Horseradish

This article is about the plant. For the book by Lemony Snicket, see Horseradish: Bitter Truths You Can't Avoid. For Horseradish tree, see Moringa oleifera.
Horseradish
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Armoracia
G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.
Species: A. rusticana
Binomial name
Armoracia rusticana
G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.
Synonyms[1]
Sections of roots of the horseradish plant
Foliage of the horseradish plant

Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana, syn. Cochlearia armoracia) is a perennial plant of the Brassicaceae family (which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, and cabbage). It is a root vegetable used as a spice.

The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia. It is now popular around the world. It grows up to 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) tall, and is cultivated primarily for its large, white, tapered root.[2][3][4][5]

The intact horseradish root has hardly any aroma. When cut or grated, however, enzymes from the now-broken plant cells break down sinigrin (a glucosinolate) to produce allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil), which irritates the mucous membranes of the sinuses and eyes. Grated mash should be used immediately or preserved in vinegar for best flavor. Once exposed to air or heat it will begin to lose its pungency, darken in color, and become unpleasantly bitter tasting over time.

History

Horseradish is probably indigenous to temperate Eastern Europe, where its Slavic name chren seemed to Augustin Pyramus de Candolle more primitive than any Western synonym. Horseradish has been cultivated since antiquity.[6] According to Greek mythology, the Delphic Oracle told Apollo that the horseradish was worth its weight in gold.[7] Horseradish was known in Egypt in 1500 BC. Dioscorides listed horseradish equally as Persicon sinapi (Diosc. 2.186) or Sinapi persicum (Diosc. 2.168),[8] which Pliny's Natural History reported as Persicon napy;[9] Cato discusses the plant in his treatises on agriculture, and a mural in Pompeii shows the plant. Horseradish is probably the plant mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History under the name of Amoracia, and recommended by him for its medicinal qualities, and possibly the Wild Radish, or raphanos agrios of the Greeks. The early Renaissance herbalists Pietro Andrea Mattioli and John Gerard showed it under Raphanus.[10] Though its modern Linnaean genus Armoracia was first applied to it by Heinrich Bernhard Ruppius, in his Flora Jenensis, 1745, Linnaeus called it Coclearia armoracia.

Both root and leaves were used as a medicine during the Middle Ages and the root was used as a condiment on meats in Germany, Scandinavia, and Britain. It was introduced to North America during European colonialization;[11] both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson mention horseradish in garden accounts.[12]

William Turner mentions horseradish as Red Cole in his "Herbal" (1551–1568), but not as a condiment. In The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes (1597), John Gerard describes it under the name of raphanus rusticanus, stating that it occurs wild in several parts of England. After referring to its medicinal uses, he says:

[T]he Horse Radish stamped with a little vinegar put thereto, is commonly used among the Germans for sauce to eat fish with and such like meats as we do mustard.[13]

The word horseradish is attested in English from the 1590s. It combines the word horse (formerly used in a figurative sense to mean strong or coarse) and the word radish.[14]

Cultivation

Horseradish is perennial in hardiness zones 2–9 and can be grown as an annual in other zones, although not as successfully as in zones with both a long growing season and winter temperatures cold enough to ensure plant dormancy. After the first frost in the autumn kills the leaves, the root is dug and divided. The main root is harvested and one or more large offshoots of the main root are replanted to produce next year's crop. Horseradish left undisturbed in the garden spreads via underground shoots and can become invasive. Older roots left in the ground become woody, after which they are no longer culinarily useful, although older plants can be dug and re-divided to start new plants.[11][15] The early season leaves can be distinctively different, asymmetric spiky, before the mature typical flat broad leaves start to be developed.

Pests and diseases

Widely introduced by accident, "cabbageworms", the larvae of Pieris rapae, the Small White butterfly, are a common caterpillar pest in horseradish. The adults are white butterflies with black spots on the forewings that are commonly seen flying around plants during the day. The caterpillars are velvety green with faint yellow stripes running lengthwise down the back and sides. Full grown caterpillars are about 1-inch (25 mm) in length. They move sluggishly when prodded. They overwinter in green pupal cases. Adults start appearing in gardens after the last frost and are a problem through the remainder of the growing season. There are three to five overlapping generations a year. Mature caterpillars chew large, ragged holes in the leaves leaving the large veins intact. Handpicking is an effective control strategy in home gardens.[16]

Culinary uses

Allyl isothiocyanate is the pungent ingredient in fresh horseradish sauce.

