LGBT rights in the Americas

LGBT rights in Americas
Americas
Same-sex sexual activity legal?	Legal in 24 out of 35 states Legal in all 20 territories
Gender identity/expression	Legal in 15 out of 35 states Legal in 9 out of 20 territories
Military service	Allowed to serve openly in 16 out of 29 states that have an army Legal in all 20 territories
Discrimination protections	Legal in 17 out of 35 states Legal in 15 out of 20 territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationships	Legal in 10 out of 35 states Legal in 10 out of 20 territories
Restrictions:	Same-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 7 out of 35 states
Adoption	Legal in 7 out of 35 states Legal in 10 out of 20 territories

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex in the Americas, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely. Same-sex marriages have been legal in Canada nationwide since 2005, in Argentina since 2010, in Brazil nationwide, Uruguay since 2013, in the United States nationwide since 2015 and in Colombia since 2016. In Mexico same-sex marriages are performed in Mexico City and the states of Quintana Roo, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Nayarit and Guerrero, and those unions are recognized nationwide. Same-sex marriages are legal in the Caribbean Netherlands, while marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. More than 600 million people live in nations or sub-national entities in the Americas where same-sex marriages are available.

Furthermore, some other nations have laws recognizing other types of same-sex unions (Ecuador and Chile), as well as LGBT adoption and military service by LGBT people. However, eleven other nations, all of them in the former British West Indies, still have criminal punishment for buggery on their statute books. These eleven countries include Jamaica, Dominica, Barbados, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Lucia, Antigua & Barbuda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis & Belize.

State recognition of same-sex relationships in North America & Hawaii.¹

  Same-sex marriage

  Other type of partnership

  Same-sex marriages recognized, but not performed

  Binding judicial ruling against a ban on same-sex marriage²

¹May include recent laws or court decisions which have created legal recognition of same-sex relationships, but which have not entered into effect yet.
²Some states in these categories also have a ban unions similar to marriage and binding judicial rulings against bans unions similar to marriage.

Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.

  Same-sex marriage

  Other type of partnership

  Unregistered cohabitation

  Foreign same-sex marriages recognized

  No recognition of same-sex couples

  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples

  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but not enforced

  Same-sex sexual activity illegal only for males

  Same-sex sexual activity illegal for males and females

Homosexuality legislation in Lesser Antilles.

  Same-sex marriage

  Same-sex marriage only recognized

  Other type of partnership

  Unrecognized or unknown

  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but not enforced

  Same-sex sexual activity illegal

Recognition of same-sex unions in South America

  Marriage

  Other type of partnership

  Unrecognized or unknown

  Same-sex marriage banned

  Same-sex sexual activity illegal

----

Religion and LGBT acceptance

The British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonists, who settled most of the Americas, brought Christianity from Europe. In particular, the Roman Catholic Church and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, both of which oppose legal recognition of homosexual relationships followed by Eastern Orthodox church,^[1] the Methodist Church,^[2][3] and some other Mainline (Protestant) denominations, such as the Reformed Church in America^[4] and the American Baptist Church,^[5] as well as Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the Evangelical Alliance. The Southern Baptist Convention.^[6][7][8] Pentecostal churches such as the Assemblies of God,^[9] as well as Restorationist churches, like Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons, also take the position that homosexual sexual activity is sinful.^[10][11]

However, other denominations have become more accepting of LGBT people in recent decades, including the Episcopal Church in the United States, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, the Anglican Church of Canada, the United Church of Canada, the United Church of Christ, the Unitarian Universalist Association, and the Society of Friends (Quakers), and some congregations of the Presbyterian Church (U. S. A.). Most of these denominations now perform same-sex weddings or blessings. Furthermore, many churches in the United Methodist Church in the US are choosing to officiate and bless same-sex marriage despite denomination-wide restrictions. ^[12] In addition, in the United States Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Reconstructionist Judaism now welcome LGBT worshippers and perform same-sex weddings.

