ISO 9000

The ISO 9000 family of quality management systems standards is designed to help organizations ensure that they meet the needs of customers and other stakeholders while meeting statutory and regulatory requirements related to a product.[1] ISO 9000 deals with the fundamentals of quality management systems,[2] including the eight management principles upon which the family of standards is based.[2] [3][4] ISO 9001 deals with the requirements that organizations wishing to meet the standard must fulfill.[5]

Third-party certification bodies provide independent confirmation that organizations meet the requirements of ISO 9001. Over one million organizations worldwide[6] are independently certified, making ISO 9001 one of the most widely used management tools in the world today. However, the ISO certification process has been criticized[7][8] as being wasteful and not being useful for all organizations.[9][10]

Background

ISO 9000 was first published in 1987.[11] It was based on the BS 5750 series of standards from BSI that were proposed to ISO in 1979.[12] However, its history can be traced back some twenty years before that, to the publication of the United States Department of Defense MIL-Q-9858 standard in 1959. MIL-Q-9858 was revised into the NATO AQAP series of standards in 1969, which in turn were revised into the BS 5179 series of guidance standards published in 1974, and finally revised into the BS 5750 series of requirements standards in 1979 before being submitted to ISO.

Reasons for use

The global adoption of ISO 9001 may be attributable to a number of factors. A number of major purchasers require their suppliers to hold ISO 9001 certification. In addition to several stakeholders' benefits, a number of studies have identified significant financial benefits for organizations certified to ISO 9001, with a 2011 survey from the British Assessment Bureau showing 44% of their certified clients had won new business.[13] Corbett et al. showed that certified organizations achieved superior return on assets[14] compared to otherwise similar organizations without certification.[15] Heras et al. found similarly superior performance[16] and demonstrated that this was statistically significant and not a function of organization size.[17] Naveha and Marcus claimed that implementing ISO 9001 led to superior operational performance in the U.S. automotive industry.[18] Sharma identified similar improvements in operating performance and linked this to superior financial performance.[19] Chow-Chua et al. showed better overall financial performance was achieved for companies in Denmark.[20] Rajan and Tamimi (2003) showed that ISO 9001 certification resulted in superior stock market performance and suggested that shareholders were richly rewarded for the investment in an ISO 9001 system.[21]

While the connection between superior financial performance and ISO 9001 may be seen from the examples cited, there remains no proof of direct causation, though longitudinal studies, such as those of Corbett et al. (2005)[15] may suggest it. Other writers, such as Heras et al. (2002),[17] have suggested that while there is some evidence of this, the improvement is partly driven by the fact that there is a tendency for better performing companies to seek ISO 9001 certification.

The mechanism for improving results has also been the subject of much research. Lo et al. (2007) identified operational improvements (e.g., cycle time reduction, inventory reductions) as following from certification. Internal process improvements in organizations lead to externally observable improvements.[22][23] The benefit of increased international trade and domestic market share, in addition to the internal benefits such as customer satisfaction, interdepartmental communications, work processes, and customer/supplier partnerships derived, far exceeds any and all initial investment.[24]

Global adoption

The growth in ISO 9001 certification is shown in the tables below.

Worldwide total of ISO 9001 certificates (end of each year)
2000[25] 2001[25] 2002[25] 2003[25] 2004[26] 2005[26] 2006[26] 2007[26]
409,421 510,616 561,747 567,985 660,132 773,867 896,929 951,486
2008[27] 2009[27] 2010[28] 2011[28] 2012 2013[29] 2014[29]
982,832 1,064,785 1,118,510 1,111,698 1,126,460 1,138,155
Top 10 countries for ISO 9001 certificates (2010)[30]
Rank Country No. of certificates
1 China 297,037
2 Italy 138,892
3 Russian Federation 62,265
4 Spain 59,854
5 Japan 59,287
6 Germany 50,583
7 United Kingdom 44,849
8 India 33,250
9 United States 25,101
10 Korea, Republic of 24,778
Top 10 countries for ISO 9001 certificates (2009)[27]
Rank Country No. of certificates
1 China 257,076
2 Italy 130,066
3 Japan 68,484
4 Spain 59,576
5 Russian Federation 53,152
6 Germany 47,156
7 United Kingdom 41,193
8 India 37,493
9 United States 28,935
10 Korea, Republic of 23,400

ISO 9000 series Quality management principles

The ISO 9000 series are based on eight quality management principles.

