Harry Belafonte

"Belafonte" redirects here. For his album, see Belafonte (album).
Harry Belafonte

Belafonte at the Tribeca Film Festival Vanity Fair party, 2011
Born Harold George Bellanfanti, Jr.
(1927-03-01) March 1, 1927
Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.
Nationality American
Other names Harold George Belefonte, Jr.
Harry Belafonte, Jr.
Harry Bellanfanti, Jr.
Occupation Singer-songwriter, actor, social activist
Years active 1947–present
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) Marguerite Byrd (1948–57)
Julie Robinson (1957–2004)
Pamela Frank (2008–present)
Website www.singyoursongthemovie.com

Harold George "Harry" Bellanfanti, Jr. (born March 1, 1927), better known as Harry Belafonte, is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and social activist. One of the most successful Caribbean American pop stars in history, he was dubbed the "King of Calypso" for popularizing the Caribbean musical style with an international audience in the 1950s. His breakthrough album Calypso (1956) is the first million selling album by a single artist.[1] Belafonte is perhaps best known for singing "The Banana Boat Song", with its signature lyric "Day-O". He has recorded in many genres, including blues, folk, gospel, show tunes, and American standards. He has also starred in several films, most notably in Otto Preminger's hit musical Carmen Jones (1954), Island in the Sun (1957) and Robert Wise's Odds Against Tomorrow (1959).

Belafonte was an early supporter of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and '60s, and one of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s confidants. Throughout his career he has been an advocate for political and humanitarian causes, such as the anti-apartheid movement and USA for Africa. Since 1987 he has been a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. In recent years he has been a vocal critic of the policies of both the George W. Bush and Barack Obama presidential administrations. Harry Belafonte now acts as the American Civil Liberties Union celebrity ambassador for juvenile justice issues.[2]

Belafonte has won three Grammy Awards, including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, an Emmy Award,[3] and a Tony Award. In 1989 he received the Kennedy Center Honors. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1994. In 2014, he received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award at the Academy’s 6th Annual Governors Awards.[4] In March 2014, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Berklee College of Music in Boston.

Early life

Belafonte was born Harold George Bellanfanti, Jr.[5] at Lying-in Hospital on March 1, 1927, in Harlem, New York, the son of Melvine (née Love), a housekeeper of Jamaican descent, and Harold George Bellanfanti, Sr., a Martiniquan who worked as a chef.[6][7][8][9][10][11] His mother was born in Jamaica, the child of a Scottish white mother and a black father. His father also was born in Jamaica, the child of a black mother and Dutch Jewish father of Sephardi origins. This is all Harry says about his Jewish grandfather, whom he never met: “a white Dutch Jew who drifted over to the islands after chasing gold and diamonds, with no luck at all”.[12][13] From 1932 to 1940, he lived with his grandmother in her native country of Jamaica. When he returned to New York City, he attended George Washington High School[14] after which he joined the Navy and served during World War II.[9] In the 1940s, he was working as a janitor's assistant in NYC when a tenant gave him, as a gratuity, two tickets to see the American Negro Theater. He fell in love with the art form and also met Sidney Poitier. The financially struggling pair regularly purchased a single seat to local plays, trading places in between acts, after informing the other about the progression of the play.[15] At the end of the 1940s, he took classes in acting at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School in New York with the influential German director Erwin Piscator alongside Marlon Brando, Tony Curtis, Walter Matthau, Bea Arthur and Sidney Poitier, while performing with the American Negro Theatre. He subsequently received a Tony Award for his participation in the Broadway revue John Murray Anderson's Almanac.

Music career

Belafonte in John Murray Anderson's Almanac on Broadway, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1954

Belafonte started his career in music as a club singer in New York to pay for his acting classes. The first time he appeared in front of an audience, he was backed by the Charlie Parker band, which included Charlie Parker himself, Max Roach and Miles Davis, among others. At first he was a pop singer, launching his recording career on the Roost label in 1949, but later he developed a keen interest in folk music, learning material through the Library of Congress' American folk songs archives. With guitarist and friend Millard Thomas, Belafonte soon made his debut at the legendary jazz club The Village Vanguard. In 1952 he received a contract with RCA Victor.