Legislation by country or territory

Tables:

North America

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Bermuda (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1994 (age of consent discrepancy) + UN decl. sign.[13]			Legal since 2015[14]	UK responsible for defence.	Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[15]
Canada	Legal since 1969 (age of consent discrepancy and prohibition of anal intercourse in some cases) + UN decl. sign.[13][16]	Domestic partnership in Nova Scotia (2001)[17]; Civil union in Quebec (2002)[18]; Adult interdependent relationship in Alberta (2003)[19]; Common-law relationship in Manitoba (2004)[20]	Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003, nationwide since 2005.[21]	Legal in some provinces and territories since 1996, nationwide since 2010.[22]	Since 1992[23]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination, including hate speech. Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Ontario since 2015.	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention in most provinces and territories (not required in Ontario, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia); Explicit anti-discrimination protections only in Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, the Northwest Territories and Nova Scotia implicit elsewhere.[24][25][26][27]
Greenland (Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark)	Legal since 1933 + UN decl. sign.[13]	Registered partnership since 1996[28]	Legal since 2016	Step-child adoption since 2009.[29] Joint adoption since 2016.[30]	Since 1978 (Denmark responsible for defence)	/ Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[13]
Mexico	Legal since 1871 + UN decl. sign.[13]	/ Civil union in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007),[31] Colima (2013),[32] Campeche (2013),[33] Jalisco (2014)[34] and Michoacán (TBD).[35]	/ Legal in Mexico City (2010),[36] Quintana Roo (2012),[37] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Guerrero (2015), Nayarit (2015) and Jalisco (2016). All states are obliged to honour same-sex marriages performed in states where it is legal.[36] (Proposed nationwide).[38][39] The Supreme Court has declared that it is unconstitutional to deny marriage licenses to same-sex couples in all states,[40] but as state constitutions were not invalidated, individual injunctions must still be obtained from the court.[41][42]	/ Explicitly legal in Mexico City (2010)[43] and Coahuila (2014).[44] Nationwide, married same-sex couples may adopt.[45]	/ No explicit ban. However, LGB persons have been reportedly discharged on the grounds of "immorality".[46]	Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination.[47]	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City since 2008.[48] Mexico adopted a legal protocol for gender identity and sexual orientation in 2014 based upon constitutional provisions to equally protect the rights of all citizens.[49]
Saint Pierre et Miquelon (Overseas collectivity of France)	Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.[13]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999[50]	Legal since 2013[51]	Legal since 2013[52]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[53]	Requires sterilization for legal change.[54]
United States	Legal in some states since 1962, nationwide since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[13]	Domestic partnership in California (1999),[55] the District of Columbia (2002),[56] Maine (2004),[57] Oregon (2008),[58] Maryland (2008),[59] Wisconsin (2009)[60] and Nevada (2009)[61]; Civil union in New Jersey (2007),[62] Illinois (2011),[63] Hawaii (2012),[64] and Colorado (2013)[65]	Legal in some states since 2004. Nationwide since 2015, except American Samoa and some tribal jurisdictions.[66][67]	Legal in some states since 1993. Nationwide since 2015, except American Samoa.[67]	Since 2011[68]	/ Federal executive order prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation for employees in the federal civilian workforce, along with the government employment in the District of Columbia, and the United States Postal Service, since 1998 (see Executive Order 12968 and Executive Order 13087). Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation with minors by mental health professionals illegal in some states. (Banned in California, Illinois, New Jersey, Oregon and the District of Columbia). Included in the federal hate crimes law since 2009. (Sexual orientation discrimination in public and private employment)	/ Gender identity discrimination in employment and healthcare insurance banned since 2012.[69][70] Included in the federal hate crimes law since 2009. (Gender identity discrimination in public and private employment)

Central America

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Belize	Male illegal since 2003 Penalty: 10-year prison sentence (not enforced) Female always legal.[13]
Costa Rica	Legal since 1971 + UN decl. sign.[13]	Unregistered cohabitation since 2014; (De facto union pending)[71][72]		LGBT individuals may adopt.[73]	Has no military.	Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[13]
El Salvador	Legal since the 1800s + UN decl. sign.[13]		(Constitutional ban pending)[74]		[75]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[75]	Bans hate crimes based on gender identity.[76][77]
Guatemala	Legal since 1800's + UN decl. sign.[13]
Honduras	Legal since 1899 + UN decl. sign.[13]		Constitutional ban since 2005.[78][79]			Bans hate crimes based on sexual orientation.[13]	Bans hate crimes based on gender identity.[13]
Nicaragua	Legal since 2008 + UN decl. sign.[13]					Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[13]
Panama	Legal since 2008 + UN decl. sign.[13]				Has no military.	(Anti-discrimination law proposed).[80]	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2006.[81]