The eight quality management principles are defined in ISO 9000:2005, Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary, and in ISO 9004:2009, Managing for the sustained success of an organization – A quality management approach.[3]

Principle 1 – Customer focus

Organizations depend on their customers and therefore should understand current and future customer needs, should meet customer requirements and strive to exceed customer expectations.

Principle 2 – Leadership

Leaders establish unity of purpose and direction of the organization. They should create and maintain the internal environment in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organization’s objectives.

Principle 3 – Involvement of people

People at all levels are the essence of an organization and their full involvement enables their abilities to be used for the organization’s benefit.

Principle 4 – Process approach

A desired result is achieved more efficiently when activities and related resources are managed as a process.

Principle 5 – System approach to management

Identifying, understanding and managing interrelated processes as a system contributes to the organization’s effectiveness and efficiency in achieving its objectives.

Principle 6 – Continual improvement

Continual improvement of the organization’s overall performance should be a permanent objective of the organization.

Principle 7 – Factual approach to decision making

Effective decisions are based on the analysis of data and information.

Principle 8 – Mutually beneficial supplier relationships

An organization and its suppliers are interdependent and a mutually beneficial relationship enhances the ability of both to create value.

Contents of ISO 9001

A fish wholesaler in Tsukiji, Japan advertising its ISO 9001 certification.

ISO 9001:2008 Quality management systems — Requirements is a document of approximately 30 pages which is available from the national standards organization in each country. It is supplemented by two other standards: ISO 9000:2005 Quality management systems—Fundamentals and vocabulary and ISO 9004:2009 Managing for the sustained success of an organization—A quality management approach. Only ISO 9001 is directly audited against for third party assessment purposes. The other two standards are supplementary and contain deeper information on how to sustain and improve quality management systems; they are therefore not used directly during third party assessment. Outline contents for ISO 9001 are as follows:

Before the certification body can issue or renew a certificate, the auditor must be satisfied that the company being assessed has implemented the requirements of sections 4 to 8. Sections 1 to 3 are not directly audited against, but because they provide context and definitions for the rest of the standard, their contents must be taken into account.

The standard specifies that the organization shall issue and maintain the following six documented procedures:

In addition to these procedures, ISO 9001:2008 requires the organization to document any other procedures required for its effective operation. The standard also requires the organization to issue and communicate a documented quality policy, a Quality Manual (which may or may not include the documented procedures) and numerous records, as specified throughout the standard.

Numbering

Certification

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) does not certify organizations itself. Numerous certification bodies exist, which audit organizations and, upon success, issue ISO 9001 compliance certificates. Although commonly referred to as "ISO 9000" certification, the actual standard to which an organization's quality management system can be certified is ISO 9001:2008. Many countries have formed accreditation bodies to authorize ("accredit") the certification bodies. Both the accreditation bodies and the certification bodies charge fees for their services. The various accreditation bodies have mutual agreements with each other to ensure that certificates issued by one of the accredited certification bodies (CB) are accepted worldwide. Certification bodies themselves operate under another quality standard, ISO/IEC 17021,[31] while accreditation bodies operate under ISO/IEC 17011.[32]

An organization applying for ISO 9001 certification is audited based on an extensive sample of its sites, functions, products, services and processes. The auditor presents a list of problems (defined as "nonconformities", "observations", or "opportunities for improvement") to management. If there are no major nonconformities, the certification body will issue a certificate. Where major nonconformities are identified, the organization will present an improvement plan to the certification body (e.g., corrective action reports showing how the problems will be resolved); once the certification body is satisfied that the organization has carried out sufficient corrective action, it will issue a certificate. The certificate is limited by a certain scope (e.g., production of golf balls) and will display the addresses to which the certificate refers.

An ISO 9001 certificate is not a once-and-for-all award, but must be renewed at regular intervals recommended by the certification body, usually once every three years. There are no grades of competence within ISO 9001: either a company is certified (meaning that it is committed to the method and model of quality management described in the standard) or it is not. In this respect, ISO 9001 certification contrasts with measurement-based quality systems.