Calypso

His first widely-released single, which went on to become his "signature" song with audience participation in virtually all his live performances, was "Matilda", recorded April 27, 1953. His breakthrough album Calypso (1956) became the first LP in the world "to sell over 1 million copies within a year", Belafonte said on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's The Link program on August 7, 2012. He added that it was also the first million-selling album ever in England. The album is number four on Billboard's "Top 100 Album" list for having spent 31 weeks at number 1, 58 weeks in the top ten, and 99 weeks on the U.S. charts. The album introduced American audiences to calypso music (which had originated in Trinidad and Tobago in the early 20th century), and Belafonte was dubbed the "King of Calypso", a title he wore with reservations, since he had no claims to any Calypso Monarch titles.

One of the songs included in the album is the now famous "Banana Boat Song" (listed as "Day O" on the original release), which reached number five on the pop charts, and featured its signature lyric "Day-O".[16] His other smash hit was "Jump in the Line".

Many of the compositions recorded for Calypso, including "Banana Boat Song" and "Jamaica Farewell", gave songwriting credit to Irving Burgie, Belafonte and his team, but were really previously recorded Jamaican mento songs sold as calypso.

Middle career

While primarily known for calypso, Belafonte has recorded in many different genres, including blues, folk, gospel, show tunes, and American standards. His second-most popular hit, which came immediately after "The Banana Boat Song", was the comedic tune "Mama Look at Bubu", also known as "Mama Look a Boo-Boo" (originally recorded by Lord Melody in 1956), in which he sings humorously about misbehaving and disrespectful children. It reached number eleven on the pop chart.

In 1959, he starred in Tonight With Belafonte, a nationally televised special that featured Odetta, who sang "Water Boy" and who performed a duet with Belafonte of "There's a Hole in My Bucket" that hit the national charts in 1961.[17] Belafonte was the first African American to win an Emmy, for Revlon Revue: Tonight with Belafonte (1959).[3] Belafonte recorded for RCA Victor from 1953 to 1974. Two live albums, both recorded at Carnegie Hall in 1959 and 1960, enjoyed critical and commercial success. From his 1959 album, "Hava Nagila" became part of his regular routine and one of his signature songs.[18] He was one of many entertainers recruited by Frank Sinatra to perform at the inaugural gala of President John F. Kennedy in 1961. That same year he released his second calypso album, Jump Up Calypso, which went on to become another million seller. During the 1960s he introduced several artists to American audiences, most notably South African singer Miriam Makeba and Greek singer Nana Mouskouri. His album Midnight Special (1962) featured the first-ever record appearance by a young harmonica player named Bob Dylan.

As The Beatles and other stars from Britain began to dominate the U.S. pop charts, Belafonte's commercial success diminished; 1964's Belafonte at The Greek Theatre was his last album to appear in Billboard's Top 40. His last hit single, "A Strange Song", was released in 1967 and peaked at number 5 on the Adult contemporary music charts. Belafonte has received Grammy Awards for the albums Swing Dat Hammer (1960) and An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba (1965). The latter album dealt with the political plight of black South Africans under apartheid. He earned six Gold Records.[19]

During the 1960s he appeared on TV specials alongside such artists as Julie Andrews, Petula Clark, Lena Horne and Nana Mouskouri. In 1967, Belafonte was the first non-classical artist to perform at the prestigious Saratoga Performing Arts Center (SPAC) in Upstate New York, soon to be followed by concerts there by The Doors, The 5th Dimension, The Who and Janis Joplin.

