Fiat 124 Sport Spider

Fiat 124 Sport Spider
1974 Fiat 124 Sport Spider
Overview
Manufacturer	FIAT 1966–1982 Pininfarina 1983–1985
Also called	Pininfarina Spider (1983–1985)
Production	1966–1985
Assembly	Turin, Italy San Giorgio Canavese, Italy (Pininfarina)
Designer	Pininfarina: Tom Tjaarda (designer), Franco Martinengo (design director), Battista Pininfarina[1]
Body and chassis
Body style	2-door cabriolet
Layout	Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive
Related	Fiat 124
Powertrain
Engine	1,438 cc (1.4 L) I4 1,592 cc (1.6 L) I4 1,608 cc (1.6 L) I4 1,756 cc (1.8 L) I4 1,995 cc (2.0 L) I4 1,995 cc (2.0 L) turbo I4 1,995 cc (2.0 L) sc I4
Transmission	4-speed manual 5-speed manual 3-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase	89.75 in (2,280 mm)[2]
Length	156.25 in (3,969 mm)[2]
Width	63.5 in (1,613 mm)[2]
Height	49.25 in (1,251 mm)[2]
Chronology
Predecessor	Fiat 1500 Cabriolet
Successor	Fiat Barchetta

The Fiat 124 Sport Spider is a 2+2 convertible sports car marketed by FIAT from 1966 to 1980 – having debuted at the November 1966 Turin Auto Show. Designed and manufactured by Italian carrozzeria Pininfarina, Fiat and Pininfarina continued to market the monocoque-bodied car as the 2000 Spider from 1979 to 1982. Pininfarina itself assumed the car's marketing from 1983 to the end of its production in 1985 – as the Pininfarina Spider Azzura.

The car was sold in Europe and the U.S. from its introduction until the 1975 model year when it was modified to comply with new U.S. regulations and no European version was produced. Sales in Europe resumed when Pininfarina took over production in 1983 under the name Pininfarina Europa Spider.^[3]

In 2016 a successor of the Fiat 124 Spider was presented at the LA Motor Show 2015.^[4]

Development

Rear view of Fiat 124 Sport Spider

The body of the car was designed and marketed by Pininfarina. The convertible body was designed by Tom Tjaarda, who used his earlier designs of Chevrolet Corvette "Rondine"s and Ferrari 275 GTSs. Several years later, in 1981, on the 50th anniversary of Pininfarina, this fact was further emphasized by producing a Fiat Spider 2000 Pininfarina 50th (Golden) Anniversary Edition. In 1972, a sports version of the spider was revealed. This was required for a type-approval of its rally version, which earned some remarkable success. The models sold in showrooms were marked as 124 CSA (C-Spider-Abarth). The vehicle has a capacity of 128 hp. In three years, Fiat manufactured less than 1,000 CSA models, which were intended for sale to individual clients. Apart from the Fiat Spider 2000 Pininfarina 50th (Golden) Anniversary Edition, this is one of the versions most eagerly sought by collectors.

The 124 Sports Spider and the Fiat 124 Coupé share the numeric portions of their name with the 124 sedan along with much of their running gear – and, in the case of the coupé, a shared platform. The Sports Spider utilizes a shorter platform along with a shorter wheelbase, and in contrast to the Pinifarina styled and manufactured spider, Fiat designed and manufactured the coupé in-house.

Specifications

Engines

The four-cylinder engine used in the spider and coupé is a double overhead cam, aluminum crossflow head version of the sedan's pushrod unit. It started in 1966 with a capacity of 1438 cc progressively increasing to 1608 cc in 1970 (although this was reduced to 1,592 cc in 1973), 1,756 cc in 1974 and finally 1,995 cc in 1979. The Fiat twin cam engine was designed by Aurelio Lampredi.^[5] Bosch fuel injection replaced the previously used Weber carburetors midway through 1980. In 1981 and 1982, Fiat USA, Inc. partnered with Legend Industries to create approximately 700 turbo models for US markets. There was also a supercharged model called "Volumex" offered toward the end of production, which was sold only in Europe, where it cost 35% more than a regular, fuel-injected Spidereuropa.^{[lower-alpha 1]} This family of engines was designed by ex-Ferrari chief engineer Aurelio Lampredi and in one form or another remained in production into the 1990s giving it one of the longest production runs in automotive history. The double overhead cam (DOHC) version was the first mass manufactured DOHC to utilize reinforced rubber timing belts, an innovation that would come into nearly universal use in the decades after its introduction. Its family powered race cars such as the FIAT 131 Mirafiori, 124 Special T, Lancia Beta Montecarlo, Delta Integrale and many others.

