Himachal Pradesh

State of Himachal Pradesh
State
Himachal Pradesh
Seal
Himachal Pradesh
Location in India

State map
Coordinates (Shimla): 31°6′12″N 77°10′20″E / 31.10333°N 77.17222°E / 31.10333; 77.17222Coordinates: 31°6′12″N 77°10′20″E / 31.10333°N 77.17222°E / 31.10333; 77.17222
Country  India
Region North India
Established 25 January 1971†
Capital Shimla
Largest city Shimla
Districts
Government
 • Governor Acharya Dev Vrat[1]
 • Chief Justice Justice Mansoor Ahmad Mir
 • Chief Minister Virbhadra Singh[2] (INC)
 • Legislature Unicameral[3] (68 seats)
 • Parliamentary constituency 4
Area
 • Total 55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi)
Area rank 18th
Elevation 2,319 m (7,608 ft)
Population (2011)
 • Total 6,856,509
 • Rank 21st
 • Density 123/km2 (320/sq mi)
Languages
 • Official(s) Hindi, English[4]
 • Regional Pahari[4]
Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)
ISO 3166 code IN-HP
HDI Increase 0.652 (medium)
HDI rank 3rd (2011)
Literacy 83.78%
Website himachal.nic.in
† It was elevated to the status of State by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970

Himachal Pradesh ([ɦɪmaːtʃəl prəd̪eːʃ]; literally "Snow-laden Region") is a state in North India.Its area is 55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi),[5] and is bordered by Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west, Haryana on the south-west, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state’s name is in the lap of the Himalayas. It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the most eminent Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.[6]

According to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala.[7]

History

The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE.[8] Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats inhabited the region from the prehistoric era. During the Vedic period, several small republics known as "Janapada" existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire. After a brief period of supremacy by King Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities. These kingdoms enjoyed a large degree of independence and were invaded by Delhi Sultanate a number of times.[8] Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles.[8] Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals.[9]

Sansar Chand (c. 1765–1823)

The Gurkhas, a martial tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768.[8] They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory.[8] Gradually, the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. Under the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However, Gurkhas could not capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat, the Gurkhas began to expand towards the south of the state. However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846,[8] during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with the British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj.[8] The British gradually emerged as the paramount power.[8] In the revolt of 1857, or first Indian war of independence, arising from a number of grievances against the British,[8] the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country.[8] They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, remained more or less inactive.[8] Some, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt.

Rock Cut Temple, Masroor

The British territories came under the British Crown after Queen Victoria's proclamation of 1858. The states of Chamba, Mandi and Bilaspur made good progress in many fields during the British rule.[8] During World War I, virtually all rulers of the hill states remained loyal and contributed to the British war effort, both in the form of men and materials. Among these were the states of Kangra, Jaswan, Datarpur, Guler, Nurpur, Chamba, Suket, Mandi, and Bilaspur.[8]

After independence, the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudal princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western Himalaya, known in full as the Simla Hills States and four Punjab southern hill states by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 and 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged into Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lieutenant Governor was appointed. The Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a union territory on 1 November 1956.[8] Some areas of Punjab State—namely Simla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot tehsil of Gurdaspur District—were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament, and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Indian Union.[8]

Geography and climate

Himachal is in the western Himalayas. Covering an area of 55,673 square kilometres (21,495 sq mi),[5] it is a mountainous state. Most of the state lies on the foothills of the Dhauladhar Range. At 6,816 m Reo Purgyil is the highest mountain peak in the state of Himachal Pradesh.[10]

The drainage system of Himachal is composed both of rivers and glaciers. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain. Himachal Pradesh provides water to both the Indus and Ganges basins.[11] The drainage systems of the region are the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Sutlej, and the Yamuna. These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation.[11]

Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal . The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges.[12] The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid-April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the higher and trans-Himalayan region).

Flora and fauna

Asian paradise flycatcher in Kullu
Himalayan monal at Birds Park in Shimla
Black Bulbul (Hypsipetes leucocephalus). Solan (Himachal Pradesh). 28-July-2013

According to 2003 Forest Survey of India report, legally defined forest areas constitute 66.52% of the area of Himachal Pradesh.[13] Vegetation in the state is dictated by elevation and precipitation. The state endows with a high diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants.[14] Lahaul-Spiti region of the state being a cold desert area support quite unique medicinal plants, including Ferula jaeschkeana, Hyoscyamus Niger, Lancea tibetica, and Saussurea bracteata.[15][16]

Himachal is also said to be the fruit bowl of the country,[17] with orchards being widespread. Meadows and pastures are also seen clinging to steep slopes. After the winter season, the hillsides and orchards bloom with wild flowers, while gladiolas, carnations, marigolds,[18] roses, chrysanthemums, tulips and lilies are carefully cultivated. The state government is gearing up to make Himachal Pradesh as the flower basket of the world.

