Spanner (database)
Spanner is Google's globally distributed NewSQL database.[1] Google describes Spanner as a not pure relational database system because each table must have a primary key column.[2]
The lack of transactions in Bigtable led to frequent complaints from users, so Google made distributed transactions central to Spanner's design. Based on its experience with Bigtable, Google argues that it is better to have application programmers deal with performance problems due to overuse of transactions as bottlenecks arise, rather than always coding around the lack of transactions.[2]
The Google F1 SQL database management system (DBMS) is built on top of Spanner,[3] replacing Google's custom MySQL variant.[4]
Described as a NewSQL[5] platform, Spanner is used internally within Google's infrastructure as part of the Google platform.[6] Spanner uses the Paxos algorithm as part of its operation to shard data across hundreds of datacenters.[1] It makes heavy use of hardware-assisted time synchronization using GPS clocks and atomic clocks to ensure global consistency.[1] Cockroach Labs, a company founded by Google engineers, is working to create an open-source RDBMS for public use.[7]
References
- 1 2 3 Corbett et al. 2012.
- 1 2 Corbett et al. 2012, p. 4.
- ↑ Shute et al. 2012.
- ↑ Shute et al. 2012, p. 19: ‘Summary: We've moved a large and critical application suite from MySQL to F1.’
- ↑ Hoff, Todd (2012-09-24). "Google Spanner's Most Surprising Revelation: NoSQL is Out and NewSQL is In". Retrieved 2012-10-07.
- ↑ Clark, Jack (September 18, 2012). "Google reveals Spanner, the database tech that can span the planet". ZDNet. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
- ↑ CockroachDB: Towards an Open-Source Spanner on YouTube, FOSDEM 2015, by Tobias Schottdorf.
Bibliography
- Corbett, James C; Dean, Jeffrey; Epstein, Michael; Fikes, Andrew; Frost, Christopher; Furman, JJ; Ghemawat, Sanjay; Gubarev, Andrey; Heiser, Christopher; Hochschild, Peter; Hsieh, Wilson; Kanthak, Sebastian; Kogan, Eugene; Li, Hongyi; Lloyd, Alexander; Melnik, Sergey; Mwaura, David; Nagle, David; Quinlan, Sean; Rao, Rajesh; Rolig, Lindsay; Saito, Yasushi; Szymaniak, Michal; Taylor, Christopher; Wang, Ruth; Woodford, Dale, "Spanner: Google’s Globally-Distributed Database" (PDF), Proceedings of OSDI 2012 (Google), retrieved 18 September 2012.
- Date, Christopher ‘Chris’ J, "6. Relations, Part II. The Relational Model", An Introduction to Database Systems (8th ed.), Addison Wesley, ISBN 978-0321197849.
- Shute, Jeffrey ‘Jeff’; Oancea, Mircea; Ellner, Stephan; Handy, Benjamin ‘Ben’; Rollins, Eric; Samwel, Bart; Vingralek, Radek; Whipkey, Chad; Chen, Xin; Jegerlehner, Beat; Littlefield, Kyle; Tong, Phoenix (2012), "F1 — the Fault-Tolerant Distributed RDBMS Supporting Google's Ad Business", Research (presentation), Sigmod: Google.