From February 5 to 9, 1968, Belafonte guest hosted The Tonight Show substituting for Johnny Carson. Among his interview guests were Martin Luther King, Jr and Sen.Robert F. Kennedy.[20]

Later recordings and other activities

The "Turn the World Around" number on The Muppet Show

Belafonte's recording activity slowed after leaving RCA in the mid-1970s. He released his fifth and final Calypso album, Calypso Carnival in 1971. From the mid-1970s to early 1980s Belafonte spent the greater part of his time touring Japan, Europe, Cuba and elsewhere. In 1977, he released the album Turn the World Around on the Columbia Records label. The album, with a strong focus on world music, was never issued in the United States. He subsequently was a guest star on a memorable episode of The Muppet Show in 1978, in which he performed his signature song "Day-O" on television for the first time. However, the episode is best known for Belafonte's rendition of the spiritual song "Turn the World Around", from the album of the same name, which he performed with specially made Muppets that resembled African tribal masks. It became one of the series' most famous performances. It was reportedly Jim Henson's favorite episode, and Belafonte reprised the song at Henson's memorial in 1990. "Turn the World Around" was also included in the 2005 official hymnal supplement of the Unitarian Universalist Association, Singing the Journey.[21]

His involvement in USA for Africa during the mid-1980s resulted in renewed interest in his music, culminating in a record deal with EMI. He subsequently released his first album of original material in over a decade, Paradise in Gazankulu, in 1988. The album contains ten protest songs against the South African former Apartheid policy and is his last studio album. In the same year Belafonte, as UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, attended a symposium in Harare, Zimbabwe, to focus attention on child survival and development in Southern African countries. As part of the symposium, he performed a concert for UNICEF. A Kodak video crew filmed the concert, which was released as a 60-minute concert video titled "Global Carnival". It features many of the songs from the album Paradise in Gazankulu and some of his classic hits. Also in 1988, Tim Burton used "The Banana Boat Song" and "Jump in the Line" in his movie Beetlejuice.

Following a lengthy recording hiatus, An Evening with Harry Belafonte and Friends, a soundtrack and video of a televised concert, were released in 1997 by Island Records. The Long Road to Freedom: An Anthology of Black Music, a huge multi-artist project recorded by RCA during the 1960s and 1970s, was finally released by the label in 2001. Belafonte went on the Today Show to promote the album on September 11, 2001, and was interviewed by Katie Couric just minutes before the first plane hit the World Trade Center.[22] The album was nominated for the 2002 Grammy Awards for Best Boxed Recording Package, for Best Album Notes and for Best Historical Album.

Belafonte received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1989. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1994 and he won a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000. He performed sold-out concerts globally through the 1950s to the 2000s. Owing to illness, he was forced to cancel a reunion tour with Nana Mouskouri planned for the spring and summer of 2003 following a tour in Europe. His last concert was a benefit concert for the Atlanta Opera on October 25, 2003. In a 2007 interview he stated that he had since retired from performing.[23]

Film career

Belafonte at the 2011 Berlin Film Festival

Belafonte has starred in several films. His first film role was in Bright Road (1953), in which he appeared alongside Dorothy Dandridge. The two subsequently starred in Otto Preminger's hit musical Carmen Jones (1954). Ironically, Belafonte's singing in the film was dubbed by an opera singer, as Belafonte's own singing voice was seen as unsuitable for the role. Using his star clout, Belafonte was subsequently able to realize several then-controversial film roles. In 1957's Island in the Sun, there are hints of an affair between Belafonte's character and the character played by Joan Fontaine. The film also starred James Mason, Dandridge, Joan Collins, Michael Rennie and John Justin. In 1959, he starred in and produced Robert Wise's Odds Against Tomorrow, in which he plays a bank robber uncomfortably teamed with a racist partner (Robert Ryan). He also co-starred with Inger Stevens in The World, the Flesh and the Devil. Belafonte was offered the role of Porgy in Preminger's Porgy and Bess, where he would have once again starred opposite Dandridge, but he refused the role because he objected to its racial stereotyping.