The distinctive pungent taste of horseradish is from the compound allyl isothiocyanate. Upon crushing the flesh of horseradish, the enzyme myrosinase is released and acts on the glucosinolates sinigrin and gluconasturtiin, which are precursors to the allyl isothiocyanate. The allyl isothiocyanate serves the plant as a natural defense against herbivores. Since allyl isothiocyanate is harmful to the plant itself, it is stored in the harmless form of the glucosinolate, separate from the myrosinase enzyme. When an animal chews the plant, the allyl isothiocyanate is released, repelling the animal.[17] Allyl isothiocyanate is an unstable compound, degrading over the course of days at 37 °C.[18] Because of this instability, horseradish sauces lack the pungency of the freshly crushed roots.

Cooks use the terms "horseradish" or "prepared horseradish" to refer to the grated root of the horseradish plant mixed with vinegar. Prepared horseradish is white to creamy-beige in color. It will keep for months refrigerated but eventually will darken, indicating it is losing flavour and should be replaced. The leaves of the plant, while edible, are not commonly eaten, and are referred to as "horseradish greens", which have a flavor similar to that of the roots.

Horseradish sauce

Beet horseradish
A bottle of Heinz horseradish sauce

Horseradish sauce made from grated horseradish root and vinegar is a popular condiment in the United Kingdom and in Poland.[19] In the UK, it is usually served with roast beef, often as part of a traditional Sunday roast; but can be used in a number of other dishes also, including sandwiches or salads. A variation of horseradish sauce, which in some cases may substitute the vinegar with other products like lemon juice or citric acid, is known in Germany as Tafelmeerrettich. Also popular in the UK is Tewkesbury mustard, a blend of mustard and grated horseradish originating in medieval times and mentioned by Shakespeare (Falstaff says: "his wit's as thick as Tewkesbury Mustard" in Henry IV Part II[20]). A very similar mustard, called Krensenf or Meerrettichsenf, is popular in Austria and parts of Eastern Germany. In France, sauce au raifort is popular in Alsatian cuisine.

In the U.S., the term "horseradish sauce" refers to grated horseradish combined with mayonnaise or salad dressing. Prepared horseradish is a common ingredient in Bloody Mary cocktails and in cocktail sauce, and is used as a sauce or sandwich spread. Horseradish cream is a mixture of horseradish and sour cream and is served alongside au jus for a prime rib dinner.

Vegetable

In Central and Eastern Europe horseradish is called khren (in various spellings like kren) in many Slavic languages, in Austria, in parts of Germany (where the other German name Meerrettich isn't used), in North-East Italy, and in Yiddish (כריין transliterated as khreyn).

There are two varieties of khreyn. "Red" khreyn is mixed with red beet (beetroot) and "white" khreyn contains no beet. It is popular in Ukraine (under the name of хрін, khrin), in Belarus (under the name of хрэн, chren), in Poland (under the name of chrzan), in the Czech Republic (křen), in Russia (хрен, khren), in Hungary (torma), in Romania (hrean), in Lithuania (krienai), in Bulgaria (хрян, khryan), and in Slovakia (under the name of chren). Having this on the table is a part of Christian Easter and Jewish Passover tradition in Eastern and Central Europe.

Relation to wasabi

The Japanese condiment wasabi, although traditionally prepared from the wasabi plant, is now usually made with horseradish due to the scarcity of the wasabi plant.[27] The Japanese botanical name for horseradish is seiyōwasabi (セイヨウワサビ, 西洋山葵), or "Western wasabi". Both plants are members of the family Brassicaceae.