Years	Model	Engine	Capacity	Bore x stroke mm	Compr. ratio	Power at engine speed
1967–73		124 AC 040	1,438 cc	80 x 71.5 mm	8.9:1	90 PS (66 kW; 89 hp) at 6,000 rpm
1973–77		132 AC 000	1,592 cc	80 x 79.2 mm	9.8:1	108 PS (79 kW; 107 hp) at 6,000 rpm
1973–75	Abarth Rally	132 AC 4.000	1,756 cc	84 x 79.2 mm	9.8:1	128 PS (94 kW; 126 hp) at 6,200 rpm
1970–73		125 BC 000	1,608 cc	80 x 80 mm	9.8:1	110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp) at 6,400 rpm
1973–77		132 AC1 000	1,756 cc	84 x 79.2 mm	9.8:1	118 PS (87 kW; 116 hp) at 6,000 rpm
1974–78		132 A1 040	1,756 cc	84 x 79.2 mm	8.9:1	118 PS (87 kW; 116 hp) at 5,800 rpm
1974–78		131 A1 040	1,756 cc	84 x 79.2 mm	8.1:1	87 PS (64 kW; 86 hp) at 6,200 rpm
1979–81		132 C2 040	1,995 cc	84 x 90 mm	8.1:1	83 PS (61 kW; 82 hp) at 5,800 rpm
1979–85		132 C3 031	1,995 cc	84 x 90 mm	8.2:1	102 PS (75 kW; 101 hp) at 5,500 rpm
1979–85	Spidereuropa	132 C3 031	1995 cc	84 x 90 mm	8.2:1	105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) at 5,500 rpm
1984–85	Volumex	132 V3 031	1,995 cc	84 x 90 mm	7.5:1	135 PS (99 kW; 133 hp) at 6,000 rpm

Suspension

Suspension is conventional by unequal length wishbones and coil over damper at the front and by coil sprung live rear axle at the rear which is located by a transverse link (Panhard rod) and two pairs of forward extending radius rods to react braking and acceleration and to control axle wind-up.

Models

Fiat Abarth 124 Rally

Fiat Abarth 124 Rally
Body and chassis
Body style	2-door spider with fixed hardtop
Chronology
Successor	Fiat Abarth 131 Rally

The Fiat Abarth 124 Rally is a sport version of the 124 Spider, introduced in November 1972.^[7][8] Its main purpose was to receive FIA homologation in the special grand touring cars (group 4) racing class, and replace the 1.6-litre Fiat Sport Spider rally cars which were presently being campaigned. At the time 124 had already won the 1972 European Rally Championship at the hands of Raffaele Pinto and Gino Macaluso.^[7] The 124 Rally was added to the Sport Spider range, which included the 1600 and 1800 models; the first 500 examples produced were earmarked for the domestic Italian market.^[8]

Amongst the most notable modifications over the standard spider there were independent rear suspension, engine upgrades, lightweight body panels, and a fixed hard top. In place of the usual rear solid axle, there is a Chapman-type McPherson strut independent suspension, supplemented by a longitudinal torque arm. At the front a radius rod on each side was added to the standard double wishbones. The Abarth-tuned type 132 AC 4.000 1.8-litre, twin-cam engine was brought from the standard 118 to 128 PS DIN (94 kW; 126 hp)^[9] by replacing the standard twin-choke carburettor with double vertical twin-choke Weber 44 IDFs, and by fitting an Abarth exhaust with a dual exit muffler.^[7][8] The 9.8:1 compression ratio was left unchanged.^[8] The transmission is the all-synchronised five-speed optional on the other Sport Spider models, and brakes are discs on all four corners. Despite the 20 kg (44 lb) four-point roll bar fitted, kerb weight is 938 kg (2,068 lb), roughly 25 kg (55 lb) less than the regular 1.8-litre Sport Spider.^[7]

Engine bonnet, boot lid and the fixed hard top are fibreglass, painted matt black, the rear window is perspex and the doors aluminium. Front and rear bumpers were deleted and replaced by simple rubber bumperettes. A single matte black wing mirror was fitted. Matte black wheel arch extensions house 185/70 VR 13 Pirelli CN 36 tyres on 5.5 J × 13" four-spoke alloy wheels.^[7] Inside centre console, rear occasional seats, and glovebox lid were eliminated; while new features were anodised aluminium dashboard trim, a small three-spoke leather-covered Abarth steering wheel, and Recaro corduroy-and-leather bucket seats as an extra-cost option.^[7] The car carries Fiat badging front and rear, Abarth badges and "Fiat Abarth" scripts on the front wings, and Abarth wheel centre caps. Only three paint colours were available: Corsa red, white, and light blue.^[7]