Dissatisfied with the film roles available to him, he returned to music during the 1960s. In the early 1970s Belafonte appeared in more films among which are two with Poitier: Buck and the Preacher (1972) and Uptown Saturday Night (1974). In 1984 Belafonte produced and scored the musical film Beat Street, dealing with the rise of hip-hop culture. Together with Arthur Baker, he produced the gold-certified soundtrack of the same name. Belafonte next starred in a major film again in the mid-1990s, appearing with John Travolta in the race-reverse drama White Man's Burden (1995); and in Robert Altman's jazz age drama Kansas City (1996), the latter of which garnered him the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also starred as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in the TV drama Swing Vote (1999). In 2006, Belafonte appeared in Bobby, Emilio Estevez's ensemble drama about the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy; he played Nelson, a friend of an employee of the Ambassador Hotel (Anthony Hopkins).

Personal life

Belafonte and Marguerite Byrd were married from 1948 to 1957. They have two daughters: Adrienne and Shari. Shari Belafonte, married to Sam Behrens, is a photographer, model, singer and actress. In 1997 Adrienne Biesemeyer and her daughter Rachel Blue founded the Anir Foundation/Experience.[24] Anir focuses on humanitarian work in southern Africa.

On March 8, 1957, Belafonte married his second wife Julie Robinson, a former dancer with the Katherine Dunham Company. They had two children, David and Gina Belafonte. David Belafonte, a former model and actor, is an Emmy-winning producer and the executive director of the family-held company Belafonte Enterprises Inc. A music producer, he has been involved in most of Belafonte's albums and tours. David married Danish model, singer and TV personality Malena Mathiesen, who won silver in Dancing with the Stars in Denmark in 2009. Malena Belafonte founded Speyer Legacy School, a private elementary school for gifted and talented children. David and Malena's daughter Sarafina attended this school. Gina Belafonte is a TV and film actress and worked with her father as coach and producer on more than six films. Gina helped found The Gathering For Justice, an intergenerational, intercultural non-profit organization working to reintroduce nonviolence to stop child incarceration. She is married to actor Scott McCray.

At some point, Belafonte and Robinson divorced. In April 2008, Belafonte married photographer Pamela Frank.[25] In October 1998, Belafonte contributed a letter to Liv Ullmann's book Letter to My Grandchild.[26]

On January 29, 2013, Belafonte was the Keynote Speaker and 2013 Honoree for the MLK Celebration Series at the Rhode Island School of Design. Belafonte used his career and experiences with Dr. King to speak on the role of artists as activists.[27]

Belafonte was inducted as an honorary member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity on January 11, 2014.[28]

Political and humanitarian activism

Belafonte's political beliefs were greatly inspired by the singer, actor and Communist activist Paul Robeson, who mentored him. Robeson opposed not only racial prejudice in the United States, but also western colonialism in Africa. Belafonte's success did not protect him from criticism of his communist sympathies or from racial discrimination, particularly in the American South. He refused to perform there from 1954 until 1961. In 1960 he appeared in a campaign commercial for Democratic Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy.[29] Kennedy later named Belafonte cultural advisor to the Peace Corps.

Belafonte gave the keynote address at the ACLU of Northern California's annual Bill of Rights Day Celebration In December 2007 and was awarded the Chief Justice Earl Warren Civil Liberties Award. The 2011 Sundance Film Festival featured the documentary film Sing Your Song, a biographical film focusing on Belafonte's contribution to and his leadership in the civil rights movement in America and his endeavours to promote social justice globally.[30] In 2011, Belafonte's memoir My Song was published by Knopf Books.

Civil Rights Movement activist

Belafonte (center) at the 1963 Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C with Sidney Poitier (left) and Charlton Heston.

Belafonte supported the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and '60s and was one of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s confidants. He provided for King's family, since King made only $8,000 a year as a preacher. Like many other civil rights activists, Belafonte was blacklisted during the McCarthy era. During the 1963 Birmingham Campaign he bailed King out of Birmingham City Jail and raised thousands of dollars to release other civil rights protesters. He financed the 1961 Freedom Rides, supported voter registration drives, and helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington.

