List of monarchs of Persia

Shah of Iran
ایران

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Details
First monarch Cyrus the Great
Last monarch Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Formation 550 BC
Abolition 11 February 1979
(Monarchy ended by Iranian Revolution)
Pretender(s) Reza Pahlavi II
(Pahlavi dynasty)

The following is a list of monarchs of Persia, who ruled over the area of modern-day Iran from the establishment of the Achaemenid dynasty by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979.

Earlier monarchs in the area of modern-day Iran are listed in:

Minor dynasties and vassal monarchs can be found in:

Achaemenid dynasty (550–330 BC)

Extent of the first Persian Empire, the Achaemenid Empire.
Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Cyrus the Great The Great King, King of Kings, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the Four Corners of the World 600–530 BC 559 BC 530 BC Son of Cambyses I king of Anshan and Mandana daughter of Astyages King of Anshan from 559 BC. Killed in battle with Massagetes
Cambyses The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt ?–521 BC 530 BC 522 BC Son of Cyrus the Great Died while en route to put down a rebellion.

Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Smatawy, Nswbty: Mesutire [1]

Bardiya Gaumata (?) The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt ?–522 BC 522 BC 522 BC Son of Cyrus the Great (possibly an imposter claiming to be Bardiya) Killed by Persian aristocrats
Darius I The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt 550–486 BC 522 BC 486 BC Son of Hystaspes
Xerxes I The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt 519–465 BC 485 BC 465 BC Son of Darius I Killed
Artaxerxes I The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt ?–424 BC 465 BC 424 BC Son of Xerxes I Believed by some to be King Ahaseurus in the Book of Esther
Xerxes II Artaxerxes The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt ?–424 BC 424 BC 424 BC Son of Artaxerxes I Only recognised in Persia itself, killed by Sogdianus
? Sogdianus The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt ?–423 BC 424 BC 423 BC Son of Artaxerxes I Only recognised in Persia and Elam, killed by Darius II
Darius II Ochus The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt ?–404 BC 424 BC 404 BC Son of Artaxerxes I
Artaxerxes II Arsaces The Great King, King of Kings 436–358 BC 404 BC 358 BC Son of Darius II
Artaxerxes III Ochus The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt ?–338 BC 358 BC 338 BC Son of Artaxerxes II Killed
Artaxerxes IV Arses The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt ?–336 BC 338 BC 336 BC Son of Artaxerxes III Killed
Darius III Artashata The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt 380–330 BC 336 BC 330 BC Son of Artaxerxes IV Killed by Artaxerxes V
Artaxerxes V Bessus The Great King, King of Kings ?–329 BC 330 BC 329 BC Probably a descendant of Artaxerxes II Killed by Alexander III

Argead (Macedonian) dynasty (330–309 BC)

Macedonia (ancient kingdom) at its greatest extent.
Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Macedonian Empire (330–312 BC)
Alexander the Great King 356 – 13 June 323 BC 330 BC 323 BC Son of Philip II of Macedonia King of Macedonia from 336 BC as Alexander III
Philip III Arrhidaeus King c. 359 – 317 BC June 323 BC 317 BC Son of Philip II of Macedonia Killed by Olympias
Alexander IV King Sept. 323 – 309 BC Sept. 323 BC 309 BC Son of Alexander III King of Macedonia as Alexander IV until 309 BC. Killed by Cassander son of Antipater
Perdiccas Regent ?–321 BC June 323 BC 321 BC Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III, Prince of Orestis
Antipater Regent 398?–319 BC 321 BC 319 BC Son of Iollas Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III
Polyperchon Regent 394–303 BC 319 BC 316 BC Son of Simmias Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III. Exercised no actual power in Persia.
Cassander Regent c.350-297 316 BC 309 BC Son of Antipater Regent for and murderer of Alexander IV. Exercised no actual power in Persia.

Seleucid dynasty (311–129 BC)

Seleucid Empire at its greatest extent.
Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Seleucid dynasty (311–129 BC)
Seleucus I Nicator King c. 358–281 BC 311 BC 281 BC Son of Antiochus son of Seleucus Assumed title of "King" from 306 BC.
Antiochus I Soter King ?–261 BC 281 BC 261 BC Son of Seleucus I Co-ruler from 291
Antiochus II Theos King 286–246 BC 261 BC 246 BC Son of Antiochus I
Seleucus II Callinicus King ?–225 BC 246 BC 225 BC Son of Antiochus II
Seleucus III Ceraunus Alexander King c. 243–223 BC 225 BC 223 BC Son of Seleucus II
Antiochus III the Great Great King c. 241–187 BC 223 BC 187 BC Son of Seleucus II
Seleucus IV Philopator King ?–175 BC 187 BC 175 BC Son of Antiochus III
Antiochus IV Epiphanes King c. 215–163 BC 175 BC 163 BC Son of Antiochus III Killed in Elymais
Antiochus V Eupator King c. 172–161 BC 163 BC 161 BC Son of Antiochus IV
Demetrius I Soter King 185–150 BC 161 BC 150 BC Son of Seleucus IV
Alexander Balas King ?–146 BC 150 BC 146 BC Purported son of Antiochus IV
Demetrius II Nicator King ?–139 BC 146 BC 139 BC Son of Demetrius I Defeated and captured by Parthians. He married Rhodogune daughter of Mithridates I
Antiochus VI Dionysus King 148–138 BC 145 BC 142 BC Son of Alexander III. In competition with Demetrius II.
Antiochus VII Sidetes King ?–129 BC 139 BC 129 BC Son of Demetrius I Killed in battle with Phraates II

Parthian or Arsacid dynasty (247 BC – AD 228)

The Parthian Empire at its greatest extent.

The Seleucid dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the Arsacid dynasty established itself in Parthia. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid-2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. Control of eastern territories was permanently lost by Antiochus VII in 129 BC. For more comprehensive lists of kings, queens, sub-kings and sub-queens of this Era see:

Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Arsacid dynasty (247 BC – 228 AD)
Arsaces I Tiridates I or Arsaces King, Karen, Autocrator ?–211 BC 247 BC 211 BC A descendant of Arsaces son of Phriapatius who was probably son of Artaxerxes II
Arsaces II Arsaces ?–185 BC 211 BC 185 BC[2] Son of Arsaces I
Arsaces III Phriapatius ?–170 BC 185 BC 170 BC[2] Grandson of Tiridates I
Arsaces IV Phraates I ?–167 BC 170 BC 167 BC[3] Son of Phriapatius
Arsaces V Mithridates I The Great King, Theos, Theopator, Philhellene ?–132 BC 167 BC[3] 132 BC[4] Son of Phriapatius
Arsaces VI Phraates II The Great King, Philopator, Theopator, Nikephoros ?–127 BC 132 BC 127 BC[4] Son of Mithridates I Killed in battle with Scythians
Arsaces VII Artabanus I King ?–126 BC 127 BC 126 BC[4] Son of Phriapatius Killed in battle with Tocharians
Arsaces VIII Vologases (I)[4] The Great King, Theopator, Philadelphos, Philhellene, Epiphanes ?–122 BC 126 BC 122 BC[4] Son of Phriapatius He was the first Arsacid king of Media, Arran and Iberia
Arsaces IX Artabanus (II)[4] The Great King, King of kings, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–121 BC 122 BC 121 BC Son of Artabanus I Killed in battle with Medians
Arsaces X Mithridates II The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Epiphanes, Soter ?–91 BC 121 BC[5] 91 BC Son of Artabanus I
Arsaces XI Gotarzes I The Great King, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Euergetes, Autocrator ?–87 BC 91 BC 87 BC Son of Mithridates II
Arsaces XII Artabanus (III)[3] The Great King, Theopator, Nicator ?–77? BC 91 BC 77? BC Son of Vologases (I)
Arsaces XIII Mithridates (III)[4] The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Euergetes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philopator, Epiphanes ?–67 BC 88 BC 67 BC Son of Mithridates II
Arsaces XIV Orodes I The Great King, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–75 BC 80 BC 75 BC Son of Mithridates II
Arsaces XV Sanatruces I The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene 157–70 BC 77 BC 70 BC Son of Vologases (I)[3]
Arsaces XVI[3] ? The Great King, Theopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Eusebes ?–66 BC 77 BC 66 BC ? The most obscure major monarch of the first millennium BC. Nothing about him is currently known.
Arsaces XVII Phraates III The Great King, Theos, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–57 BC 70 BC 57 BC Son of Sanatruces I Killed by Orodes II
Arsaces XVIII[3] ? The Great King, Philopator, Euergetes, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–63 BC 66 BC 63 BC Son of Arsaces XVI The second most obscure monarch of the first millennium BC, nothing about him is known.
Arsaces XIX Mithridates III (or IV) The Great King, The Great King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Theos, Eupator, Theopator, Philhellene ?–54 BC 65 BC[3] 54 BC Son of Phraates III Killed by Orodes II
Arsaces XX Orodes II King of Kings, Philopator, Eupator, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Ktistes ?–38 BC 57 BC 38 BC Son of Phraates III Killed by Phraates IV
Arsaces XXI Pacorus I King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–38 BC 50 BC 38 BC Son of Orodes II Killed in battle with Romans
Arsaces XXII Phraates IV King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–2 BC 38 2 BC Son of Orodes II Killed by Musa
Arsaces XXIII Tiridates II King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Autocrator, Philoromaeos ?–after 23 BC 30 BC 25 BC Probably a descendant of Mithridates (III) Deposed and went to Rome
Arsaces XXIV Mithridates (V)[6] ? ?–? BC 12 BC 9 BC Probably a descendant of Mithridates (III)
Musa Musa Queen of Queens, Thea, Urania ?–4? AD 2 BC 4 AD Queen of Phraates IV
Arsaces XXV Phraates V King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–4 AD 2 BC 4 AD Son of Phraates IV & Musa Deposed and went to Rome
Arsaces XXVI Orodes III King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–6 4 6 Probably a descendant of Mithridates (III) Killed by Parthian aristocrats
Arsaces XXVII Vonones I The Great King, King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, Nikephorus ?–19 8 12 Son of Phraates IV Deposed and went to Rome. Later, He was killed by Romans.
Arsaces XXVIII Artabanus III King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–40 10 40 Probably a descendant of Mithridates (III)
Arsaces XXIX Tiridates III ? ?–? 35 36 Probably a descendant of Tiridates II Deposed and went to Rome
Arsaces XXX Cinnamus ? ?–? 37 37 Son of Artabanus III Abdicated
Arsaces XXXI Gotarzes II King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene 11–51 40 – 51 Son of Artabanus III
Arsaces XXXII Vardanes I King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–46 40 46 Son of Artabanus III Killed by Gotarzes II
Arsaces XXXIII Vonones II King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–51 c. 45 51
Arsaces XXXIV Mithridates (VI)[7] ? ?–? 49 50 Son of Vonones II Deposed and mutilated by Gotarzes II
Arsaces XXXV Vologases I (or II) King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene, The Lord ?–77 51 77 Son of Vonones II
Arsaces XXXVI Vardanes II King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–? 55 58 Son of Vologases I (or II) Deposed
Arsaces XXXVII Vologases II (or III) King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–? 77 89/90 Probably son of Vologases I
Arsaces XXXVIII Pacorus II King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–115 77 115 Son of Vonones II
Arsaces XXXIX Artabanus IV King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–? 80 81 Probably son of Artabanus III
Arsaces XL Osroes I King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–130 89/90 130 Probably son of Vologases II (or III)
Arsaces XLI Vologases III (or IV) King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–148 105 148 ?
Arsaces XLII Mithridates IV (or VII) King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–c. 145 115 c. 145 Brother of Osroes I Killed in battle with Romans
Arsaces XLIII Parthamaspates King of Kings, Euergetes, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–after 123 116 117 Son of Osroes I Deposed and went to Rome
Arsaces XLIV[8] Sanatruces II King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–c. 145 c. 145 c. 145 son of Mithridates IV (or VII) Killed in battle with Romans
Arsaces XLV Vologases IV (or V) King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–191 148 191 Son of Mithridates IV (or VII)
Arsaces XLVI Vologases V (or VI) King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–208 191 208 Son of Vologases IV (or V)
Arsaces XLVII Osroes II King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–? c. 190 c. 195 Probably son of Vologases IV (or V)
Arsaces XLVIII Vologases VI (or VII) King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene 181–228 208 228 Son of Vologases V (or VI) Killed by Ardashir I
Arsaces XLIX Artabanus V King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–226 213 226 Son of Vologases V (or VI) Killed by Ardashir I
Arsaces L Tiridates IV[9] King of Kings, Dikaios, Epiphanes, Philhellene ?–? 217 222 Son of Vologases IV (or V) He was also king of Armenia

Sasanian dynasty (224–651)

Sasanian Empire at its greatest extent.
Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
House of Sasan
Ardashir I Shahanshah[10] 180 – February 242 28 April 224 February 242 Son of Papak, who was son of Sasan
Shapur I Shahanshah 215 – May 270 12 April 240 May 270 Son of Ardashir I
Hormizd I Hormozd-Ardashir Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah[11] ?–June 271 May 270 June 271 Son of Shapur I
Bahram I Shahanshah, Gilanshah ?–September 274 June 271 September 274 Son of Shapur I
Bahram II Shahanshah ?–293 September 274 293 Son of Bahram I
Bahram III Shahanshah, Sakanshah ?–293 293 293 Son of Bahram II Deposed
Narseh I Shahanshah, Wuzurg Armananshah ?–302 293 302 Son of Shapur I
Hormizd II Shahanshah ?–309 302 309 Son of Narseh I Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Adhur Narseh Shahanshah ?–309 309 309 Son of Hormizd II Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Shapur II Shahanshah, Dhū al-aktāf[12] 309 – 379 309 379 Son of Hormizd II
Ardashir II Shahanshah ?–383 379 383 Son of Shapur II
Shapur III Shahanshah ?–Dec. 388 383 Dec. 388 Son of Shapur II Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Bahram IV Shahanshah, Kirmanshah ?–399 Dec. 388 399 Son of Shapur II
Yazdegerd I Shahanshah 363 – 21 January 420 399 21 January 420 Son of Shapur III Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Bahram V Shahanshah 406 – 20 June 438 21 January 420 20 June 438 Son of Yazdegerd I
Yazdegerd II Shahanshah ?–15 December 457 20 June 438 15 December 457 Son of Bahram V
Hormizd III Shahanshah 399–459 457 459 Son of Yazdegerd II Killed by Peroz I
Peroz I Shahanshah 459 –Jan. 484 457 Jan. 484 Son of Yazdegerd II Killed in battle with Hephthalites
Balash Shahanshah ?–488 Feb. 484 488 Son of Yazdegerd II
Kavadh I Shahanshah 449 – 13 September 531 488 496 Son of Peroz I Deposed
Djamasp Shahanshah ?–502 496 498 Son of Peroz I Deposed
Kavadh I Shahanshah 449 – 13 September 531 498 13 September 531 Son of Peroz I
Khosrau I Shahanshah, Anushiravan, The Just 500 – 31 January 579 13 September 531 31 January 579 Son of Kavadh I
Hormizd IV Shahanshah 540 – 5 September 590 31 January 579 5 September 590 Son of Khosrau I Killed by Vistahm
Khosrau II Shahanshah, Aparviz 570 – February 28, 628 Sept. 590 Sept. 590 Son of Hormizd IV Deposed and went to Byzantine territory
House of Mihran
Bahram VI Mehrbandak Shahanshah, Chubineh ?–591 Sept. 590 Jan. 591 Son of Bahram Gushnasp from House of Mihran Assassinated under the order of Khosrau II
House of Sasan
Khosrau II Shahanshah, Aparviz 570 – February 28, 628 Jan. 591 25 February 628 Son of Hormizd IV Executed by Mihr Hormozd under the orders of Kavadh II
House of Ispahbudhan
Vistahm Shahanshah ?–596 or 600 591 596 or 600 Son of Shapur from the House of Ispahbudhan. He was the uncle of Khosrau II and husband of Gorduya, sister of Bahram VI Killed by his wife Gorduya or by his general Pariowk
House of Sasan
Kavadh II Shiruyah Shahanshah ?–15 September 628 25 February 628 15 September 628 Son of Khosrau II Died from plague
Ardashir III Shahanshah 621 – 27 April 629 15 September 628 27 April 629 Son of Kavadh II Killed by Shahrbaraz
House of Mihran
Shahrbaraz Shahanshah, Shahrvaraz ?–17 June 629 27 April 629 17 June 629 Sasanian general from the House of Mihran Killed by Farrokh Hormizd under the orders of Borandukht
House of Sasan
Khosrau III Shahanshah ?–630 630 630 Nephew of Khosrau II Killed after a few days reign
Borandukht (First reign) Shahbanu[13] 590 – 632 17 June 629 16 June 630 Daughter of Khosrau II Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Shahanshah ?–? 630 630 Son of Shahrbaraz and an unknown sister of Khosrau II Deposed by Iranian aristocrats and replaced by Azarmidokht
Peroz II Gushnasp-Bandeh Shahanshah ?–630 630 630 Son of Mihran-Goshnasp & Chaharbakht who was daughter of Yazdandad son of Khosrau I. Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Azarmidokht Shahbanu ?–631 630 631 Daughter of Khosrau II Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Khosrau IV Khurrazadh Shahanshah ?–631 631 631 Son of Khosrau II Killed by Iranian aristocrats
House of Ispahbudhan
Farrokh Hormizd Shahanshah ?–631 630 631 Son of Sasanian general Vinduyih, the brother of Vistahm Killed by Siyavakhsh under the orders of Azarmidokht
House of Sasan
Hormizd VI Shahanshah ?–631 630 631 Grandson of Khosrau II Killed by Iranian aristocrats
Borandukht (Second reign) Shahbanu[13] 590 – 632 631 632 Daughter of Khosrau II Restored to the Sasanian throne, and later strangled to death by Piruz Khosrow
Yazdegerd III Shahanshah 624 – 651 16 June 632 651 Son of Shahryar the son of Khosrau II Killed by a miller