Fiat Abarth 124 Rally, specifications and comparison[7][9]
	Fiat Abarth 124 Rally	Fiat 124 Sport Spider 1800
Engine	1,756 cc DOHC inline-four
Carburettors	2x twin-choke Weber 44 IDF	1x twin-choke Weber 34 DMS
Power	128 PS DIN (94 kW; 126 hp) at 6,200 rpm	118 PS DIN (87 kW; 116 hp) at 6,000 rpm
Torque	16.2 kg·m (159 N·m; 117 lb·ft) at 5,200 rpm	15.6 kg·m (153 N·m; 113 lb·ft) at 4,000 rpm
Wheelbase	2,280 mm (89.8 in)	2,280 mm (89.8 in)
Length	3,914 mm (154.1 in)	3,971 mm (156.3 in)
Width	1,630 mm (64.2 in)	1,613 mm (63.5 in)
Track front–rear	1,413–1,400 mm (55.6–55.1 in)	1,346–1,316 mm (53.0–51.8 in)
Kerb weight	938 kg (2,068 lb)	960 kg (2,116 lb)
Top speed	over 190 km/h (118 mph)	185 km/h (115 mph)

North American model

The coupé and spider were first sold in the US market in 1968. In 1969, the Spider featured four-wheel disc-brakes, double overhead cams, hesitation wipers, steering-column mounted lighting-controls, radial ply tyres and a five-speed manual transmission. An optional three-speed automatic transmission from General Motors was available from 1979 through 1985 for North America as well as Japan. Its convertible top was known for its simplicity of use and can be raised and locked in under a minute.^[10] When the engine was upgraded to two litres, the model was renamed as the Fiat 2000 Spider. For the 1980 model year a version with a catalytic converter and Bosch L-Jetronic fuel injection was introduced for California, being optional in the other 49 states. For 1981 this engine, with 102 hp (76 kW), became standard fitment in North America.^[10]

Fiat subsequently stopped marketing the spider and the X1/9 — to have their marketing assumed by their respective carozzeria.^[3] In Europe, the Ritmo Cabrio was also marketed by Bertone rather than Fiat themselves.^[11] In the US, Fiat turned over marketing and support of the spider and the X1/9 to International Automobile Importers, Inc., headed by Malcolm Bricklin.

Rallying

Fiat Abarth 124 Rallyes in Abarth factory in Turin

Fiat 124 Abarth at Sliverstone circuit 2003

In 1971 the 124 Spider was prepared for the World Rally Championship when Abarth became involved with its production and development. Abarth designer Ing. Colucci was responsible for getting the 124 Spider into group 4 rally trim. Over this period the Abarth Spider had relative success with wins at the 1972 Hessen Rally, Acropolis Rally, 1973 Polish Rally, 19th on the 1973 RAC rally and seventh to mostly the Alpine Renaults on the 1973 Monte Carlo Rally. The Spider continued to perform with first, second and third in the 1974 eighth Portuguese TAP Rally, sixth in the 1974 1000 Lakes, fourth in the 1975 Monte Carlo Rally and also with Markku Alén driving the spider to third place. By 1976 the days of 124 rallying were numbered due to the appearance of the Fiat-Abarth 131.^[12]

Production

The model line ceased in 1985 after almost 200,000 spiders alone had been built, of which 75% were for the US market. There were nine models of the spider, the AS, BS, BS1, CS, CSA (Abarth), CS1, CS2, CS0, and DS.