Caribbean

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Anguilla (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[13]				UK responsible for defence.
Antigua and Barbuda	Illegal Penalty: 15-year prison sentence.[13]
Aruba (Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)	Legal + UN decl. sign.[13]	(Pending)[82]	/(Pending) Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized.[83]		The Netherlands responsible for defence.
Bahamas	Legal since 1991 (age of consent discrepancy) + UN decl. sign.[13]				[13]
Barbados	Illegal Penalty: Life imprisonment (not enforced).[13]
British Virgin Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[13]				UK responsible for defence.	Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination.[84]
Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba; Special municipalities of the Netherlands)	Legal + UN decl. sign.[13]	Registered partnership since 2012[85]	Legal since 2012[86]	[87]	The Netherlands responsible for defence.	Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[88]	[89]
Cayman Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000 (age of consent discrepancy) [90] + UN decl. sign.[13]		Constitutional ban since 2009.[91]		UK responsible for defence.
Cuba	Legal since 1979 + UN decl. sign.[13]		Constitutional ban since 1976.		[13]	Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[92][93]	[94]
Curaçao (Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)	Legal + UN decl. sign.[13]	(Proposed)	/ Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized.[83]		The Netherlands responsible for defence.
Dominica	Illegal Penalty: 10-year prison sentence or incarceration in a psychiatric institution + UN decl. sign.[13]
Dominican Republic	Legal since 1822 + UN decl. sign.[13]		Constitutional ban since 2010.[95]		[96]
Grenada	Male illegal Penalty: 10-year prison sentence Female always legal.[13]				Has no military.
Guadeloupe (Overseas department of France)	Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.[13]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999[50]	Legal since 2013[51]	Legal since 2013[52]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[53]	Requires sterilization for legal change.[54]
Haiti	Legal since 1986[13]				Has no military.
Jamaica	Male illegal Penalty: 10 years hard labor (not enforced) Female always legal.[13]
Martinique (Overseas department of France)	Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.[13]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999[50]	Legal since 2013[51]	Legal since 2013[52]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[53]	Requires sterilization for legal change.[54]
Montserrat (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[13]		Constitutional ban since 2010.[97]		UK responsible for defence.	Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination.[98]
Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of the United States)	Legal since 2003 + UN decl. sign.[13]	Since 2015	Legal since 2015[99]	Legal since 2015	Since 2011[68]	Bans hate crimes since 2002 and anti–employment discrimination since 2013. US hate crime laws also apply.	Bans hate crimes since 2002 and anti–employment discrimination since 2013. US hate crime laws also apply.
Saint Barthélemy (Overseas collectivity of France since 2007)	Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.[13]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999[50]	Legal since 2013[51]	Legal since 2013[52]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[53]	Requires sterilization for legal change.[54]
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Male illegal Penalty: 10 years Female always legal.[13]
Saint Lucia	Male illegal Penalty: fine and/or 10-year prison sentence Female always legal.[13]				Has no military.
Saint Martin (Overseas collectivity of France since 2007)	Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.[13]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999[50]	Legal since 2013[51]	Legal since 2013[52]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[53]	Requires sterilization for legal change.[54]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Illegal Penalty: fine and/or 10-year prison sentence.[13]				Has no military.
Sint Maarten (Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)	Legal + UN decl. sign.[13]	(Proposed)	/ Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized.[83]		The Netherlands responsible for defence.
Trinidad and Tobago	Illegal Penalty: 25-year prison sentence (not enforced).[13]
Turks and Caicos Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 2000 + UN decl. sign.[13]		Constitutional ban since 2011.[100]		UK responsible for defence.	Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination.[13]
United States Virgin Islands (Insular area of the United States)	Legal since 1985 + UN decl. sign.[13]	Since 2015[67]	Legal since 2015[67]	Legal since 2015[67]	Since 2011[68]	The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well.	The US hate crime laws also apply to all US external territories as well.