Dabuyid dynasty (642–760)

Dabuyids, c. 720
Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Dabuyid dynasty (642–760)
Gil Gavbara Ispahbadh ?–660 642 660 Son of Piruz First Muslim to rule Persia.
Dabuya Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah ?–676 660 676 Son of Gil Gavbara
Farrukhan I the Great Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah ?–728 712 728 Son of Dabuya
Dadhburzmihr Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah ?–740/741 728 740/741 Son of Farrukhan the Great
Farrukhan II the Little Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah ?–747/48 740/741 747/48 Son of Farrukhan the Great Regent for Khurshid of Tabaristan
Khurshid of Tabaristan Ispahbadh, Gil-Gilan, Padashwargarshah 734 – 761 740/741 760 Son of Dadhburzmihr Committed suicide

beginning of Muslim conquest of Persia

Rashidun Caliphate (642–661)

The Rashidun Empire reached its greatest extent under Caliph Uthman, in 654.

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Kunya Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Rashidun Caliphate (632 - 661)
Abu Hafs Umar ibn Al-Khattab Al-Faruq, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 583–644 642 644 Son of Khattab ibn Nufayl. Umar ecame Caliph in 634 and his forces conquered Persia in 642. Killed by Piruz Nahavandi
Abu Amr Uthman ibn Affan Zonnurain, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 579–656 644 656 Son of Affan, of the Umayyad clan. Killed by Kharijites
Abul-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi Talib Al-Mortaza, Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin, Great Imam 598–661 656 661 Son of Abu Talib, of the Hashemite clan. Son-in-law of Muhammad. Killed by Kharijites

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

Umayyad Caliphate at its greatest extent (AD 750).
Kunya Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Umayyad Clan (661–750)
Abu Abdullah Muawiyah I Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 661 680 Son of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, cousin of Uthman ibn Affan and distant cousin of Muhammad
Abu Khalid Yazid I Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 680 683 Son of Muawiyah I
Abu Abd ur-Rahman Muawiyah II Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 683 684 Son of Yazid I Abdicated (?)
Abu Abd al-Malik Marwan I Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 684 685 Son of Hakam cousin of Muawiyah I Killed by his wife
Abu'l-Walid Abd al-Malik Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 685 705 Son of Marwan I
Abu'l-Abbas Al-Walid I Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 705 715 Son of Abd al-Malik
Abu Ayyub Sulayman Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 715 717 Son of Abd al-Malik
Abu Hafṣ Umar II Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 717 720 Son of Abd al-Aziz son of Marwan I
Abu Khalid Yazid II Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 720 724 Son of Abd al-Malik
Abu'l-Walid Hisham Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 724 743 Son of Abd al-Malik
Abu'l-Abbas Al-Walid II Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 743 744 Son of Yazid II
Abu Khalid Yazid III Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 744 744 Son of Al-Walid I and Shahfarand daughter of Peroz III Killed
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 744 744 Son of Al-Walid I Killed
Abu Abd al-Malik Marwan II Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 744 750 Son of Muhammad son of Marwan I Ruled from Harran in the Jazira. Killed by Saffah

Abbasid Caliphate (750–946)

Abbasid Caliphate at its greatest extent, c. 850.
Throne name Original name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Abbasid Clan (750-946)
As-Saffah Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 721-754 750 754 Son of Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah who was Muhammad's paternal uncle
Al-Mansur Abu Ja'far Abdullah Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 714-775 754 775 Brother of As-Saffah
Al-Mahdi Abu Abdullah Muhammad Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 744/5-785 775 785 Son of Al-Mansur
Al-Hadi Abu Mohammad Musa Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 764-786 785 786 Son of Al-Mahdi
Ar-Rashid Abu Ja'far Harun Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 763/766-809 786 809 Son of Al-Mahdi
Al-Amin Abu Abdullah Muhammad Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 787-813 809 813 Son of Harun al-Rashid Killed by Al-Ma'mun
Al-Ma'mun Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 786-833 813 833 Son of Harun al-Rashid
Al-Mu'tasim Abu Ishaq Muhammad Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 795-842 833 842 Son of Harun al-Rashid
Al-Wathiq Abu Ja'far Harun Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 816-847 842 847 Son of Al-Mu'tasim
Al-Mutawakkil Abu'l-Fazl Ja'far Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 821-861 847 861 Son of Al-Mu'tasim Killed by Al-Muntasir
Al-Muntasir Abu Ja'far Muhammad Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 837-862 861 862 Son of Al-Mutawakkil
Al-Musta'in Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 836-866 862 866 Son of Muhammad son of Al-Mu'tasim Deposed and later killed
Al-Mu'tazz Abu Abdullah Zubayr Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 847-869 866 869 Son of Al-Mutawakkil Deposed and later killed
Al-Muhtadi Abu Ishaq Muhammad Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin ??-870 869 870 Son of Al-Wathiq
Al-Mu'tamid Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 844-892 870 892 Son of Al-Mutawakkil
Al-Mu'tadid Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 854/861-902 892 902 Son of Talha al-Muwaffaq son of Al-Mutawakkil
Al-Muktafi Abu Mohammad Ali Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 877/8-908 902 908 Son of Al-Mu'tadid
Al-Muqtadir
(First reign)		 Abul-Fazl Ja'far Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 895-932 908 929 Son of Al-Mu'tadid Briefly deposed.
Al-Qahir
(First reign)		 Abu Mansur Muhammad Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 899-950 929 929 Son of Al-Mu'tadid Forced to resign the throne in the face of public protest
Al-Muqtadir
(Second reign)		 Abul-Fazl Ja'far Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 895-932 929 932 Son of Al-Mu'tadid
Al-Qahir
(Second reign)		 Abu Mansur Muhammad Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 932 934 Son of Al-Mu'tadid Deposed and blinded
Abu'l-Abbas Ar-Radi Muhammad Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 907-940 934 940 Son of Al-Muqtadir De facto power in the hands of Ibn Ra'iq 936-938
Al-Muttaqi Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 908-968 940 944 Son of Al-Muqtadir De facto power in the hands of Bajkam 940-941, Ibn Ra'iq 941-942, Nasir al-Dawla 942-943 & Tuzun 943-944, who deposed and blinded him.
Al-Mustakfi Abu'l-Qasim Abdullah Caliph, Amir al-Mu'minin 905-949 944 946 Son of Al-Muktafi De facto power in the hands of Tuzun 944-945 & Abu Jafar 945-946. Deposed and blinded by Mu'izz al-Dawla

