GBE1

Glucan (1,4-alpha-), branching enzyme 1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB List of PDB id codes 4BZY​
Identifiers
Symbols	GBE1 ; APBD; GBE; GSD4
External IDs	OMIM: 607839 HomoloGene: 129 GeneCards: GBE1 Gene
EC number	2.4.1.18
Gene ontology Molecular function • 1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme activity • hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds • cation binding Cellular component • cytosol • extracellular exosome Biological process • carbohydrate metabolic process • glycogen metabolic process • glycogen biosynthetic process • glucose metabolic process • generation of precursor metabolites and energy • small molecule metabolic process Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	2632	74185
Ensembl	ENSG00000114480	ENSMUSG00000022707
UniProt	Q04446	Q9D6Y9
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000158	NM_028803
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000149	NP_083079
Location (UCSC)	Chr 3: 81.49 – 81.76 Mb	Chr 16: 70.31 – 70.57 Mb
PubMed search

1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme, also known as brancher enzyme or glycogen-branching enzyme is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GBE1 gene.^[1]

Function

GBE1 is a glycogen branching enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of alpha-1,4-linked glucosyl units from the outer end of a glycogen chain to an alpha-1,6 position on the same or a neighboring glycogen chain. Branching of the chains is essential to increase the solubility of the glycogen molecule and, consequently, in reducing the osmotic pressure within cells. Highest level of this enzyme are found in liver and muscle.^[1]

Clinical significance

Mutations in this gene are associated with glycogen storage disease IV (also known as Andersen's disease).^[1]

Model organisms

Gbe1 knockout mouse phenotype

Characteristic	Phenotype
Homozygote viability	Abnormal
Recessive lethal study	Abnormal
Fertility	Normal
Body weight	Normal
Anxiety	Normal
Neurological assessment	Normal
Grip strength	Normal
Hot plate	Normal
Dysmorphology	Normal
Indirect calorimetry	Normal
Glucose tolerance test	Normal
Auditory brainstem response	Normal
DEXA	Normal
Radiography	Normal
Body temperature	Normal
Eye morphology	Normal
Clinical chemistry	Normal
Plasma immunoglobulins	Normal
Haematology	Normal
Peripheral blood lymphocytes	Normal
Micronucleus test	Normal
Heart weight	Normal
Skin Histopathology	Normal
Brain histopathology	Normal
Eye Histopathology	Normal
Citrobacter infection	Normal[2]
All tests and analysis from[3][4]

Model organisms have been used in the study of GBE1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Gbe1^{tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi[5][6]} was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.^[7][8][9]

Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.^[3][10] Twenty six tests were carried out on mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed.^[3] No homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and therefore none survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice; no additional significant abnormalities were observed in these animals.^[3]

References

1. "Entrez Gene: glucan (1,4-alpha-), branching enzyme 1". Retrieved 2011-08-30.
2. "Citrobacter infection data for Gbe1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
3. Gerdin AK (2010). "The Sanger Mouse Genetics Programme: High throughput characterisation of knockout mice". Acta Ophthalmologica 88: 925–7. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.4142.x.
4. Mouse Resources Portal, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
5. "International Knockout Mouse Consortium".
6. "Mouse Genome Informatics".
7. Skarnes WC, Rosen B, West AP, Koutsourakis M, Bushell W, Iyer V, Mujica AO, Thomas M, Harrow J, Cox T, Jackson D, Severin J, Biggs P, Fu J, Nefedov M, de Jong PJ, Stewart AF, Bradley A (Jun 2011). "A conditional knockout resource for the genome-wide study of mouse gene function". Nature 474 (7351): 337–42. doi:10.1038/nature10163. PMC 3572410. PMID 21677750.
8. Dolgin E (Jun 2011). "Mouse library set to be knockout". Nature 474 (7351): 262–3. doi:10.1038/474262a. PMID 21677718.
9. Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (Jan 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell 128 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. PMID 17218247.
10. van der Weyden L, White JK, Adams DJ, Logan DW (2011). "The mouse genetics toolkit: revealing function and mechanism". Genome Biology 12 (6): 224. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-224. PMC 3218837. PMID 21722353.