Nutritional content

In a 100 gram amount, prepared horseradish provides 48 calories and has high content of vitamin C with moderate content of sodium, folate and dietary fiber, while other essential nutrients are negligible in content.[28] In a typical serving of one tablespoon (15 grams), horseradish supplies no significant nutrient content.[28]

Horseradish contains volatile oils, notably mustard oil, and allyl isothiocyanate.[17]

Biomedical uses

The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), found in the plant, is used extensively in molecular biology and biochemistry.[29]

References

  1. ↑ The Plant List, Armoracia rusticana P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.
  2. ↑ Flora of North America, Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertner, B. Meyer & Scherbius, Oekon. Fl. Wetterau. 2: 426. 1800
  3. ↑ Flora of China, 辣根 la gen Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertner et al.
  4. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, Rafano rusticano, Meerrettich, Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. , B. Mey. & Scherb. includes photos and European distribution map
  5. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  6. ↑ J.W.Courter and A.M. Rhodes, "Historical notes on horseradish" Economic Botany 12.2 April=May1969pp156ff
  7. ↑ Murray, Michael T.; Lara Pizzorno; Joseph E. Pizzorno (2005). The Encyclopedia of Healing Foods. New York: Atria Books. ISBN 978-0-7434-8052-9.
  8. ↑ Early Modern translators of Dioscurides offered various names.
  9. ↑ Pliny on Thlaspi or Persicon napy H.N. i. 37.113.
  10. ↑ Courter, J. W.; Rhodes, A. M. (April–June 1969). "Historical notes on horseradish". Economic Botany 23 (2): 156–164. doi:10.1007/BF02860621. JSTOR 4253036.
  11. 1 2 Pleasant, Barbara (Oct–Nov 2003). "Horseradish". Mother Earth News. Retrieved 2007-07-01.
  12. ↑ Ann Leighton, American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century: 'For Use or Delight' , 1976, p.431.
  13. ↑ Phillips, Henry (1822). History of Cultivated Vegetables. H. Colburn and Co. p. 255. ISBN 1-4369-9965-0.
  14. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "Online Etymology Dictionary: horseradish". Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  15. ↑ "How To Grow Horseradish". Retrieved 2007-07-01.
  16. ↑ Suzanne Wold-Burkness and Jeff Hahn. "Caterpillar Pests of Cole Crops in Home Gardens". University of Minnesota. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
  17. 1 2 Cole, Rosemary A. (1976). "Isothiocyanates, nitriles and thiocyanates as products of autolysis of glucosinolates in Cruciferae". Phytochemutry 15 (5): 759–762. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94437-6.
  18. ↑ Ohta, Yoshio; Takatani, Kenichi; Kawakishi, Shunro (1995). "Decomposition Rate of Allyl Isothiocyanate in Aqueous Solution". Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 59: 102–103. doi:10.1271/bbb.59.102.
  19. ↑ Holland, Mina (2014). The Edible Atlas: Around the World in Thirty-Nine Cuisines. Canongate Books. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-85786-856-5.
  20. ↑ "Henry IV, Part II, Scene 4". opensourceshakespeare.org. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
  21. ↑ Giambattista Azzolini, Vocabolario vernacolo-italiano pei distretti roveretano e trentino, Venezia, Tip. e calc. di Giuseppe Grimaldo, 1856, p. 120.
  22. ↑ Giuseppe Boerio, Dizionario del dialetto veneziano, 3rd edition, Venezia, Reale tipografia di Giovanni Cecchini edit., 1867, p. 207.
  23. ↑ Rafano rusticano in www.friul.net.
  24. ↑ Jacopo Pirona, Vocabolario friulano, Venezia, coi tipi dello stabilimento Antonelli, 1871, p. 490.
  25. ↑ Zanini De Vita, Oretta (2009). Encyclopedia of Pasta. University of California Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-520-25522-7. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  26. ↑ "Horseradish Soup Recipe Updated with Photographs – Polish Easter Food". Culture.polishsite.us. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  27. ↑ Arnaud, Celia Henry (2010). "Wasabi:In condiments, horseradish stands in for the real thing". Chemical & Engineering News (American Chemical Society) 88 (12): 48. doi:10.1021/cen-v088n012.p048. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  28. 1 2 "Nutrition facts for prepared horseradish". Conde Nast, USDA National Nutrient Database, version SR-21. 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  29. ↑ Bladha, K. Wedelsbäck; Olssonb, K. M. (2011). "Introduction and use of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) as food and medicine from antiquity to the present: Emphasis on the nordic countries". Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants 17 (3): 197–213.

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