Evolution of ISO 9000 standards

The ISO 9000 standard is continually being revised by standing technical committees and advisory groups, who receive feedback from those professionals who are implementing the standard.

1987 version

ISO 9000:1987 had the same structure as the UK Standard BS 5750, with three "models" for quality management systems, the selection of which was based on the scope of activities of the organization:

ISO 9000:1987 was also influenced by existing U.S. and other Defense Standards ("MIL SPECS"), and so was well-suited to manufacturing. The emphasis tended to be placed on conformance with procedures rather than the overall process of management, which was likely the actual intent.

1994 version

ISO 9000:1994 emphasized quality assurance via preventive actions, instead of just checking final product, and continued to require evidence of compliance with documented procedures. As with the first edition, the down-side was that companies tended to implement its requirements by creating shelf-loads of procedure manuals, and becoming burdened with an ISO bureaucracy. In some companies, adapting and improving processes could actually be impeded by the quality system.

2000 version

ISO 9001:2000 replaced all three former standards of 1994 issue, ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003. Design and development procedures were required only if a company does in fact engage in the creation of new products. The 2000 version sought to make a radical change in thinking by actually placing front and centre the concept of process management (the monitoring and optimisation of a company's tasks and activities, instead of just inspection of the final product). The 2000 version also demanded involvement by upper executives in order to integrate quality into the business system and avoid delegation of quality functions to junior administrators. Another goal was to improve effectiveness via process performance metrics: numerical measurement of the effectiveness of tasks and activities. Expectations of continual process improvement and tracking customer satisfaction were made explicit.

ISO 9000 Requirements include:

2008 version

ISO 9001:2008 in essence re-narrates ISO 9001:2000. The 2008 version only introduced clarifications to the existing requirements of ISO 9001:2000 and some changes intended to improve consistency with ISO 14001:2004. There were no new requirements. For example, in ISO 9001:2008, a quality management system being upgraded just needs to be checked to see if it is following the clarifications introduced in the amended version.

ISO 9001 is supplemented directly by two other standards of the family:

Other standards, like ISO 19011 and the ISO 10000 series, may also be used for specific parts of the quality system.

2015 version

In 2012, ISO TC 176 - responsible for ISO 9001 development - celebrated 25 years of implementing ISO 9001,[33] and concluded that it is necessary to create a new QMS model for the next 25 years. This is why commenced the official work on big revision of ISO 9001, starting with the new QM principles. This moment was considered by important specialists in the field as “beginning of a new era in the development of quality management systems.”[34] As a result of an intensive work of this technical committee, the revised standard ISO 9001:2015 was published by ISO on 23 September 2015. The scope of the standard has not changed. However the structure and core terms were modified to allow the standard to integrate more easily with other international management systems standards.

The 2015 version is also less prescriptive than its predecessors and focuses on performance. This was achieved by combining the process approach with risk-based thinking, and employing the Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle at all levels in the organization.[35]

Some of the key changes include:

Auditing

Two types of auditing are required to become registered to the standard: auditing by an external certification body (external audit) and audits by internal staff trained for this process (internal audits). The aim is a continual process of review and assessment to verify that the system is working as it is supposed to; to find out where it can improve; and to correct or prevent problems identified. It is considered healthier for internal auditors to audit outside their usual management line, so as to bring a degree of independence to their judgments.

Under the 1994 standard, the auditing process could be adequately addressed by performing "conformance auditing":

The 2000 standard uses a different approach. Auditors are expected to go beyond mere auditing for rote conformance by focusing on risk, status, and importance. This means they are expected to make more judgments on what is effective, rather than merely adhering to what is formally prescribed. The difference from the previous standard can be explained thus:

Under the 1994 version, the question was broad: "Are you doing what the manual says you should be doing?", whereas under the 2000 version, the questions are more specific: "Will this process help you achieve your stated objectives? Is it a good process or is there a way to do it better?"

Industry-specific interpretations

The ISO 9001 standard is generic; its parts must be carefully interpreted to make sense within a particular organization. Developing software is not like making cheese or offering counseling services, yet the ISO 9001 guidelines, because they are business management guidelines, can be applied to each of these. Diverse organizations—police departments (United States), professional soccer teams (Mexico), and city councils (UK)—have successfully implemented ISO 9001:2000 systems.