Samanid dynasty (819–999)

Samanid Empire at its greatest extent.
Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Born-Died Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Samanid dynasty, 819–1005
1 Ahmad I ?–864/5 819 864/5
2 Nasr I ?–892 864/5 892
3 Isma'il I Adel ?–907 892 907
4 Ahmad II Shaheed ?–914 907 914
5 Nasr II Saeed ?–943 914 942
6 Nuh I Hamid ?–954 942 954
7 'Abd al-Malik I Rashid ?–? 954 961
8 Mansur I Mo'ayyed ?–976 961 976
9 Nuh II Radhi ? –997 976 996
10 Mansur II Abol Hareth ?–999 996 999
11 'Abd al-Malik II Abol Favares ?–? 999 999
12 Isma'il II Montaser ?–1005 1000 1005

Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)

Map of the Saffarid Dynasty (861 CE-1003 CE).

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Kunya Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Saffarid Dynasty (861–1003)
Ya'qub as-Saffar Emir 840 – 879 861 879 Son of al-Layth Died of sickness
Amr Emir ?–902 879 901 Son of al-Layth Captured by the Samanids, later executed on 20 April 902 in Baghdad
Abu'l-Hasan Tahir Emir ?–? 901 908 Son of Muhammad, son of Amr Imprisoned in Baghdad
Al-Layth Emir ?–928 909 910 Son of Ali, son of al-Layth Dies of natural causes as a prisoner in Baghdad in 928
Muhammad Emir ?–? 910 911 Son of Ali, son of al-Layth Imprisoned in Baghdad
Abu Hafs Amr Emir 902 – ? 912 913 Son of Ya'qub Overthrown by the Samanids
Abu Ja'far Ahmad Emir June 21, 906 – March 31, 963 923 963 Son of Muhammad, son of Amr Killed by Abu’l-‘Abbas and a Turkic Ghilman
Abu Ahmad Khalaf Emir November 937 – March 1009 963 1003 Son of Ahmad ibn Muhammad Overthrown by the Ghaznavids in 1003, dies as exile in 1009

Ghurid dynasty (879–1215)

Map of the Ghurid dynasty at its greatest extent by the year 1202.

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Throne name Original name Portrait Title Born-Died Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Ghurid dynasty (879-1215)
Amir Suri Malik ?-? ? ? Father of Muhammad ibn Suri[14] was the first Malik of the Ghurid dynasty
Muhammad ibn Suri Malik ?-1011 ? 1011 Son of Amir Suri Poisoned himself
Abu Ali ibn Muhammad Malik ?-1035 1011 1035 Son of Muhammad ibn Suri Overthrown and killed by his nephew Abbas ibn Shith
Abbas ibn Shith Malik ?-1060 1035 1060 Deposed and killed by the Ghaznavids, replaced by his son Muhammad ibn Abbas
Muhammad ibn Abbas Malik ?-1080 1060 1080 Son of Abbas ibn Shith
Qutb al-din Hasan Malik ?-1100 1080 1100 Son of Muhammad ibn Abbas
Izz al-Din Husayn Malik ?-1146 1100 1146 Son of Qutb al-din Hasan
Sayf al-Din Suri Malik ?-1149 1146 1149 Son of Izz al-Din Husayn
Baha al-Din Sam I Malik ?-1149 1149 1149 Son of Izz al-Din Husayn
Ala al-Din Husayn Malik ?-1161 1149 1161 Son of Izz al-Din Husayn
Sayf al-Din Muhammad Malik ?-1163 1161 1163 Son of Ala al-Din Husayn
Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad Sultan 1139-1202 1163 1202 Son of Baha al-Din Sam I
Mu'izz al-Din Sultan 1149-1206 1173 1206 Son of Baha al-Din Sam I
Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud Sultan ?-1212 1206 1212 Son of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
Baha al-Din Sam III Sultan ?-1213 1212 1213 Son of Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud
Ala al-Din Atsiz Sultan 1159-1214 1213 1214 Son of Ala al-Din Husayn
Ala al-Din Ali Sultan ?-1215 1214 1215 Son of Shuja al-Din Muhammad

Buyid Clan and their dynasty (934–1062)

Buyid Dynasty at its greatest extent.

