Ever Victorious Army

Ever Victorious Army
Active	1860-1864
Country	China
Allegiance	China
Role	Shock combat
Size	5,000
Engagements	Nian Rebellion and Taiping Rebellions.
Commanders
Notable commanders	Frederick Townsend Ward Charles George Gordon Henry Andres Burgevine Albert Édouard Le Brethon de Caligny

The Ever Victorious Army (Chinese: 常勝軍; pinyin: cháng shèng jūn; Wade–Giles: Ch'ang² Sheng⁴ Chün¹) was the name given to an imperial army in late-19th-century China. The Ever Victorious Army fought for the Qing Dynasty against the rebels of the Nian and Taiping Rebellions.

The Ever Victorious Army consisted of Chinese soldiers trained and led by an American and European officer corps. Though the Army was only active for a few years, from 1860 to 1864, it was instrumental in putting down the Taiping Rebellion. It was the first Chinese army which was trained in European techniques, tactics, and strategy. As such, it became a model for later Chinese armies.

History

Origins

The Ever Victorious Army had its beginnings as a force formed under the command of Frederick Townsend Ward in 1860. Ward introduced what were for the time radical ideas involving force structure, training, discipline, and weaponry (though there are historians who question whether his lieutenant and confidant Li Hongzhang was also responsible for some of the then-unique ideas that forged the Ever Victorious Army). He believed in a more flexible command structure, and that well trained, disciplined, mobile units could defeat larger forces lacking these qualities. Following several early victories, the Qing dynasty officially bestowed the title "Ever Victorious Army" on the corps in March 1862.

Change in command

Following Ward's death in September 1862 after the Battle of Cixi, command of the Ever Victorious Army passed, after a short period of time, to Charles George Gordon, known as "Chinese" Gordon. Under Gordon the Ever Victorious Army, in collaboration with the Chinese Imperial forces, would fight some of the final and decisive battles that ended the Taiping Rebellion.

Tactics

The Ever Victorious Army numbered around 5,000 soldiers at its height. It often defeated rebel forces which were numerically much larger because it was better armed, better commanded, and better trained. It was the first Chinese army to incorporate western style training and tactics, modern weaponry, and most important, the concept of light fast moving infantry units which could move faster than their opponents. Though Gordon has received most of the credit for the victories, it was Ward who originated the concepts that resulted in the Ever Victorious Army, and its ability to win those victories for Gordon. In recent years, there has been an effort to pay tribute to the man who molded the Ever Victorious Army, Ward, aided by Li Hongzhang, rather than Gordon.

Composition

The new force originally comprised about 200 mostly European mercenaries, enlisted in the Shanghai area from sailors, deserters and adventurers. Many were dismissed in the summer of 1861, but the remainder became the officers of 1,200 Chinese soldiers recruited by Ward in and around Sungkiang. The Chinese troops were increased to 3,000 by May 1862, all equipped with Western firearms and equipment by the British authorities in Shanghai. Throughout its four-year existence the Ever Victorious Army was mainly to operate within a thirty-mile radius of Shanghai.

Structure

The infantry of the Ever Victorious Army was organised into battalions, usually referred to during the period of Gordon's command as regiments. By 1864 there were six regiments numbering between 250 and 650 men. Each comprised six companies, with a nominal establishment of two foreign officers, seven Chinese non-commissioned officers and up to 80 Chinese privates. There was one Chinese interpreter per regiment, although commands were given exclusively in English which had to be learnt by rote.

Bodyguard

Ward created a separate Bodyguard of Filipinos numbering 200–300. Under Gordon this force comprised a company of foreigners (including both Africans and Europeans) and 100 handpicked Chinese soldiers.

Artillery

By 1863 the Ever Victorious Army included a separate artillery arm, comprising six batteries of Heavy and Light Artillery. Each had an establishment of five foreign officers, 19 Chinese non-commissioned officers and 120–150 Chinese gunners.

River-boat fleet

Ward bought and chartered a flotilla of about twelve armed paddle steamers, supported by 30–50 Chinese gunboats. Under Gordon this small navy dwindled to two steamers, subsequently increased to six. Both steamers and gunboats were fitted with 9- or 12-pounder bow-guns. The largest vessel was the Hyson, which was 90 feet long and carried a 32-pounder gun as well as a 12-pounder howitzer.

Uniforms

According to the North China Herald, the Bodyguard wore blue uniforms with scarlet facings and green shoulder straps bearing unit identification in Chinese characters. Artillerymen wore light blue uniforms with red facings and trouser stripes. Infantry wore dark green in winter dress with red facings and shoulder straps in regimental colours. In summer all branches wore white uniforms with scarlet facings. All units wore green turbans.