During the Mississippi Freedom Summer" of 1964 Belafonte bankrolled the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, flying to Mississippi that August with Sidney Poitier and $60,000 in cash and entertaining crowds in Greenwood. In 1968 Belafonte appeared on a Petula Clark primetime television special on NBC. In the middle of a song, Clark smiled and briefly touched Belafonte's arm, which made the show's sponsor, Plymouth Motors, nervous. Plymouth wanted to cut the segment, but Clark, who had ownership of the special, told NBC that the performance would be shown intact or she would not allow the special to be aired at all. Newspapers reported the controversy, and when the special aired, it attracted high ratings.

Belafonte appeared on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on September 29, 1968, performing a controversial "Mardi Gras" number intercut with footage from the 1968 Democratic National Convention riots. CBS censors deleted the segment. The full unedited content were broadcast in 1993 as part of a complete Smothers Brothers Hour syndication package.

Humanitarian activist

In 1985, he helped organize the Grammy Award-winning song "We Are the World", a multi-artist effort to raise funds for Africa. He performed in the Live Aid concert that same year. In 1987, he received an appointment to UNICEF as a goodwill ambassador. Following his appointment Belafonte traveled to Dakar, Senegal, where he served as chairman of the International Symposium of Artists and Intellectuals for African Children. He also helped to raise funds—alongside more than 20 other artists—in the largest concert ever held in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1994, he went on a mission to Rwanda and launched a media campaign to raise awareness of the needs of Rwandan children.

In 2001, he went to South Africa to support the campaign against HIV/AIDS. In 2002, Africare awarded him the Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award for his efforts to assist Africa. In 2004, Belafonte went to Kenya to stress the importance of educating children in the region.

Belafonte has been involved in prostate cancer advocacy since 1996, when he was diagnosed and successfully treated for the disease.[31] On June 27, 2006, Belafonte was the recipient of the BET Humanitarian Award at the 2006 BET Awards. He was named one of nine 2006 Impact Award recipients by AARP The Magazine.[32] On October 19, 2007, Belafonte represented UNICEF on Norwegian television to support the annual telethon (TV Aksjonen) in support of that charity and helped raise a world record of $10 per inhabitant of Norway. Belafonte was also an ambassador for the Bahamas. He is on the board of directors of the Advancement Project.[33] He also serves on the Advisory Council of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.

Political activist

Belafonte has been a longtime critic of U.S. foreign policy. He began making controversial political statements on this subject in the early 1980s. He has at various times made statements opposing the U.S. embargo on Cuba; praising Soviet peace initiatives; attacking the U.S. invasion of Grenada; praising the Abraham Lincoln Brigade; honoring Ethel and Julius Rosenberg and praising Fidel Castro.[34] Belafonte is additionally known for his visit to Cuba which helped ensure hip-hop’s place in Cuban society. According to Geoffrey Baker’s article “Hip hop, Revolucion! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba”, in 1999 Belafonte met with representatives of the rap community immediately before meeting with Fidel Castro. This meeting resulted in Castro’s personal approval of, and hence the government’s involvement in, the incorporation of rap into his country’s culture.[35] In a 2003 interview, Belafonte reflected upon this meeting’s influence:

Belafonte speaking at the 1963 Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C

“When I went back to Havana a couple years later, the people in the hip-hop community came to see me and we hung out for a bit. They thanked me profusely and I said, 'Why?' and they said, 'Because your little conversation with Fidel and the Minister of Culture on hip-hop led to there being a special division within the ministry and we've got our own studio'."[36]

Belafonte was active in the anti-apartheid movement. He was the Master of Ceremonies at a reception honoring African National Congress President Oliver Tambo at Roosevelt House, Hunter College, in New York City. The reception was held by the American Committee on Africa (ACOA) and The Africa Fund.[37] He is a current board member of the TransAfrica Forum and the Institute for Policy Studies.[38]