Himachal Pradesh has around 463 bird[19] and 359 animal species.

Government

Town Hall in Shimla

The Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh has no pre-Constitution history. The State itself is a post-Independence creation. It came into being as a centrally administered territory on 15 April 1948 from the integration of thirty erstwhile princely states.[20]

Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).[21] Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.

In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an absolute majority.[22] The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past, was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla.[23]

Agriculture

Himalayas from Kullu Valley

Land husbandry initiatives such as the Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development Project, which includes the Himachal Pradesh Reforestation Project (HPRP), the world's largest clean development mechanism (CDM) undertaking, have improved agricultural yields and productivity, and raised rural household incomes.[24]

Economy

Shimla, the capital city of Himachal Pradesh. Shimla Montage - Clockwise from top: Skyline at Shimla Southern Side, Rashtrapati Niwas, Town hall, Night view of Shimla and Christ Church.
Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices
figures in millions of Indian Rupees
Year Gross State Domestic Product
1980 7,940
1985 13,720
1990 28,150
1995 66,980
2000 135,900
2005 230,240
2007 254,350

The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started in 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated ₹52.7 million to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in faraway areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.

Agriculture contributes over 45% to the net state domestic product. It is the main source of income and employment in Himachal. Over 93% of the population in Himachal depends directly upon agriculture, which provides direct employment to 71% of its people. The main cereals grown are wheat, maize, rice and barley.[25]

Hydropower is also one of the major sources of income generation for the state.[26] The identified Hydroelectric Potential for the state is 23,000.43 MW in five river basins.[27]

As per the current prices, the total GDP was estimated at ₹ 254 billion as against ₹ 230 billion in the year 2004–05, showing an increase of 10.5%.[28]

Transportation

Aircraft at Shimla airport
Kalka-Shimla Railway
Air

Himachal has three domestic airports in Shimla, Kullu and Kangra districts. The air routes connect the state with Delhi and Chandigarh.

Railway

Himachal is famous for its narrow-gauge railways. One is the Kalka-Shimla Railway, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and another is the Pathankot–Jogindernagar. The total length of these two tracks is 259 kilometres (161 mi). The Kalka-Shimla Railway passes through many tunnels, while the Pathankot–Jogindernagar meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has standard-gauge railway track, which connects Amb (Una district) to Delhi. A survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun). Other proposed railways in the state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.

Road

Roads are the major mode of transport in the hilly terrains. The state has road network of 28,208 kilometres (17,528 mi),[29] including eight National Highways (NH) that constitute 1,234 kilometres (767 mi) and 19 State Highways with a total length of 1,625 kilometres (1,010 mi).[29] Some roads get closed during winter and monsoon seasons due to snow and landslides. Hamirpur has the highest road density in the state.[30]

Population

Demographics

Traditional home, Manali

Himachal Pradesh has a total population of 6,856,509 including 3,473,892 males and 3,382,617 females as per the provisional results of the Census of India 2011. This is only 0.57 per cent of India's total population, recording a growth of 12.81 per cent. The total fertility rate (TFR) per woman is 1.8, one of lowest in India.

In the census, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).

The life expectancy at birth in Himachal Pradesh is 62.8 years (higher than the national average of 57.7 years) for 1986–1990. The infant mortality rate stood at 40 in 2010, and the crude birth rate has declined from 37.3 in 1971 to 16.9 in 2010, below the national average of 26.5 in 1998. The crude death rate was 6.9 in 2010.[31] Himachal Pradesh's literacy rate almost doubled between 1981 and 2011 (see table to right).

Languages

Hindi is both the official language and the lingua franca of Himachal Pradesh. However, most of the population speaks Pahari in everyday conversation, which includes nearly all Western Pahari dialects. There are a total of 32 languages in Himachal.[32][33] English also has official status for government work. Hindi is spoken by 89% of the population while Punjabi is spoken by 6% of the population.[4]

Religion

Religion in Himachal Pradesh (2011)[34]

  Hinduism (95.16%)
  Islam (2.18%)
  Sikhism (1.16%)
  Buddhism (1.14%)
  Christianity (0.18%)
  Jainism (0.02%)
  Other or none (0.2%)

Hinduism is the main religion in Himachal Pradesh, which ranks first in India in terms of the proportion of Hindus present within it. More than 95% of the total population belongs to the Hindu faith, the distribution of which is evenly spread throughout the state. Himachal Pradesh thus has the one of the highest proportions of Hindu population in India (95.17%).

Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16% of the state population. The Buddhists, who constitute 1.15%, are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form a majority of 60%, and Kinnaur, where they form 40%.

Culture

The village of Nako in Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh
Nako Village

There are tribal populations in the state that are mainly made up of Gaddis, Gujjars, Kinnars, Lahaulis, and Pangawals. Many people of Himachal Pradesh live a very simple traditional 'Pahari' lifestyle.[35]

Shimla, the state capital, is home to Asia's only natural ice skating rink.[36]

Notable people

Prominent people associated with Himachal include:

Education

Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital at Shimla
Indian Institute of Advanced Study at Shimla

Hamirpur District is among the top districts in the country for literacy.[39] Education rates among women are quite encouraging in the state.[39] The standard of education in the state has reached a considerably high level as compared to other states in India[39] with several reputed educational institutes for higher studies.

The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Una the Central University Dharamshala, AP Goyal (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University, The Bahra University (Waknaghat, Solan) the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, IEC University, Shoolini University Of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Manav Bharti University Solan, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneer universities in the state. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar.[39]

There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high schools in Himachal.[40] The state government has decided to start three major nursing colleges to develop the health system in the state.[39] In meeting the constitutional obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal has become the first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child.[41]

The state has Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Kumarhatti. Besides that there is Himachal Dental College which is the state's first recognised dental institute.[42]

State profile

State symbols of Himachal Pradesh
Animal Snow leopard बर्फीला तेंदुआ
Bird Jujurana जुजुराणा
Flower Rhododendron बुरांस
Tree Deodar देवदार
Kalpa, a typical town in Himachal Pradesh
Sunrise in Himachal Pradesh, at Kinnaur Kailash

Source: Department of Information and Public Relations.[43]

Area 55673 km2
Total population 6,864,602[44]
Males 3,481,873[45]
Females 3,382,729[45]
Population density 123
Sex ratio 972[46]
Rural population 6,176,050[46]
Urban population 688,552[46]
Scheduled Caste population 1,729,252
Scheduled Tribe population 392,126
Literacy rate 83.78%[45]
Male literacy 90.83%[45]
Female literacy 76.60%[45]
Districts 12
Sub-divisions 55
Tehsils 82
Sub-tehsils 35
Developmental blocks 77
Towns 59
Panchayats 3,243
Panchayat smities 77
Zila parishad 12
Urban local bodies 49
Nagar nigams 2
Nagar parishads 25
Nagar panchayats 23
Census villages 20,690
Inhabited villages 17,495
Health institutions 3,866
Educational institutions 17,000
Motorable roads 33,722 km
National highways 8
Identified hydroelectric potential 23,000.43 MW in five rivers basins i.e. (Yamuna, Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Himurja)
Potential harnessed 9,000 MW (approximate)
Food grain production 1579,000 tonnes
Vegetable production 900,000 tonnes
Fruit production 1,027,000 tonnes
Per capita income 104,943 (2014–15 expected)
Social Security pensions 237,250 persons, annual expenditure: over ₹ 600 million
Investment in industrial areas ₹ 273.80 billion, employment opportunities: Over 337,391
Employment generated in government sector 80,000

Census 2011-

Largest District (km²) (1) Lahul and Spiti 13841 (2) Chamba 6522 (3) Kinnaur 6401 (4) Kangra 5739 (5) Kullu 5503

Percentage of Child (1) Chamba 13.55% (2) Sirmaur 13.14% (3) Solan 11.74% (4) Kullu 11.52% (5) Una 11.36%

High Density (1) Hamirpur 407 (2) Una 338 (3) Bilaspur 327 (4) Solan 300 (5) Kangra 263

Top Population Growth (1) Una 16.26% (2) Solan 15.93% (3) Sirmaur 15.54% (4) Kullu 14.76% (5) Kangra 12.77%

High Literacy (1) Hamirpur 89.01% (2) Una 87.23% (3) Kangra 86.49% (4) Blaspur 85.87% (5) Solan 85.02%

High Sex Ratio (1) Hamirpur 1095 (2) Kangra 1012 (3) Mandi 1007 (4) Chamba 986 (5) Bilaspur 981