The Buyid Empire was divided into a number of separate emirates, of which the most important were Fars, Ray, and Iraq. Generally, one of the emirs held a sort of primus inter pares supremacy over the rest, which would be marked by titles like Amir al-umara and Shahanshah. For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Buyids of Fars (933–1062)
Imad al-Dawla Abu'l-Hasan Ali Emir, Amir al-umara 891 – 949 934 949 Son of Buya Also Senior Buyid Emir (934-949)
Adud al-Dawla Fanna Khusraw Emir, Shahanshah 936–983 949 983 Son of Rukn al-Dawla and nephew of Imad al-Dawla Senior Buyid Emir (976-983) and Emir of Iraq (978-983)
Sharaf al-Dawla Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil Emir, Amir al-umara 962–989 983 989 Son of Adud al-Dawla Also Senior Buyid Emir and Emir of Iraq (987-989)
Samsam al-Dawla Abu Kalijar Marzuban Emir, King 964–998 989 998 son of Adud al-Dawla Also Emir of Iraq and self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983-986)
Baha' al-Dawla Abu Nasr Firuz Emir, King, Shahanshah 971–1012 998 1012 Son of Adud al-Dawla Also Emir of Iraq (988-1012) and Senior Buyid Emir (997-1012)
Sultan al-Dawla Abu Shuja Emir 992–1024 1012 1024 Son of Baha' al-Dawla Also Emir of Iraq and Senior Buyid Emir (1012-1021)
Abu Kalijar Marzuban Emir, Shahanshah ?1011 – 1048 1024 1048 Son of Sultan al-Dawla Also Emir of Kerman (1028-1048), Senior Buyid Emir (1037-1048) and Emir of Iraq (1044-1048)
Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun Emir ?–1062 1048 1054 Son of Abu Kalijar Lost Fars to Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah
Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah Emir ?–? 1051 1054 Son of Abu Kalijar Lost Fars to Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun Emir ?–1062 1054 1062 Son of Abu Kalijar Killed by the Shabankara tribal chief Fadluya
Buyids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamadan (935–1038)
Rukn al-Dawla Abu Ali Hasan Emir, Amir al-umara 898–976 935 976 Son of Buya Also Senior Buyid Emir (949-976)
Fakhr al-Dawla
(First reign)		 Abu'l-Hasan Ali Emir 952–997 976 980 Son of Rukn al-Dawla
Mu'ayyad al-Dawla Abu Mansur Emir 941–983 976 983 Son of Rukn al-Dawla Also Emir of Hamadan (976–983), Jibal (977–983), Tabaristan (980–983), and Gorgan (981–983)
Fakhr al-Dawla
(Second reign)		 Abu'l-Hasan Ali Emir, King, Shahanshah 983–997 976 997 Son of Rukn al-Dawla Also Emir of Hamadan & Tabaristan (984-997) and Senior Buyid Emir (991-997)
Majd al-Dawla Abu Taleb Rostam Emir 993–1029 997 1029 Son of Fakhr al-Dawla Only in Rey, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
Shams al-Dawla Abu Taher Emir ?–1021 997 1021 Son of Fakhr al-Dawla Only in Isfahan and Hamaedan, briefly self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir
Sama' al-Dawla Abu'l-Hasan Ali Emir ?–1023 1021 1023 Son of Shams al-Dawla Only in Hamadan, Deposed by Kakuyids
Buyids of Iraq and Khuzistan (945–1055)
Mu'izz al-Dawla Abu'l-Husayn Ahmad Emir, Amir al-umara 915–966 945 966 Son of Buya
Izz al-Dawla Abu Mansur Bakhtiyar Emir, Amir al-umara 943–979 966 979 Son of Mu'izz al-Dawla Self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (976-978)
Adud al-Dawla Fanna Khusraw Emir, Shahanshah 937–983 977 983 Son of Rukn al-Dawla Also Emir of Fars (949-983) and Senior Buyid Emir (976-983)
Samsam al-Dawla Abu Kalijar Marzban Emir, King 964–998 983 987 Son of Adud al-Dawla Also self-proclaimed Senior Buyid Emir (983-986) and Emir of Fars & Kerman (989-998)
Sharaf al-Dawla Abu'l-Fawaris Shirdil Emir, Amir al-umara 962–989 987 989 Son of Adud al-Dawla Also Emir of Fars (983-989) and Senior Buyid Emir (987-989)
Baha' al-Dawla Abu Nasr Firuz Emir 970–1012 989 1012 Son of Adud al-Dawla Also Senior Buyid Emir (997-1012) and Emir of Fars (999-1012)
Sultan al-Dawla Abu Shuja Emir 992–1024 1012 1021 Son of Baha' al-Dawla Also Senior Buyid Emir (1012-1021) and Emir of Fars (1012-1024)
Musharrif al-Dawla Abu 'Ali Emir, Shahanshah, King 1002–1025 1021 1025 Son of Baha' al-Dawla Closest thing to Senior Buyid Emir (1024-1025)
Jalal al-Dawla Abu Tahir Jalal al-Dawla Emir 994–1043 1027 1043 Son of Baha' al-Dawla
Abu Kalijar Marzuban Emir, Shahanshah ?1011 – 1048 1043 1048 Son of Sultan al-Dawla Also Emir of Fars (1024-1048), Emir of Kerman (1028-1048) and Senior Buyid Emir (1037-1048)
Al-Malik al-Rahim Abu Nasr Khusrau Firuz Emir ?–1058 1048 1055 Son of Abu Kalijar Also Senior Buyid Emir (1051-1055). Deposed by Tughril of the Seljuqs

Ziyarid dynasty (928–1043)

Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Born-Died Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Ziyarid dynasty, 928–1043 AD
1 Mardavij Abolhajjaj, Emir ?–934 928 934 son of Ziyar
2 Voshmgir Abutaher ?–967 934 967 son of Ziyar
3 Bisotoon Zahir od-Dowleh ?–976 967– 976 son of Voshmgir
4 Qabus Shams ol-Ma'ali, Abolhasan 976 1012 son of Voshmgir
5 Manuchehr Falak ol-Ma'ali 1012 1031 son of Qabus
6 Anushiravan Sharaf ol-Ma'ali 1031 1043 son of Manuchehr
7 Keykavous Onsor ol-Ma'ali son of Eskandar son of Qabus
8 Gilanshah son of Keykavous

Great Seljuqs and their Empire (1029–1194)

A map showing the Great Seljuk Empire at its height, upon the death of Malik Shah I in 1092.

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
House of Seljuq (1029–1191)
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Toğrül I Abu Talib Mohammad Beg, Sultan 995–1063 1029 1063 Son of Mikha'il son of Seljuq
ʿAdud ad-Dawla Alp Arslan Abu Shujaʿ Mohammad Sultan 1039–1072 1063 1072 Son of Chaghri Beg Dawud brother of Toğrül I
Jalal ad-Dawla wa'd-Din Malik Shah I Abu'l-Fath Hasan Sultan 1055–1092 1072 1092 Son of Alp Arslan Killed by Assassins
Nasir ad-Dawla wa'd-Din Abu'l-Qasim Mahmud I Sultan 1086–1094 1092 1094 Son of Malik Shah I
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu'l-Muzaffar Barkiyaruq Sultan 1080–1105 1094 1105 Son of Malik Shah I
Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu Shuja Muhammad I Tapar Sultan 1082–1118 1105 1118 Son of Malik Shah I
Muglith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Mahmud II Sultan 1104–1131 1118 1131 Son of Muhammad I Dominated by his uncle Sanjar and killed in a rebellion against him.
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu Talib Toghrul II Sultan 1109–1134 1132 1134 Son of Muhammad I Ruled only in Iraq, dominated by his uncle Ahmed Sanjar
As-Salatin Muʿizz ad-Dunyā wa'd-Dīn Abu'l-Harith Ahmed Sanjar Sultan 1087–1157 1097 1157 Son of Malik Shah I Ruled in Khorasan, dominating a series of nephews in Iraq.
Ghiyath ad-Dawla wa'd-Din Abu'l-Fath Mas'ud Sultan 1109–1152 1134 1152 Son of Muhammad I Ruled over the western portion of the empire. Preoccupations in the east meant Sanjar was unable to dominate him.
Mugith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din
(First reign)		 Malik Shah II Sultan 1128–1160 1152 1153 Son of Mahmud II Deposed by Khass Bey
Ghiyath ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Abu Shuja Muhammad II Sultan 1128–1160 1153 1160 Son of Mahmud II Rule contested with his uncle Sulayman Shah (1153-1155)
Mu'izz ad-Dunya wa'd-Din
(First reign)		 Abu'l-Harith Sulayman Shah Sultan 1118–1162 1153 1155 Son of Muhammad I Rule contested with his nephew Muhammad II
Mugith ad-Dunya wa'd-Din
(Second reign)		 Malik Shah II Sultan 1128–1160 1160 1160 Son of Mahmud II Deposed by the people of Isfahan after 16 days.
Mu'izz ad-Dunya wa'd-Din
(Second reign)		 Abu'l-Harith Sulayman Shah Sultan 1118–1162 1160 1161 Son of Muhammad I Deposed by Inanj, Lord of Reyy and the court officials
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din Arslan Sultan 1134–1176 1161 1176 Son of Toghrul II De facto power in the hands of Ildeniz (1160-1174) and his son Pahlavan (1174-1176)
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din
(First reign)		 Abu Talib Toghrul III Sultan ?–1194 1176 1194 Son of Arslan De facto power in the hands of Pahlavan (1176-1186) and Qizil Arslan (1186-1188). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191.
Sanjar II Sultan 1189 1191 Son of Sulayman Shah De facto power in the hands of Qizil Arslan (1189-1191). Deposed by Qizil Arslan in 1191.
Eldiguzids (1191)
Qizil Arslan Sultan ?–1191 1191 1191 Son of Ildeniz Held de facto power (1186-1188). Deposed Qizil Arslan in 1191, declared himself Sultan and died an hour before his coronation.
House of Seljuq (1191–1194)
Rukn ad-Dunya wa'd-Din
(Second reign)		 Abu Talib Toghrul III Sultan ?–1194 1176 1194 Son of Arslan Killed by Khwarazm Shah Tekish

Khwarezmid dynasty (1153–1231)

Khwarazmian Empire at its greatest extent.