Opposition to the George W. Bush administration

Belafonte achieved widespread attention for his political views in 2002 when he began making a series of comments about President George W. Bush, his administration and the Iraq War. During an interview with Ted Leitner for San Diego's 760 KFMB, in October 2002, Belafonte referred to a quote made by Malcolm X.[39] Belafonte said:

There is an old saying, in the days of slavery. There were those slaves who lived on the plantation, and there were those slaves who lived in the house. You got the privilege of living in the house if you served the master, do exactly the way the master intended to have you serve him. That gave you privilege. Colin Powell is committed to come into the house of the master, as long as he would serve the master, according to the master's purpose. And when Colin Powell dares to suggest something other than what the master wants to hear, he will be turned back out to pasture. And you don't hear much from those who live in the pasture.

Belafonte used the quote to characterize former United States Secretaries of State Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice, both African Americans. Powell and Rice both responded, with Powell calling the remarks "unfortunate"[40] and Rice saying: "I don't need Harry Belafonte to tell me what it means to be black."[41]

Harry Belafonte at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival in February 2011

The comment was brought up again in an interview with Amy Goodman for Democracy Now! in 2006.[42] In January 2006, Belafonte led a delegation of activists including actor Danny Glover and activist/professor Cornel West to meet with President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez. In 2005 Chávez, an outspoken Bush critic, initiated a program to provide cheaper heating oil for poor people in several areas of the United States. Belafonte supported this initiative.[43] He was quoted as saying, during the meeting with Chávez, "No matter what the greatest tyrant in the world, the greatest terrorist in the world, George W. Bush says, we're here to tell you: Not hundreds, not thousands, but millions of the American people support your revolution."[44] Belafonte and Glover met again with Chávez in 2006.[45] The comment ignited a great deal of controversy. Hillary Clinton refused to acknowledge Belafonte's presence at an awards ceremony that featured both of them.[46] AARP, which had just named him one of its 10 Impact Award honorees 2006, released this statement following the remarks: "AARP does not condone the manner and tone which he has chosen and finds his comments completely unacceptable."[47] During a Martin Luther King, Jr. Day speech at Duke University in 2006, Belafonte compared the American government to the hijackers of the September 11 attacks, saying: "What is the difference between that terrorist and other terrorists?" [48] In response to criticism about his remarks Belafonte asked, "What do you call Bush when the war he put us in to date has killed almost as many Americans as died on 9/11 and the number of Americans wounded in war is almost triple? [...] By most definitions Bush can be considered a terrorist." When he was asked about his expectation of criticism for his remarks on the war in Iraq, Belafonte responded: "Bring it on. Dissent is central to any democracy."[49]

In another interview Belafonte remarked that while his comments may have been "hasty", nevertheless he felt the Bush administration suffered from "arrogance wedded to ignorance" and its policies around the world were "morally bankrupt".[50] In January 2006, in a speech to the annual meeting of the Arts Presenters Members Conference, Belafonte referred to "the new Gestapo of Homeland Security" saying, "You can be arrested and have no right to counsel!"[51] During the Martin Luther King, Jr. Day speech at Duke University in January 2006, Belafonte said that if he could choose his epitaph it would be, "Harry Belafonte, Patriot."[52]

In 2004, he was awarded the Domestic Human Rights Award in San Francisco by Global Exchange.