Over time, various industry sectors have wanted to standardize their interpretations of the guidelines within their own marketplace. This is partly to ensure that their versions of ISO 9000 have their specific requirements, but also to try and ensure that more appropriately trained and experienced auditors are sent to assess them.

Effectiveness

The debate on the effectiveness of ISO 9000 commonly centers on the following questions:

  1. Are the quality principles in ISO 9001 of value?
  2. Does it help to implement an ISO 9001-compliant quality management system?
  3. Does it help to obtain ISO 9001 certification?

Effectiveness of the ISO system being implemented depends on a number of factors, the most significant of which are:

  1. Commitment of senior management to monitor, control, and improve quality. Organizations that implement an ISO system without this desire and commitment often take the cheapest road to get a certificate on the wall and ignore problem areas uncovered in the audits.
  2. How well the ISO system integrates into current business practices. Many organizations that implement ISO try to make their system fit into a cookie-cutter quality manual instead of creating a manual that documents existing practices and only adds new processes to meet the ISO standard when necessary.
  3. How well the ISO system focuses on improving the customer experience. The broadest definition of quality is "Whatever the customer perceives good quality to be." This means that a company doesn't necessarily have to make a product that never fails; some customers will have a higher tolerance for product failures if they always receive shipments on-time or have a positive experience in some other dimension of customer service. An ISO system should take into account all areas of the customer experience and the industry expectations, and seek to improve them on a continual basis. This means taking into account all processes that deal with the three stakeholders (customers, suppliers, and organization); only then will a company be able to sustain improvements in the customer's experience.
  4. How well the auditor finds and communicates areas of improvement. While ISO auditors may not provide consulting to the clients they audit, there is the potential for auditors to point out areas of improvement. Many auditors simply rely on submitting reports that indicate compliance or non-compliance with the appropriate section of the standard; however, to most executives, this is like speaking a foreign language. Auditors that can clearly identify and communicate areas of improvement in language and terms executive management understands facilitate action on improvement initiatives by the companies they audit. When management doesn't understand why they were non-compliant and the business implications associated with non-compliance, they simply ignore the reports and focus on what they do understand.

Advantages

It is widely acknowledged that proper quality management improves business, often having a positive effect on investment, market share, sales growth, sales margins, competitive advantage, and avoidance of litigation.[37] The quality principles in ISO 9000:2000 are also sound, according to Wade [38] and Barnes, who says that "ISO 9000 guidelines provide a comprehensive model for quality management systems that can make any company competitive".[39] Sroufe and Curkovic, (2008) found benefits ranging from registration required to remain part of a supply base, better documentation, to cost benefits, and improved involvement and communication with management.[37] Implementing ISO often gives the following advantages:

  1. Creates a more efficient, effective operation
  2. Increases customer satisfaction and retention
  3. Reduces audits
  4. Enhances marketing
  5. Improves employee motivation, awareness, and morale
  6. Promotes international trade
  7. Increases profit
  8. Reduces waste and increases productivity
  9. Common tool for standardization
  10. Enables to meet the requirements of an internationally uniform quality system.
  11. Motivates the employees and develops pride in them for achieving excellence.

Criticisms of ISO 9000

A common criticism of ISO 9000 and 9001 is the amount of money, time, and paperwork required for registration.[7] Dalgleish cites the "inordinate and often unnecessary paperwork burden" of ISO, and says that "quality managers feel that ISO's overhead and paperwork are excessive and extremely inefficient".[40]

According to Barnes, "Opponents claim that it is only for documentation. Proponents believe that if a company has documented its quality systems, then most of the paperwork has already been completed".[39] Wilson suggests that ISO standards "elevate inspection of the correct procedures over broader aspects of quality", and therefore, "the workplace becomes oppressive and quality is not improved".[8]

One study showing reasons for not adopting this standard include the risks and uncertainty of not knowing if there are direct relationships to improved quality, and what kind and how many resources will be needed. Additional risks include how much certification will cost, increased bureaucratic processes and risk of poor company image if the certification process fails.[37] According to John Seddon, ISO 9001 promotes specification, control, and procedures rather than understanding and improvement.[9] Wade argues that ISO 9000 is effective as a guideline, but that promoting it as a standard "helps to mislead companies into thinking that certification means better quality, ... [undermining] the need for an organization to set its own quality standards".[38] In short, Wade argues that reliance on the specifications of ISO 9001 does not guarantee a successful quality system.