An empire built from Khwarezm, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia. For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Khwarezmid Empire (1153–1231)
Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Atsiz Sultan 1097/1105–1156 1153 1156 son of Muhammad I of Khwarazm Ruling in Khwārazm from 1127
Taj ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Il-Arslan Sultan ?–1171 1156 1172 son of Atsiz
Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Tekish Sultan ?–1200 1172 1200 son of Il-Arslan With opposition from Sultan shah
Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Sanjar Shah ?–1220 1200 1220 son of Tekish Eliminated by the Mongols
Jalal ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Muzaffar Mingburnu Jalal od-Din, Sultan ?–1231 1220 1231 son of Muhammad Reign largely guerilla warfare against the Mongol conquerors

Mongol Empire and Ilkhanate (1230–1357)

Mongol Empire at its greatest extent.
Ilkhanate at its greatest extent.

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Great Khans (1221–1256)
Genghis Temujin Khan 1162–1227 1221 1227 Son of Yesugei Baghatur Ruling in Mongolia from 1206
Tolui Khan 1192–1232 25 August 1227 13 September 1229 Son of Genghis Regent
Ögedei Khan c. 1186 – 11 December 1241 13 September 1229 11 December 1241 Son of Genghis
Töregene Khatun ?–? 1242 1246 Wife of Ögedei Regent
Güyük Khan c. 1206–1248 1246 1248 Son of Ögedei and Töregene
Oghul Qaimish Khatun ?–1251 1248 1251 Wife of Güyük Regent
Möngke Khan 10 January 1209 – 11 August 1259 1 July 1251 11 August 1259 Son of Tolui
Ilkhanate (1256–1357)
Hulagu Khan, Ilkhan c. 1217 – 8 February 1265 1256 8 February 1265 Son of Tolui
Abaqa Khan, Ilkhan 1234–1282 1265 1 April 1282 Son of Hulagu
Ahmad Nicholas Tekuder Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan ?–1284 1282 1284 Son of Hulagu Killed by Arghun
Arghun Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan c. 1258 – 7 March 1291 1284 7 March 1291 Son of Abaqa
Gaykhatu Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan ?–1295 1291 1295 Son of Abaqa Killed by general Taghachar
Baydu Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan ?–1295 1295 1295 Son of Taraqai son of Hulagu Executed by Ghazan
Mahmud Ghazan Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan 5 November 1271– 11 May 1304 1295 1304 Son of Arghun
Muhammad Khodabandeh Öljaitü Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan, 1280 – 16 December 1316 1304 16 December 1316 Son of Arghun
Abu Sa'id Ala' ad-Din Bahadur Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan 2 June 1305 – 1 December 1335 1316 1 December 1335 Son of Öljaitü
Arpa Ke'un Mu'izz ad-Din Mahmud Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan ?–1336 1335 10 April 1336 Son of Suseh son of Munkqan son of Malik-Temur son of Ariq Böke son of Tolui Killed in battle by Ali Padshah
Nasir ad-Din Musa Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan ?–1337 12 April 1336 1337 Son of Ali son of Baydu Puppet of Ali Padshah, fled after being defeated by the Jalayirid Hasan Buzurg
Togha Temür Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan ?–1353 1335 1353 Son of Sudi son of Bababahathor son of Abokan son of Amakan son of Tur son of Jujiqisar son of Yesugei Baghatur In opposition to Jalayirid and Chupanid candidates, killed by the Sarbadar Yahya Karawi
Muzaffar ad-Din Muhammad Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan, ?–1338 1336 1338 Son of Yul Qotloq son of Il Temur son of Ambarji son of Mengu Temur son of Hulagu Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, executed by the Chupanid Hasan Kucek
Sati beg Khatun c. 1300 – after 1345 1338 1339 Daughter of Öljaitü Puppet of Hasan Kucek, who deposed her.
Izz ad-Din Jahan Temür Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan, ?–? 1339 1340 Son of Ala-Fireng son of Gaykhatu Puppet of Hasan Buzurg, who deposed him for Togha Temür.
Suleiman Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan ?–? May 1339 1345 Husband of Sati beg and son of Yusef Shah son of Soga son of Yeshmut son of Hulagu Puppet of Hasan Kucek, fled to Diyarbakr in the disorder after his death.
Anushirwan Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan ?–? 1344 1356 ? Puppet of the Chupanid Malek Ashraf
Luqman Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan ?–? 1353 1388 Son of Togha Temür Puppet of Timur
Ghazan II Khan, Ilkhan, Sultan ?–? 1356 1357 ? Puppet of Malek Ashraf

Rival dynasties (1332–1501)

For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:

Sarbadars (1332–1386)

Sarbadars in 1345
Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Sarbadars (1332 - 1386)
Abd al-Razzaq ibn Fazlullah Amir ??-1338 1337 1338 Revolted against Togha Temür, stabbed to death by his brother
Wajih ad-Din Masud ibn Fazlullah Amir ??-1344 1338 1344 brother of Abd al-Razzaq Captured by the Paduspanids and executed.
Muhammad Aytimur (1343–1346) Amir ??-1346 1344 1346 Unrelated to predecessors Overthrown and executed
Kulu Isfendiyar Amir ??-c. 1347 1346 c. 1347 Unrelated to predecessors
Shams al-Din ibn Fazl Allah Amir ??-?? c. 1347 1347 brother of Abd al-Razzaq Forced to abdicate by successor
Khwaja Shams al-Din 'Ali Amir ??-1351/1352 1347 1351/1352 Unrelated to predecessors Assassinated by a disgruntled official
Yahya Karawi Amir ??-1355/1356 1351/1352 1355/1356 Unrelated to predecessors Eliminated Togha Temür, assassinated.
Zahir al-Din Karawi Amir ??-1355/1356 1355/1356 1355/1356 Nephew of Yahya Karawi Deposed by vizier
Haidar Qassab Amir ??-1356 1355/1356 1356 Unrelated to predecessors Assassinated by a Turkish slave
Lutf Allah Amir ??-1357/1358 or 1361 1356 1357/1358 or 1361 Son of Wajih ad-Din Masud Deposed and executed by his vizier
Hasan al-Damghani Amir ??-1361/1362 1357/1358 or 1361 1361/1362 Unrelated to predecessors Overthrown by Dervish rebels
Khwaja 'Ali-yi Mu'ayyad ibn Masud Amir ??-?? 1361/1362 1376/1377 Unrelated to predecessors
Rukn ad-Din Amir 1376/1377 1376/1377 Unrelated to predecessors Installed by Dervish rebels.
Khwaja 'Ali-yi Mu'ayyad ibn Masud Amir ??-?? 1376/1377 1381 Unrelated to predecessors Restored, became vassal of Tamerlane in 1381

Chupanids (1335–1357)

Chupanids (blue)
Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Chupanids (1335–1357)
Hassan Kuchak Amir c. 1319–December 15, 1343 July 16, 1338 December 15, 1343 Son of Timurtash son of Chupan Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Sati Beg and Suleiman Khan.
Yagi Basti Amir ?-1344 1343 1344 Son of Chupan Assassinated by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf.
Surgan Amir c. 1320-? 1343 1345 Son of Chupan and Sati Beg Driven out by his co-ruler Malek Ashraf.
Malek Ashraf Amir ?-1357 1343 1357 Brother of Hassan Kuchak Ruled on behalf of his Il-Khanate puppets Anushirwan. Hung by Jani Beg of the Golden Horde.
Temürtas Amir ?-1360 1360 1360 Son of Malek Ashraf Short-lived puppet of the Golden Horde.