Further reading

• Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, Haenig C, Brembeck FH, Goehler H, Stroedicke M, Zenkner M, Schoenherr A, Koeppen S, Timm J, Mintzlaff S, Abraham C, Bock N, Kietzmann S, Goedde A, Toksöz E, Droege A, Krobitsch S, Korn B, Birchmeier W, Lehrach H, Wanker EE (Sep 2005). "A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome". Cell 122 (6): 957–68. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029. PMID 16169070.
• Massa R, Bruno C, Martorana A, de Stefano N, van Diggelen OP, Federico A (Apr 2008). "Adult polyglucosan body disease: proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain and novel mutation in the GBE1 gene". Muscle & Nerve 37 (4): 530–6. doi:10.1002/mus.20916. PMID 17994551.
• Rose JE, Behm FM, Drgon T, Johnson C, Uhl GR. "Personalized smoking cessation: interactions between nicotine dose, dependence and quit-success genotype score". Molecular Medicine 16 (7-8): 247–53. doi:10.2119/molmed.2009.00159. PMC 2896464. PMID 20379614.
• Hannula-Jouppi K, Kaminen-Ahola N, Taipale M, Eklund R, Nopola-Hemmi J, Kääriäinen H, Kere J (Oct 2005). "The axon guidance receptor gene ROBO1 is a candidate gene for developmental dyslexia". PLoS Genetics 1 (4): e50. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010050. PMC 1270007. PMID 16254601.
• Konstantinidou AE, Anninos H, Dertinger S, Nonni A, Petersen M, Karadimas C, Havaki S, Marinos E, Akman HO, DiMauro S, Patsouris E (Apr 2008). "Placental involvement in glycogen storage disease type IV". Placenta 29 (4): 378–81. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2008.01.005. PMID 18289670.
• Melén E, Himes BE, Brehm JM, Boutaoui N, Klanderman BJ, Sylvia JS, Lasky-Su J (Sep 2010). "Analyses of shared genetic factors between asthma and obesity in children". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 126 (3): 631–7.e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.030. PMC 2941152. PMID 20816195.
• Bruno C, van Diggelen OP, Cassandrini D, Gimpelev M, Giuffrè B, Donati MA, Introvini P, Alegria A, Assereto S, Morandi L, Mora M, Tonoli E, Mascelli S, Traverso M, Pasquini E, Bado M, Vilarinho L, van Noort G, Mosca F, DiMauro S, Zara F, Minetti C (Sep 2004). "Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of branching enzyme deficiency (glycogenosis type IV)". Neurology 63 (6): 1053–8. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000138429.11433.0d. PMID 15452297.
• Ziemssen F, Sindern E, Schröder JM, Shin YS, Zange J, Kilimann MW, Malin JP, Vorgerd M (Apr 2000). "Novel missense mutations in the glycogen-branching enzyme gene in adult polyglucosan body disease". Annals of Neurology 47 (4): 536–40. doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200004)47:4<536::AID-ANA22>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 10762170.
• McCarthy JJ, Meyer J, Moliterno DJ, Newby LK, Rogers WJ, Topol EJ (Dec 2003). "Evidence for substantial effect modification by gender in a large-scale genetic association study of the metabolic syndrome among coronary heart disease patients". Human Genetics 114 (1): 87–98. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1026-1. PMID 14557872.
• Tay SK, Akman HO, Chung WK, Pike MG, Muntoni F, Hays AP, Shanske S, Valberg SJ, Mickelson JR, Tanji K, DiMauro S (Apr 2004). "Fatal infantile neuromuscular presentation of glycogen storage disease type IV". Neuromuscular Disorders 14 (4): 253–60. doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2003.12.006. PMID 15019703.
• Pescador N, Villar D, Cifuentes D, Garcia-Rocha M, Ortiz-Barahona A, Vazquez S, Ordoñez A, Cuevas Y, Saez-Morales D, Garcia-Bermejo ML, Landazuri MO, Guinovart J, del Peso L (2010). "Hypoxia promotes glycogen accumulation through hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-mediated induction of glycogen synthase 1". PLOS ONE 5 (3): e9644. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009644. PMC 2837373. PMID 20300197.
• Bruno C, Cassandrini D, Assereto S, Akman HO, Minetti C, Di Mauro S (Jul 2007). "Neuromuscular forms of glycogen branching enzyme deficiency". Acta Myologica 26 (1): 75–8. PMC 2949312. PMID 17915577.
• Flachsbart F, Franke A, Kleindorp R, Caliebe A, Blanché H, Schreiber S, Nebel A (Dec 2010). "Investigation of genetic susceptibility factors for human longevity - a targeted nonsynonymous SNP study". Mutation Research 694 (1-2): 13–9. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.08.006. PMID 20800603.
• Rush J, Moritz A, Lee KA, Guo A, Goss VL, Spek EJ, Zhang H, Zha XM, Polakiewicz RD, Comb MJ (Jan 2005). "Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells". Nature Biotechnology 23 (1): 94–101. doi:10.1038/nbt1046. PMID 15592455.
• Bailey SD, Xie C, Do R, Montpetit A, Diaz R, Mohan V, Keavney B, Yusuf S, Gerstein HC, Engert JC, Anand S (Oct 2010). "Variation at the NFATC2 locus increases the risk of thiazolidinedione-induced edema in the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) study". Diabetes Care 33 (10): 2250–3. doi:10.2337/dc10-0452. PMC 2945168. PMID 20628086.