The standard is seen as especially prone to failure when a company is interested in certification before quality.[9] Certifications are in fact often based on customer contractual requirements rather than a desire to actually improve quality.[39][41] "If you just want the certificate on the wall, chances are you will create a paper system that doesn't have much to do with the way you actually run your business", said ISO's Roger Frost.[41] Certification by an independent auditor is often seen as the problem area, and according to Barnes, "has become a vehicle to increase consulting services".[39]

Dalgleish argues that while "quality has a positive effect on return on investment, market share, sales growth, better sales margins and competitive advantage", that "taking a quality approach is unrelated to ISO 9000 registration".[42] In fact, ISO itself advises that ISO 9001 can be implemented without certification, simply for the quality benefits that can be achieved.[43]

Abrahamson argues that fashionable management discourse such as Quality Circles tends to follow a lifecycle in the form of a bell curve, possibly indicating a management fad.[44]

Pickrell argues that ISO systems merely gauge whether the processes are being followed. It does not gauge how good the processes are or whether the correct parameters are being measured and controlled to ensure quality. Furthermore, when unique technical solutions are involved in the creation of a new part, ISO does not validate the robustness of the technical solution which is a key part of advanced quality planning. It is not unheard of for an ISO-certified plant to display poor quality performance due to poor process selection and/or poor technical solutions.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Poksinska, Bozena; Dahlgaard, Jens Jörn; Antoni, Marc (2002). "The state of ISO 9000 certification: A study of Swedish organizations". The TQM Magazine 14 (5): 297. doi:10.1108/09544780210439734.
  2. 1 2 Tsim, Y.C.; Yeung, V.W.S.; Leung, Edgar T.C. (2002). "An adaptation to ISO 9001:2000 for certified organisations". Managerial Auditing Journal 17 (5): 245. doi:10.1108/02686900210429669.
  3. 1 2 (PDF) http://www.iso.org/iso/qmp_2012.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ Beattie, Ken R. (1999). "Implementing ISO 9000: A study of its benefits among Australian organizations". Total Quality Management 10: 95. doi:10.1080/0954412998090.
  5. ↑ http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/management-standards/iso_9000.htm
  6. ↑ "ISO 9001 certifications top one million mark, food safety and information security continue meteoric increase" (Press release). International Organization for Standardization. October 25, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  7. 1 2 Clifford, Stephanie (May 1, 2005). "So many standards to follow, so little payoff". Inc.
  8. 1 2 Wilson, Ian (June 4, 2010). "Is ISO the way to go? Some say, Not So".
  9. 1 2 3 Seddon, John (November 19, 2000). "The 'quality' you can't feel". The Observer.
  10. ↑ "A Brief History of ISO 9000: Where did we go wrong?". The Case Against ISO 9000 (2nd ed.). Oak Tree Press. 2000. ISBN 978-1-86076-173-7.
  11. ↑ History of the BSI Group
  12. ↑ Fast Facts About BSI Group
  13. ↑ ISO 9001 proven to help win new business.
  14. ↑ http://www.bsi-emea.com/Quality/CaseStudies/Interstate.pdf[]
  15. 1 2 Corbett, Charles J.; Montes-Sancho, María J.; Kirsch, David A. (2005). "The Financial Impact of ISO 9000 Certification in the United States: An Empirical Analysis". Management Science 51 (7): 1607–16. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1040.0358. JSTOR 20110397.
  16. ↑ http://neumann.hec.ca/cref/sem/documents/040923.pdf[]
  17. 1 2 Heras, Iñaki; Dick, Gavin P.M.; Casadesús, Martí (2002). "ISO 9000 registration's impact on sales and profitability: A longitudinal analysis of performance before and after accreditation". International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 19 (6): 774. doi:10.1108/02656710210429618.
  18. ↑ Naveh, Eitan; Marcus, Alfred (2007). "Financial performance, ISO 9000 standard and safe driving practices effects on accident rate in the U.S. Motor carrier industry". Accident Analysis & Prevention 39 (4): 731. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2006.11.004.