Jalayirids (1335–1432)

Jalayirids at its greatest extent
Throne name Original name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Jalayirids (1335–1432)
Taj-ud-Din Hasan Buzurg Ulus Beg ?-1356 1336 1356 Son-in-law of Chupan Ruled through Ilkhanate puppets Muhammad Khan and Jahan Temür.
Mu'izz-ud-dunya wa'd-Din Shaikh Uvais Bahadur Khan c. 1337-1374 1356 1374 Son of Hasan Buzurg
Hasan Shaikh ?-1374 1374 1374 Son of Shaikh Uvais Killed by the Amirs
Jalal-ud-Din Husain I (1374–1382) Shaikh ?-1382 1374 1382 Son of Shaikh Uvais Executed by his rebellious brother Ahmed
Bayazid Shaikh ?-? 1382 1384 Son of Shaikh Uvais In opposition to Husain and Ahmed
Ghiyath ud-Din Ahmad Sultan ?-1410 1383 1410 Son of Shaikh Uvais In exile 1393-4, 1400-2, 1403-5. Killed in battle by Qara Yusuf
Ala ud-Dunya Shah Walad Sultan ?-1411 1410 1411 Son of Ali, son of Uvais
Mahmud Sultan ?-1425 1411 1411 Son of Shah Walad Under regency of Tandu Khatun
Uvais Sultan ?-1421 1415 1421 Son of Shah Walad
Muhammad Sultan ?-1421 1421 1421 Son of Shah Walad
Mahmud Sultan ?-1425 1421 1425 Son of Shah Walad Second reign
Hussain ?-1432 1425 1432 Son of Ala-ud-Dawlah, son of Ahmed Defeated by Kara Koyunlu

Injuids (1335–1357)

Injuids at its greatest extent.
name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Injuids (1335–1357)
Sharaf ad-Din Mahmud Shah ?-1325 1304 1335 Highly autonomous master of the Ilkhanate royal estates (the injü), removed by Abu Sa'id, executed by Arpa Ke'un.
Ghiyath ad-Din Kai-Khusrau Amir ?-1338/9 1335 1338/9 Son of Mahmud Shah
Jalal ad-Din Mas'ud Shah Amir ?-1342 1338 1342 Son of Mahmud Shah In opposition to Kai-Khusrau. Jalayirid partisan. Assassinated by Chupanids.
Shams ad-Din Muhammad Amir ?-1339/40 1339/40 1339/40 Son of Mahmud Shah In opposition to Mas'ud Shah. Murdered by his Chupanid supporter.
Shaikh Abu Ishaq Amir ?-? 1343 1357 Son of Mahmud Shah Defeated & executed by the Muzaffarids

Muzaffarids (1314–1393)

Muzaffarids at its greatest extent.
name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Muzaffarids (1335–1357)
Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar Emir 1301-1368 1314 1358 Founder of the Muzaffarid dynasty
Shah Shuja Emir ?-1384 1358 1384
Zain al-Abidin Emir ?-1387 1384 1387
Shah Yahya Emir ?-1391 1387 1391 Only ruled in Shiraz
Shah Mansur Emir ?-1393 1391 1393

Kara Koyunlu (1375-1468)

Kara Koyunlu at its greatest extent.
Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Kara Koyunlu (1375-1468)
Qara Muhammad Qara Muhammad Turmush ibn Bairam Khwaja Bey ?–1388 1378 1388 First Bey of Kara Koynulu
Qara Yusuf Abu Nasr Qara Yusuf Nuyan ibn Muhammad Bey ?–1420 1388 1420 Reign ended by Timurid invasion
Qara Iskander Qara Iskander ibn Yusuf Bey ?-1436 1420 1436 killed
Jahan Shah Muzaffar al-Din Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf Bey 1397-11 November 1467 1438 11 November 1467 Son of Qara Yusuf Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu
Hasan Ali Hasan Ali ibn Jahan Shah Bey ?-1468 11 November 1467 1468 Son of Jahan Shah Killed by Uzun Hasan of the Ak Koyunlu

Ak Koyunlu (1378-1497)

Aq Qoyunlu empire at the year of Uzun Hasan's death, 1478.
Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Ak Koyunlu[15][16] (1378-1497)
Qara Osman Qara Yuluk (Nickname) Bey ?–1435 1378 1435 For aiding Timur, he was given Diyarbakir in 1402
Ali Nur al-Din Ali ibn Qara Yülük Bey ?-1438 1435 1438 Son of Qara Osman
Hamza Bey ?–1444 1403 1435
Jahangir M‘uizz al-Din Jahangir ibn Ali ibn Qara Yülük Bey ?-1453 1444 1453 Son of Qara Osman
Uzun Hassan Uzun Hassan ibn Jahangir Bey ?-1478 1453 January 6, 1478 Son of Jahangir
Khalil Khalil ibn Uzun Hasan Bey ?-1479 1478 1479 Son of Uzun Hasan
Yaqub Yaqub ibn Uzun Hasan Bey ?-1490 1479 1490 Son of Uzun Hasan
Baysongur Baysongur ibn Yaqub Bey ?-1491 1490 1491 Son of Yaqub
Rostam Rostam inb Maqsud Bey ?-1496 1491 1497 Son of Maqsud
Ahmad Govde Ahmad Govde inb Muhammad Bey ?-1497 1497 1497 Son of Muhammad

Timurid dynasty (1370–1507)

Locator map of the Timurid Empire, c. 1400.
Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Reign began Reign ended Family Relations Note
Timurid Empire (1370–1449)
Timur Tarmashirin Khan Barlas Emir, Beg, Khan, Mirza, Gurkani 9 April 1336 – 18 February 1405 1370 18 February 1405 Son of Muhammad Taraghai
Pir Muhammad Pir Muhammad Khan bin Jahangir Emir, Khan c. 1374 – 22 February 1407 18 February 1405 22 February 1407 Grandson of Timur
Khalil Sultan Khalil Sultan bin Miran Shah Emir, Sultan, Shah c. 1384 – 4 November 1411 18 February 1405 13 May 1409 Grandson of Timur
Shahrukh Mirza Shahrukh Mirza Mirza 30 August 1377 – 12 March 1447 18 February 1405 12 March 1447 Son of Timur
Ulugh Beg Mirza Muhammad Tāraghay Mirza, Sultan 22 March 1394 – 27 October 1449 12 March 1447 27 October 1449 Son of Shahrukh Mirza Deposed and murdered by his successor
Rulers in Transoxiana (1449-1469):
Abdal-Latif Padarkush Mirza, Sultan c. 1429 - 9 May 1450 27 October 1449 9 May 1450 Son of Ulugh Beg Murdered by Amirs
'Abdullah Mirza c. 1410 - June 1451 9 May 1450 June 1451 Grandson of Shah Rukh Deposed and executed by his successor
Abu Sa'id Mirza 1424 - 1469 June 1451 17 February 1469 Nephew of Ulugh Beg and great-grandson of Timur Conquered Khurasan in 1459, realm disintegrates at his death.
Rulers in Khurasan (1449-1459, 1459-1507):
Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza ?-1457 1449 1457 Grandson of Shah Rukh
Shah Mahmud Mirza c. 1446 - 1460s 1457 1457 Son of Babur Expelled by successor
Ibrahim Mirza ? - March 1459 1457 March 1459 Nephew of Babur Died at Battle of Sarakhs
Interregnum (1459-1469)
Husayn Bayqarah Mirza, Sultan June/July 1438 - 4 May 1506 24 March 1469 4 May 1506 Great-grandson of Timur
Badi' al-Zaman Mirza ? - 1517 4 May 1506 1507 Son of Husayn Driven out by Uzbeks
Uzbeks (1507-1510)
Shaybani Khan Abul Fath Muhammad Khan c. 1451 - 2 December 1510 1507 2 December 1510 Died at the Battle of Marv

Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)