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Kalyan Singh takes oath as Governor of Himachal Pradesh". The Economic Times. 28 January 2015.
  2. ↑ "Himachal Pradesh Chief Minister". Himachal.gov.in. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  3. ↑ "Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha". Hpvidhansabha.nic.in. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  4. 1 2 3 http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf
  5. 1 2 Statistical Facts about India, indianmirror.com, retrieved 26 October 2006
  6. ↑ http://www.laureateiit.com/projects/bacii2014/projects/hp_rahul/state/hp_info/glimps.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ "India Corruption Study" (PDF). Transparency International. 2005. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "History of Himachal Pradesh". National informatics center, Himachal Pradesh. Archived from the original on 2006-11-21. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
  9. ↑ Verma 1995, pp. 28–35, Historical Perspective.
  10. ↑ "Reo Purgyil, 6816 m".
  11. 1 2 "Rivers in Himachal Pradesh". Suni Systems (P). Retrieved 28 April 2006.
  12. ↑ "Climate of Himachal Pradesh". himachalpradesh.us. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  13. ↑ Himachal Pradesh Forest Department. "The Forests". National Informatics Center, Himachal Pradesh. Archived from the original on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
  14. ↑ Kala, C.P. (2002) Medicinal Plants of Indian Trans-Himalaya: Focus on Tibetan Use of Medicinal Resources. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India. 200 pp.
  15. ↑ Kala, C.P. (2000) Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian trans-Himalaya. Biological Conservation, 93 (3): 371-379.
  16. ↑ Kala, C.P. (2005) Health traditions of Buddhist community and role of amchis in trans-Himalayan region of India. Current Science, 89 (8): 1331-1338.
  17. ↑ http://hpmc.gov.in/himachal.htm
  18. ↑ "In Himachal Pradesh Striking gold with marigold". Indianexpress. 2 July 2004. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  19. ↑ Goutam Pal, Dipak K S, Indusnettechnologies. "Wild Life: Himachal Pradesh Forest Department".
  20. ↑ "Himachal Pradesh (gov) Introduction". National informatics center. Computer Centre, Lok Sabha Secretariat. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
  21. ↑ "Legislative Assembly". Legislative Bodies in India. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
  22. ↑ "Congress gets absolute majority in Himachal". The Statesman. Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  23. ↑ "Virbhadra Singh sworn in as Himachal CM for a record 6th time". Indian Express. 25 December 2012.
  24. ↑ "$37 Million Additional Financing for Himachal Pradesh Mid Himalayan Watershed Development Project, India – 18000 Farmer Households to Benefit". Worldbank.org. 27 September 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  25. ↑ Economy of Himachal by Agriculture @ webindia123.com Suni System (P) Ltd. Retrieved on- 2015-07-28
  26. ↑ "Independence Day-2013 Speech by Virbhadra Singh". shimlatimes.in. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  27. ↑ "Shimla Travel Guide". TripMogo.com provides a travel guide on Shimla tourism.
  28. ↑ "Current GDP". H. K. Dua, The Tribune House. Retrieved 23 May 2007.
  29. 1 2 "Himachal Pradesh: Infrastructure". Public Private Partnerships in India. Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Archived from the original on 2010-02-07. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
  30. ↑ "Hamirpur road density". Hari Jaisingh, Published from The Tribune House. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
  31. ↑ "Highlights of Himachal Pradesh HDR (2002)" (PDF). Government of Himachal Pradesh (2002), Himachal Pradesh Human Development Report 2002, Government of Himachal Pradesh, pp. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
  32. ↑ Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29944-6.
  33. ↑ Itagi, N. H. (1994). Spatial Aspects of Language. Central Institute of Indian Languages. p. 70. ISBN 81-7342-009-2.
  34. ↑ "Population by religion community - 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
  35. ↑ "Culture of Himachal Pradesh". Indialine (2007). Retrieved 3 May 2007.
  36. ↑ "Ice-skating rink completes 100 sessions again". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 11 February 2001.
  37. ↑ "Minister of Commerce of India Anand Sharma to visit Finland, Embassy of Finland, Washington, Consulate Generals of Finland, New York, Los Angeles: Current Affairs: Ministry for Foreign Affairs News". Finland.org. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  38. ↑ "Shimla boy bags award at international short film festival". http://www.hindustantimes.com/. External link in |work= (help)
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 "Educational Profile of Himachal Pradesh". General Overview of Education in Himachal. Archived from the original on 2008-02-02. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  40. ↑ "Factual source on Education in Himachal". Government of India. Archived from the original on 2007-04-30. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  41. ↑ Dua, H.K. "Educational updates- Himachal". The Tribune Trust, 2006. The Tribune House. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  42. ↑ "IGMC-home". Igmcshimla.org. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  43. ↑ "Himachal At A Glance". Himachalpr.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2013-08-16. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  44. ↑ "HP Census 2011". Census 2011.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 "Provisional Population Totals" (PDF). Census of India. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  46. 1 2 3 census 2011

References

External links

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