Obama administration

In 2011, he commented on the Obama administration and the role of popular opinion in shaping its policies. "I think [Obama] plays the game that he plays because he sees no threat from evidencing concerns for the poor."[53]

On December 9, 2012, in an interview with Al Sharpton on MSNBC, Belafonte expressed dismay that many political leaders in the United States continue to oppose the policies of President Obama even after his re-election: "The only thing left for Barack Obama to do is to work like a third-world dictator and just put all of these guys in jail. You’re violating the American desire."[54]

On February 1, 2013, Belafonte received the NAACP's Spingarn Medal, and in the televised ceremony, he counted Constance L. Rice among those previous recipients of the award whom he regarded highly for speaking up "to remedy the ills of the nation".[55]

NYC Pride

In 2013, he was named a Grand Marshal of the New York City Pride Parade, alongside Edie Windsor and Earl Fowlkes.[56]

Sanders endorsement

In 2016, Belafonte endorsed Bernie Sanders for the Democratic Primary, saying "I think he represents opportunity, I think he represents a moral imperative, I think he represents a certain kind of truth that's not often evidenced in the course of politics".[57]

Discography

Further information: Harry Belafonte discography

Filmography

Belafonte with wife Pamela in April 2011

Television work

Concert videos

Stage work

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Harry Belafonte - Calypso". AllMusic (All Media Network). Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  2. ↑ "ACLU Ambassadors - Harry Belafonte". aclu.olrg (American Civil Liberties Union). Retrieved 2015-01-05.
  3. 1 2 "Awards search for Harry Belafonte". Emmys. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  4. ↑ Sinha-Roy, Piya (August 28, 2014). "Belafonte, Miyazaki to receive Academy's Governors Awards". Reuters. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  5. ↑ "Life in Harlem". Sing Your Song. S2BN Belafonte Productions. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  6. ↑ Genia Fogelson (1996). Harry Belafonte. Holloway House Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 0-87067-772-1.
  7. ↑ Hardy, Phil; Dave Laing (1990). The Faber Companion to Twentieth Century Music. Faber. p. 54. ISBN 0-571-16848-5.
  8. ↑ "Harry Belafonte Biography (1927-)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  9. 1 2 The African American Registry Harry Belafonte, an entertainer of truth
  10. ↑ "Calypso Artists: Harry Belafonte". Web.archive.org. 2009-02-08. Archived from the original on 2009-02-08. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  11. ↑ Fogelson, Genia (September 1, 1996). "Harry Belafonte". ISBN 978-0-87067-772-4.
  12. ↑ Belafonte, Harry (2012). My Song: A Memoir of Art, Race, and Defiance. Canongate Books. ISBN 9780857865885. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  13. ↑ Mottram, James (27 May 2012). "Interview: Harry Belafonte, singer". The Scotsman. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  14. ↑ Arenson, Karen W. "Commencements; Belafonte Lauds Diversity Of Baruch College Class", The New York Times, June 2, 2000. Retrieved April 16, 2008. "(He said that he had not gotten past the first year at George Washington High School, and that the only college degrees he had were honorary ones.)"
  15. ↑ Belafonte, Harry (2011-10-12). "Harry Belafonte: Out Of Struggle, A Beautiful Voice". NPR. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  16. ↑ Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 18 – Blowin' in the Wind: Pop discovers folk music. [Part 1] : UNT Digital Library]". Pop Chronicles. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
  17. ↑ "Odetta". WordPress. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  18. ↑ Grossman, Roberta (2011). "Video – What does Hava Nagila mean?".
  19. ↑ "Searchable Database - Search: Belafonte Makeba". RIAA. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  20. ↑ "MLK Appears on "Tonight" Show with Harry Belafonte". The Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. 1968-02-02. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  21. ↑ "Song Information". UUA. 2012-04-09. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  22. ↑ "NBC Sept. 11, 2001 8:31 am - 9:12 am". Internet Archive. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  23. ↑ "kostenloses PR und Pressemitteilungen". Pr-inside.com. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  24. ↑ "Anir Experience". Anir Foundation. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  25. ↑ "Harry Belafonte Fast Facts". CNN. July 7, 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  26. ↑ Ullmann, Liv (October 1998). Letter to My Grandchild. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-728-3.
