 2012. ISBN 978-0-621-41459-2. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  50. ↑ Rebekah Lee (2009). "African women and apartheid: migration and settlement in urban South Africa". I.B. Tauris. p.205. ISBN 1-84511-819-7
  51. ↑ Archived August 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  52. ↑ Editor. "Economic Development". City of Cape Town: Economic Statistics. City of Cape Town. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  53. ↑ Editor. "Media Contact". Woolworths. Woolworths Holdings Limited. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  54. ↑ EMIS. "Pick n Pay Holdings Ltd". Emerging Markets Information Service. EMIS. Retrieved 15 January 2014.,
  55. ↑ Editor. "Contact Us". Foshini Group. Foschini. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  56. ↑ Editor. "Who We Are". Sanlam. Sanlam. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  57. ↑ "South African Boatbuilders Business Council". Southafricanboatbuilders.co.za. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  58. ↑ Annual Report 2010 (PDF). Cape Town Routes Unlimited. ISBN 0-621-35496-1.
  59. ↑ "Cape Town Leads In Information Technology". 27 March 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  60. ↑ "Cape Town breeds entrepreneurs: Fin24: Business". Fin24. 7 September 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  61. ↑ "Table Mountain Aerial Cableway".
  62. ↑ "Cape Point". Cape Point. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  63. ↑ Archived July 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  64. 1 2 "Beaches, Cape Town, South Africa". Safarinow.com. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  65. ↑ "The African Penguin". Simonstown.com. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  66. ↑ "V&A Waterfront". Waterfront.co.za. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  67. ↑ Ingrid Sinclair (30 September 2011). "Two Oceans Aquarium Cape Town, South Africa". Aquarium.co.za. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  68. ↑ "Robben Island Museum". Robben-island.org.za. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  69. ↑ Archived August 25, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  70. ↑ "Cape Dutch Architecture". Encounter South Africa.
  71. ↑ Dewar, David; Hutton-Squire, Martin; Levy, Caren; Menidis, Philip; Uytenbogaardt, Roelof (1977). A Comparative Evaluation of Urbanism in Cape Town. University of Cape Town Press. pp. 20–98. ISBN 0-620-02535-2.
  72. ↑ "Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden". Sanbi.org. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  73. ↑ "Cape Winelands". Tourismcapewinelands.co.za. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  74. ↑ "The Western Cape wine lands". Winelands.co.za. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  75. 1 2 3 "Cape Town Whale Watching". Afton Grove.
  76. ↑ "Cape Town Tourism Statistics". Cape Town Direct.
  77. ↑ "Telegraph Travel Awards 2013: Favourite cities". The Daily Telegraph (London). 27 November 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  78. ↑ "South Africa Newspapers". ABYZ News Links. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  79. ↑ "South Africa Newspapers". Daily Earth. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  80. ↑ "Radio companies". BizCommunity.Com. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  81. ↑ "98.9fm". Bok Radio. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  82. ↑ "South African Industry News". filmmakersguide.co.za. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  83. ↑ Woulidge, Sam (2006). Time Out: Cape Town. Time Out Publishing. pp. 127–130: Sports. ISBN 1-904978-12-6.
  84. ↑ "SA 2010: frequent questions". southafrica.info. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
  85. ↑ South Africa Announces Bid For 2020 Summer Olympic Games, Gamesbids.com
  86. ↑ "Education Management and Development Centres (EMDCs)". Western Cape Education Department. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  87. ↑ "Competitiveness factors". City of Cape Town. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  88. ↑ "University of cape town". Top Universities. 12 November 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  89. ↑ "Cape Town Society". CapeConnected.
  90. ↑ "Education Cosas critical of education funding". Dispatch Online.
  91. ↑ "Cape Town International Airport". SouthAfrica.info.
  92. ↑ Jordan, Bobby (17 May 1998). "R150-million upgrade kicks off one of the biggest developments in Cape Town's history". Sunday Times (UK).
  93. ↑ "Cape Town International Airport" (PDF). Cape Town Routes Unlimited. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2014.
  94. ↑ "Introducing SAPO". South African Port Operations. Archived from the original on 1 August 2011.
  95. ↑ "TomTom Traffic Index". Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  96. ↑ "R750 million to fight traffic in SA’s most congested city". Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  97. ↑ Information obtained from www.myciti.org.za, as at 29 December 2015
  98. ↑ "Transport". CapeTown.org.
  99. ↑ "South Africa's minibus wars: uncontrollable law-defying minibuses oust buses and trains from transit". LookSmart. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007.
  100. ↑ "Transportation in Developing Countries: Greenhouse Gas Scenarios for South Africa". Center for Climate and Energy Solutions.
  101. ↑ "Taxing Alternatives: Poverty Alleviation and the South African Taxi/Minibus Industry" (PDF). Enterprise Africa! Research Publications. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011.
  102. ↑ "Antwerp". worldpossible.org.
  103. ↑ "Agenda 21 Partnership Cape Town – Aachen". Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  104. ↑ "Cape Town". Haifa City. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  105. ↑ "Agreement on the Establishment of Relations of Friendship between the City of Hangzhou of the People's Republic of China and the City of Cape Town of the Republic of South Africa" (PDF). 18 April 2005. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
  106. ↑ "Villes jumelées avec la Ville de Nice" (in French). Ville de Nice. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  107. ↑ "Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties". Saint Petersburg City Government. Retrieved 23 March 2008.

Notes

    External links

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cape Town.
    Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cape Town.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, May 02, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.