End of the Ever Victorious Army

Gordon's stringent discipline led to an increase in desertions and several small scale mutinies. Accordingly, by June 1863 the force had declined in numbers to 1,700 men. In the final year of its existence, the Ever Victorious Army was largely recruited from former Taiping rebels who had been taken prisoner and persuaded to change sides. By April 1864 the Army had become less effective and had suffered several setbacks. It was disbanded in May 1864 with 104 foreign officers and 2,288 Chinese soldiers being paid off. The bulk of the artillery and some infantry transferred to the Chinese Imperial forces.

Literary allusions

Robert Jordan named the Seanchan army in his Wheel of Time fantasy series after the Ever Victorious Army.

Ward turns up in George MacDonald Fraser's fictional The Flashman Papers series novel Flashman and the Dragon as a Yangtse opium smuggler (apocryphal) and as the embryonic leader of the Ever Victorious Army.

Ward appears as Fletcher Thorson Wood in the novel Yang Shen by James Lande, which relates the tale of the first three years of the Ever Victorious Army, from its beginning as the Foreign Rifles in 1860 through September 1862.

External links

Ever-Victorious Army

Qing dynasty topics

History	Seven Grievances First Manchu invasion of Korea Second Manchu invasion of Korea Qing conquest of the Ming Battle of Shanhai Pass Great Clearance Revolt of the Three Feudatories Sino-Russian border conflicts Dzungar–Qing War Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) Chinese Rites controversy Ten Great Campaigns Miao Rebellion (1735–36) Lhasa riot of 1750 Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa Sino-Nepalese War Miao Rebellion (1795–1806) White Lotus Rebellion First Opium War Sino-Sikh War Taiping Rebellion Nian Rebellion Red Turban Rebellion (1854–56) Miao Rebellion (1854–73) Nepalese–Tibetan War Panthay Rebellion Second Opium War Amur Acquisition Self-Strengthening Movement Dungan Revolt (1862–77) Mudan Incident (1871) Tianjin Massacre Margary Affair Northern Chinese Famine Qing reconquest of Xinjiang Sino-French War Sikkim Expedition Jindandao Incident First Sino-Japanese War Gongche Shangshu movement Dungan Revolt (1895–96) Hundred Days' Reform Boxer Rebellion Red Lanterns Eight-Nation Alliance New Policies British expedition to Tibet 1905 Tibetan Rebellion Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) Railway Protection Movement Xinhai Revolution Wuchang Uprising Xinhai Lhasa turmoil Mongolian Revolution of 1911 Xinhai Revolution in Xinjiang Manchu Restoration

Government	Emperor List Family tree Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty Flag of the Qing dynasty Cup of Solid Gold Great Qing Legal Code Grand Council Imperial Household Department Imperial Clan Court Ministry of Posts and Communications Zongli Yamen Lifan Yuan Amban Imperial Commissioner Provincial governor Provincial military commander Nine Gates Infantry Commander Viceroys Zhili Shaan-Gan Liangjiang Huguang Sichuan Min-Zhe Liangguang Yun-Gui Three Northeast Provinces

Military	Military of the Qing dynasty Eight Banners Green Standard Army Ever Victorious Army Xiang Army Chu Army Huai Army Beiyang Army Wuwei Troop New Army Imperial Guards Brigade Peking Field Force Hushenying Shuishiying Qing dynasty in Inner Asia Manchuria under Qing rule Mongolia under Qing rule Administrative divisions Xinjiang under Qing rule General of Ili Tibet under Qing rule Golden Urn List of imperial residents Taiwan under Qing rule Provincial Administration Hall

Compilations & Documents	Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor Gujin Tushu Jicheng Kangxi Dictionary Peiwen Yunfu Quan Tangshi Treaty of Nerchinsk Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) Pentaglot Dictionary History of Ming Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao Researches on Manchu Origins Imperial Decree of declaration of war against foreign powers Imperial Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol Qinding Xianfa Dagang Unequal treaty Treaty of Nanking Treaty of the Bogue Treaty of Wanghia Treaty of Whampoa Treaty of Canton Treaty of Kulja Treaty of Aigun Treaty of Tientsin Convention of Tientsin Convention of Peking Treaty of Tarbagatai Burlingame Treaty Chefoo Convention Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking Treaty of Shimonoseki Li–Lobanov Treaty Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory Boxer Protocol Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet

Palaces & Mausoleums	Forbidden City Mukden Palace Summer Palace Old Summer Palace Chengde Mountain Resort Fuling Tomb Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Eastern Qing tombs Western Qing tombs

Society & Culture	Qing poetry Kaozheng Changzhou School of Thought Literary Inquisition Booi Aha Dibao Queue Qing official headwear Shamanism in the Qing dynasty Islam during the Qing dynasty Four Wangs Manchu Han Imperial Feast

Other topics	Manchu people Aisin Gioro Names of the Qing dynasty Draft History of Qing New Qing History Willow Palisade Chuang Guandong Canton System Treaty ports Anti-Qing sentiment Qing conquest theory Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty

Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → N. & S. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → Modern China

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, April 14, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.