The maximum extent of the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I.
Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
Ismail I Shah, Sultan, Kagan-i Suleyman shan, Turk-Tajdar 1487–1524 7 November 1502 23 May 1524 son of Sultan Heidar
Tahmasp I Shah, Sahib-i-Qiran, Sultan bar Salatin, Kagan-i Suleyman shan 1514–1576 23 May 1525 25 May 1576 son of Ismail I
Ismail II Shah 1537–1577 25 May 1576 24 November 1577 son of Tahmasp I Poisoned (?)
Mohammad I Khodabandeh, Ashraf, Soltan 1532–1596 25 May 1576 1 October 1587 son of Tahmasp I Deposed
Abbas I Shahanshah, Sultan, Great 1571–1629 1 October 1587 19 January 1629 son of Mohammad I
Safi Sam Mirza Shah, Mirza 1611–1642 19 January 1629 12 May 1642 son of Mohammd Baqer (Safi) Mirza son of Abbas I
Abbas II Shah 1632–1666 12 May 1642 26 October 1666 son of Safi
Suleiman I Safi Mirza Shah, Hakem-ol Hokama 1645–1694 26 October 1666 29 July 1694 son of Abbas II
Sultan Husayn Shah, Sultan, Sadr-ol Hakem 1668–1726 29 July 1694 11 September 1722 son of Suleiman I Deposed & then killed by Ashraf Hotak
Afghan Rebellion
Mahmud Hotak Shah 1697?–1725 23 October 1722 22 April 1725 son-in-law of Sultan Husayn son of Mirwais Khan Hotak Recognised as Shah of Persia after the Siege of Isfahan
Ashraf Hotak Shah ?–1730 22 April 1725 5 October 1729 cousin of Mahmud Hotak Ruled in opposition to Tahmasp II and lost control of Persia after the Battle of Damghan
Safavid restoration
Tahmasp II Shah 1704–1740 11 September 1722 16 April 1732 son of Sultan Husayn Ruled in opposition to Mahmud Hotak, later deposed & then killed by Nader
Abbas III Shah 1730–1739 16 April 1732 22 January 1736 son of Tahmasp II Under control of Nader. Deposed & then killed by Nader

Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)

Afsharid dynasty at its greatest extent.
Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Afsharid dynasty[17] (1736–1796)
Nader Shah Nadhar Qoli Khan Shah, Sultan, Hakem-ol Hokama, Hazrat-e Ashraf 1698–1747 22 January 1736 19 June 1747 son of Imam Qoli Beig Afshar Before crowning his title was Tahmasp Qoli Khan. Killed
Adil Shah Ali Qoli Beig Shah 1719/20–1749 19 June 1747 29 July 1748 son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader Deposed, blinded & then killed by Ebrahim
Ebrahim Afshar Mohammd Ali Beig Shah 1724–1749 29 July 1748 3 September 1748 son of Mohammad Ebrahim Khan brother of Nader Deposed & then killed by Shahrukh Afshar
Shahrukh Afshar Shah 1734–1796 3 September 1748 1796 son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi Deposed & blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750)
Brief Safavid control[18] (1749-1750)
Suleiman II of Persia Mir Sayyed Mohammad Marashi Shah ?-? 1749 1750 Pretender to the Safavid throne Removed and blinded
Afsharid restoration[19] (1750-1796)
Shahrukh Afshar Shah 1734–1796 3 September 1748 1796 son of Reza Qoli Mirza son of Nader. His mother was Fatemeh Soltan Beigom daughter of Sultan Husayn I Safavi Deposed & blinded by Suleiman II (1749), restored (1750)

Zand dynasty (1751–1794)

Map of the Zand dynasty at Lotf Ali Khan time.
Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Zand dynasty[20] (1751–1794)
Karim Khan Mohammad Karim Khan, Vakil e-Ra'aayaa 1705–1779 1751 6 March 1779 son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha
Mohammad Ali Khan Khan 1760–1779 6 March 1779 19 June 1779 son of Karim
Abol Fath Khan Khan 1755–1787 6 March 1779 22 August 1779 son of Karim
Zaki Khan Khan ?–22 August 1779 6 March 1779 22 August 1779 son of Budaq Khan & Bay Agha
Sadiq Khan Zand Mohammad Sadeq Khan ?–1782 22 August 1779 14 March 1781 son of Inaq Khan & Bay Agha
Ali Murad Khan Khan 1720–1785 14 March 1781 11 February 1785 son of Allah Morad (Qeytas) Khan Zand Hazareh
Jafar Khan Khan ?–1789 18 February 1785 23 January 1789 son of Sadeq
Sayed Murad Khan Khan ?–1789 23 January 1789 10 May 1789 son of Khoda Morad Khan Zand Hazareh
Lotf Ali Khan Khan 1769–1794 23 January 1789 20 March 1794 son of Ja'far Deposed, blinded & then killed by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar

Qajar dynasty (1794–1925)

Map of the Qajar dynasty at Mohammad Khan time.
Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Qajar dynasty[21] (1794–1925)
Mohammad Khan Qajar Agha Mohammad Khan Khan, Shah, Khaqan 1742–1797 20 March 1794 17 June 1797 Son of Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar Gelded prior to accession. Assassinated
Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar Baba Khan Shah, Khaqan, Soltane Saheb Qaran 1772–1834 17 June 1797 23 October 1834 son of Hosein Qoli Khan Jahansuz brother of Mohammad
Mohammad Shah Qajar Shah, Khaqan 1808–1848 23 October 1834 5 September 1848 son of Abbas Mirza Nayeb os-Saltaneh son of Fat'h Ali
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar Shah, Khaqan, Soltane Saheb Qaran, Qebleye alam 1831–1896 5 September 1848 1 May 1896 son of Mohammad and Mahd-e Olia Assassinated at Shah-Abdol-Azim by Mirza Reza Kermani
Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar Shah, Khaqan 1853–1907 1 May 1896 3 January 1907 son of Naser ed-Din
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar Shah 1872–1925 3 January 1907 16 July 1909 son of Mozaffar ed-Din Deposed
Ahmad Shah Qajar Shah 1898–1930 16 July 1909 15 December 1925 son of Mohammd Ali Deposed

Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)

Map of the Pahlavi dynasty.
Throne Name Original Name Portrait Title Birth–Death Entered office Left office Family Relations Note
Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)
Reza Shah Alahazrat, Homayoun, Shahanshah, Sardar Sepah 1878–1944 15 December 1925 16 September 1941 son of Abbas Ali Deposed during the Anglo-Soviet invasion
Mohammad Reza Shah Alahazrat, Homayoun, Shahanshah, Ariamehr, Bozorg Arteshtaran, Khodaygan 1919–1980 16 September 1941 11 February 1979 son of Reza Shah Deposed during the Iranian Revolution

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ G. Posener, La première domination perse en Égypte, Cairo, 1936, pp. 30-36.
  2. 1 2 Assar, 2004.Assar, 2005. Assar, "Moses of Choren & the Early Parthian Chronology", 2006.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II"
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 BC" Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II"
  5. ↑ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 BC"
  6. ↑ Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4
  7. ↑ Tacitus, The Annals, 11.10
  8. ↑ See: Unknown King (III) (c. AD 140)
  9. ↑ See: Tiridates III (c. AD 224 – 228?)
  10. ↑ In Persian it means "King of Kings"
  11. ↑ "The great king of Armenians"
  12. ↑ "The penetrator of the shoulders"
  13. 1 2 "Queen"
  14. ↑ In arabic, ibn means son of. so muhammad ibn suri means: muhammad son of suri (so suri is his father)
  15. ↑ Muʾayyid S̲ābitī, ʻAlī (1967). Asnad va Namahha-yi Tarikhi (Historical documents and letters from early Islamic period towards the end of Shah Ismaʻil Safavi's reign.). Iranian culture & literature (46). Kitābkhānah-ʾi Ṭahūrī., pp. 193, 274, 315, 330, 332, 422 and 430. See also: Abdul Hussein Navai, Asnaad o Mokatebaat Tarikhi Iran (Historical sources and letters of Iran), Tehran, Bongaah Tarjomeh and Nashr-e-Ketab, 2536, pages 578,657, 701-702 and 707
  16. ↑ H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."
  17. ↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7, 1991, p. 960.
  18. ↑ http://www.san.beck.org/1-11-Ottoman1730-1875.html
  19. ↑ Lang, David Marshall (1957), The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658-1832, p. 148. Columbia University Press
  20. ↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7, 1991, p. 961.
  21. ↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7, 1991, p. 962.

Bibliography

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