  19. ↑ Sharma, Divesh S. (2005). "The association between ISO 9000 certification and financial performance". The International Journal of Accounting 40 (2): 151. doi:10.1016/j.intacc.2005.01.011.
  20. ↑ Chow-Chua, Clare; Goh, Mark; Wan, Tan Boon (2003). "Does ISO 9000 certification improve business performance?". International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 20 (8): 936. doi:10.1108/02656710310493643.
  21. ↑ Rajan, Murli; Tamimi, Nabil (2003). "Payoff to ISO 9000 Registration". The Journal of Investing 12: 71. doi:10.3905/joi.2003.319536.
  22. ↑ Buttle, Francis (1997). "ISO 9000: Marketing motivations and benefits". International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 14 (9): 936–47. doi:10.1108/02656719710186867.
  23. ↑ Santos, Leticia; Escanciano, Carmen (2002). "Benefits of the ISO 9000:1994 system: Some considerations to reinforce competitive advantage". International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 19 (3): 321–44. doi:10.1108/02656710210415703.
  24. ↑ Alcorn, Janice E. (2008). "A Collection of Papers Presented at the 55th Conference on Glass Problems: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 16, Issue 2". Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings: 15. doi:10.1002/9780470314661.ch3. ISBN 978-0-470-31466-1. |chapter= ignored (help)
  25. 1 2 3 4 The ISO Survey of ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001 Certificates – 2003 (PDF), International Organization for Standardization, p. 17, archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2012, retrieved 20 November 2015
  26. 1 2 3 4 The ISO Survey – 2008 (PDF), International Organization for Standardization, p. 11, archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2011, retrieved 20 November 2015
  27. 1 2 3 The ISO Survey of ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001 Certificates – 2003 (PDF), International Organization for Standardization, pp. 1–2, archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2015, retrieved 20 November 2015
  28. 1 2 The ISO Survey of Management System Standard Certifications – 2011 (PDF), International Organization for Standardization, p. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013, retrieved 20 November 2015
  29. 1 2 The ISO Survey of Management System Standard Certifications – 2014 (PDF), International Organization for Standardization, p. 1, retrieved 20 November 2015
  30. ↑ Source: ISO Survey 2010
  31. ↑ ISO/IEC 17021: "Conformity assessment. Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of management systems" (2011)
  32. ↑ ISO/IEC 17011: "Conformity assessment. General requirements for accreditation bodies accrediting conformity assessment bodies" (2004).
  33. ↑ "25 Years of ISO 9000 | A View from the Q". asq.org. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  34. ↑ Bacivarov, Ioan (1 October 2015). "The Standard ISO 9001:2015 - A Milestone in the Evolution of Quality Management" (PDF). Asigurarea Calitatii - Quality Assurance. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  35. ↑ "ISO 9001:2015 - Just published!". ISO. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  36. ↑ "BSI obtains first global accreditation from ANAB to certify organizations to the new Quality Management standard ISO 9001:2015". BSI. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
  37. 1 2 3 Sroufe, Robert and Sime Curkovic, "An examination of ISO 9000:2000 and supply chain quality assurance." Journal of Operations Management, Volume 26, Issue 4, July 2008, Pages 503-520
  38. 1 2 "Is ISO 9000 really a standard?" Jim Wade, ISO Management Systems – May–June 2002.
  39. 1 2 3 4 "Good Business Sense Is the Key to Confronting ISO 9000" Frank Barnes in Review of Business, Spring 2000.
  40. ↑ Scott Dalgleish, "" Quality Magazine May 5, 2003 (accessed 10 June 2015).
  41. 1 2 "ISO a GO-Go." Mark Henricks. Entrepreneur Magazine Dec 2001.
  42. ↑ Scott Dalgleish, "Probing the Limits: ISO 9001 Proves Ineffective", Quality Magazine April 1, 2005 (accessed 6 June 2015).
  43. ↑ The ISO Survey – 2005 (abridged version, PDF, 3 MB), ISO, 2005.
  44. ↑ Abrahamson, E. (1996). "Management Fashion". The Academy of Management Review 21 (1): 254–285. doi:10.5465/amr.1996.9602161572. JSTOR 258636.

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External links

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