Year	Model	Starting chassis no.	Displacement	Engine type	Fuel delivery	Aspiration
1966	AS	000001	1438	124 AC.040	Carbureted	Naturally
1967	AS		1438	124 AC.040	Carbureted	Naturally
1968	AS	0005619	1438	124 AC.040	Carbureted	Naturally
1969	AS	0010554	1438	124 AC.040	Carbureted	Naturally
1970	BS	0021861	1438	124 AC.040	Carbureted	Naturally
1971	BS	22589	1438	124 AC.040	Carbureted	Naturally
1971	BS1	33950	1608	125BC.040	Carbureted	Naturally
1972	BS1	47032	1608	125BC.040	Carbureted	Naturally
1973	CS	59592	1608	125BC.040	Carbureted	Naturally
1973	CS1	63308	1592	132 AC.040.3	Carbureted	Naturally
1974	CS1	71650	1756	132 A1.040.4	Carbureted	Naturally
1975	CS	88792	1756	132 A1.040.5	Carbureted	Naturally
1975	CS	88792	1756	132 A1.031.5 US market	Carbureted	Naturally
1976	CS1	99909	1756	132 A1.040.5	Carbureted	Naturally
1976	CS1	99909	1756	132 A1.031.5 US market	Carbureted	Naturally
1977	CS	113343	1756	132 A1.040.5	Carbureted	Naturally
1977	CS	113343	1756	132 A1.031.5 US market	Carbureted	Naturally
1978	CS	126001	1756	132 A1.040.5	Carbureted	Naturally
1978	CS	126001	1756	132 A1.031.5 US market	Carbureted	Naturally
1979	CS2	142514	1995	132 CS2.040	Carbureted	Naturally
1979	CS2	142514	1995	132 CS2.031 US market	Carbureted	Naturally
1980	CS0	00171001	1995	132 C3.031	Fuel Injected	Naturally
1980	CS0	1938507	1995	132 C3.031	Carbureted	Naturally
1980	CS2	0157654	1995	132 C3.040	Carbureted	Naturally
1981	CS0	171001	1995	132 C3.031	Fuel injected	Naturally
1981	CS2	164089	1995	132 C3.040	Fuel injected	Turbocharged option
1982	CS2	1938507	1995	132 C3.040	Fuel injected	Turbocharged option
6/1982	DS0	1967897	1995	132 C3.040	Fuel injected	Naturally
1983	DS0	5500001	1995	132 C3.040	Fuel injected	Naturally
1984	DS0	5503666	1995	132 C3.040	Fuel injected	Naturally
1985	DS0	5506060	1995	132 C3.040	Carbureted	Supercharged (Volumex)

Production by year, 1970–1995^[13]

Year	1970	1971	1972	1973	1974	1975	1976	1977	1978	1979	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1970–85
Units made	14,288	13,412	12,362	12,738	15,754	14,143	11,862	14,012	16,105	18,943	14,435	4,747	3,456	2,480	2,577	1,504	172,818

2016

2016 Fiat 124 Spider

The 124 name is to be revived in 2016 through a joint venture with Mazda, using the new Mazda MX-5 platform. After some thought of it being badged as an Alfa Romeo in the Alfa Romeo Spider tradition, this is instead to be labelled as a Fiat. It was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show in November 2015 and is to be available in late 2016.^[14] The engine is a turbocharged 1.4 MultiAir with 160 HP (119 kW) from the Alfa Romeo range.

References

1. Tom, Tjaarda. "Fiat 124 Spyder Design Story". spidersweb.nl. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
2. Bensted-Smith, Richard (5 November 1966). "Sport-out of Fiat 124: The 124 spider; larger engine: twin overhead camshafts; Pininfarina 2+2 body". The Motor: 25–27.
3. The Concise 1966-78 FIAT 124 Spider, 1979-82 FIAT 2000 Spider & 1983-85 Pininfarina Spider History
4. "Fiat 124 Spider revealed at 2015 LA Motor Show". Auto Express. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
5. Fiat Twin Cam engine
6. World Cars 1984. Pelham, NY: L'Editrice dell'Automobile LEA/Herald Books. 1984. p. 222. ISBN 0-910714-16-9.
7. "Fiat Abarth 124 Rally—La 124 R con la sospensione alla Chapman" [The 124 R with the Chapman-style suspension]. Autosprint (in Italian) XII (47): 36–37. 20 November 1972.
8. "La "124 Rally", nuova sportiva". La Stampa (in Italian). 19 November 1972. p. 11. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
9. Fiat Abarth 124 Rally—Uso e caratteristiche (owner's manual) (in Italian). Fiat.
10. Hogg, Tony (ed.). "1981 Buyer's Guide". Road & Track's Road Test Annual & Buyer's Guide 1981 (January-February 1981): 96.
11. World Cars 1984, p. 199
12. Giacosa, John Tipler ; foreword by Dante (1993). Fiat & Abarth 124 Spider & coupé. Godmanstone, England: Veloce Pub. Plc. ISBN 1-874105-09-X.
13. "Produzione complessiva" (PDF). pininfarina.it ((Pininfarina production records)). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
14. Horncastle, Rowan. "Meet Fiat’s 124 Spider, Italy’s MX-5-based answer to the MX-5". Top Gear. BBC Worldwide. Retrieved 18 November 2015.

1. 22,000,000 versus 16,300,000 liras in 1984^[6]

External links

• Car and Driver Road Test Article (August 1968)