  27. ↑ "2013 MLK Series Keynote Address – Harry Belafonte 'Artist as Activist'". RISD. January 29, 2013.
  28. ↑ Brown, DeNeen L. (January 12, 2014). "Harry Belafonte challenges Phi Beta Sigma to join movement to stop oppression of women". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
  29. ↑ "Commercials - 1960 - Harry Belafonte". The Living Room Candidate. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  30. ↑ Macdonald, Moira. "Movies | 'Sing Your Song' recounts Harry Belafonte's life". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  31. ↑ "Harry Belafonte and prostate cancer". Phoenix5.org. 1997-04-21. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  32. ↑ "Feel Great. Save Money. Have Fun". AARP The Magazine. 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  33. ↑ "Advancement Project". Advancement Project. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  34. ↑ "FrontPage Magazine - Harry's Hatreds". Frontpagemag.com. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  35. ↑ Baker, Geoffrey. 2005. "Hip hop Revolucion! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba." Ethnomusicology, 49, no. 3: 368–402.
  36. ↑ Sandra Levinson An exclusive interview with Harry Belafonte on Cuba. Cuba Now, 10/25/03.
  37. ↑ "Reception Honoring Oliver R. Tambo, President, The African National Congress (South Africa)". African Activist Archive. Matrix. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  38. ↑ "Institute for Policy Studies: Trustees". Ips-dc.org. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  39. ↑ Baker, Brent. "Belafonte Calls Powell Bush's "House Slave"". Media Research Center. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  40. ↑ "Belafonte won't back down from Powell slave reference". CNN. October 14, 2002. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
  41. ↑ "Powell, Rice Accused of Toeing the Line". Fox News. October 22, 2002.
  42. ↑ "Harry Belafonte on Bush, Iraq, Hurricane Katrina and Having His Conversations with Martin Luther King Wiretapped by the FBI". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  43. ↑ "Venezuela plans to expand program to provide cheap heating oil to US poor". Taipei Times. 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  44. ↑ "Belafonte calls Bush ‘greatest terrorist’ - World news - Americas | NBC News". MSNBC. 2006-01-08. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  45. ↑ "Chavez Repeats 'Devil' Comment at Harlem Event". Fox News. September 21, 2006.
  46. ↑ "Article". Daily News (New York). Archived from the original on June 29, 2011.
  47. ↑ "Harry Belafonte Comments" (Press release). AARP.org. 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  48. ↑ "Harry Belafonte on Bush, Iraq, Hurricane Katrina and Having His Conversations with Martin Luther King Wiretapped by the FBI". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  49. ↑ Williams, Brad (2006-09-13). "Audience applauds Belafonte". The Daily Beacon. 35.953545;-83.925853: University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  50. ↑ "POLITICS-US: Belafonte on Thinking Outside the Ballot Box". Ipsnews.net. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
  51. ↑ "Belafonte Blasts 'Gestapo' Security". Fox News. January 23, 2006.
  52. ↑ Goodman, Amy. "Sing Your Song: Harry Belafonte on Art & Politics, Civil Rights & His Critique of President Obama". Democracy Now!. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  53. ↑ "Harry Belafonte on Obama: "He Plays the Game that He Plays Because He Sees No Threat from Evidencing Concerns for the Poor"". Democracy Now!. January 26, 2011.
  54. ↑ Francis, Marquise (December 14, 2012). "Harry Belafonte: Obama should ‘work like a third world dictator’". The Grio. MSNBC. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  55. ↑ "NAACP Image Awards | Harry Belafonte Speaks on Gun Control in Acceptance Speech | Feb 1, 2013". YouTube. 2013-02-02. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
  56. ↑ "NYC Pride Press Release" (PDF).
  57. ↑ Bernie 2016 (2016-02-11), Harry Belafonte Endorses Bernie Sanders for President, retrieved 2016-02-11
  58. ↑ cast (Harry Belafonte and the Belafonte Singers; Johnny Carson; Martha Raye). The Steve Allen Show Season 4 Episode 9.
  59. ↑ Grow, Kory (January 8, 2015). "Roger Waters, John Mellencamp Choose Interviewers for 'Speakeasy' TV Show". speak-easy.tv. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 27 January 2015.

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