South America

LGBT rights in:	Same-sex sexual activity	Recognition of same-sex unions	Same-sex marriage	Adoption by same-sex couples	LGB people allowed to serve openly in military?	Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation	Laws concerning gender identity/expression
Argentina	Legal since 1887 + UN decl. sign.[13]	Civil union in Buenos Aires (2003)[101] and Rio Negro (2003)[102] Cohabitation union nationwide since 2015[103]	Legal since 2010.[104]	Legal since 2010	Since 2009[105]	/ Legal protection in some provinces (federal law pending).[106] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal.	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial permission since 2012.[107]
Bolivia	Legal + UN decl. sign.[13]	Constitutional ban on free unions.[108] (Family life agreement pending)[109]	Constitutional ban since 2009.[110]	LGBT individuals may adopt.[111]	Since 2010 the Armed Forces prohibits the ejection from the military because of sexual orientation.[112][113]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[13]	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2005.[114][115][116]
Brazil	Legal since 1831 + UN decl. sign.[13]	"Stable unions" legal in some states since 2004. All rights as recognized family entities available nationwide since 2011.[117][118]	Legal in some states since 2012, nationwide since 2013.[119][120]	Legal since 2010[121]	Since 1969[122]	/ All state-sanctioned social discrimination of citizens since 1988. Legal protection for sexual orientation in many jurisdictions (expansion of anti-discrimination (all) national Constitutional amendment discussed in the Senate).[123] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999.[124][125]	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2009.[126][127][128]
Chile	Legal since 1999 (age of consent discrepancy) + UN decl. sign.[13]	Civil union agreement since 2015[129]	(Pending).[130]	LGBT individuals may adopt (Joint and step-child adoption pending).[131]	Since 2012.[132]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination since 2012.[133]	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2007. Surgery no longer a requirement beginning in 2015. Judicial permission required.[134] Currently, a broader gender identity law (which would not require any surgeries or judicial permission) is being discussed by the congress.[135][136]
Colombia	Legal since 1981 + UN decl. sign.[13]	De facto marital union since 2007[137]	Legal since 2013[138]	Step-child adoption since 2014.[139] Joint adoption since 2015[140]	Since 1999. Since 2009 the military special social security system can be used by same sex couples in the army.[13]	Since 2011 Bans all anti-gay discrimination, including hate speech.[141]	Since 2015, transgender persons can change their legal gender and name manifesting their solemn will before a notar, no surgeries or judicial order required. [142]
Ecuador	Legal since 1997 + UN decl. sign.[13]	De facto union since 2009[143][144]	Constitutional ban since 2009.[145]	LGBT individuals may adopt.[146]	[147]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[148]	Since 2016, transgender persons are allowed to change their birth name and gender identity (instead of the sex assigned at birth) on legal documents. No surgeries or judicial order required.[149][150][151]
Falkland Islands (Overseas territory of the United Kingdom)	Legal since 1989 + UN decl. sign.[13]	(Civil partnership proposed)[152]	(Proposed)[152]		UK responsible for defence.	Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination.[153]
French Guiana (Overseas department of France)	Legal since 1791 + UN decl. sign.[13]	Civil solidarity pact since 1999[50]	Legal since 2013[51]	Legal since 2013[52]		Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[53]	Requires sterilization for legal change.[54]
Guyana	Illegal Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced).[13]			[154]	[155]
Paraguay	Legal since 1880 (age of consent discrepancy) + UN decl. sign.[13]	Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 1992.[156]	Constitutional ban since 1992.[157]			(Proposed)[158]
Peru	Legal since 1836-1837 + UN decl. sign.[13]	(Solidary community pending)[159]			Since 2009[160]	Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[161][162][163]	Transgender persons can change their legal name after completion of medical intervention. Gender change is not allowed by courts.[164]
Suriname	Legal since 1869 + UN decl.
Uruguay	Legal since 1934 + UN decl. sign.[13]	Concubinage union since 2008.[165]	Legal since 2013[166]	Legal since 2009[167]	Since 2009[168]	Bans all anti-gay discrimination since 2004.[169]	Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 2009.[170]
Venezuela	Legal since 1997 + UN decl. sign.[13]		(Proposed)[171] Constitutional ban since 1999.[172]		Since 1999[13]	Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[173]

See also

• LGBT rights in Europe
• Recognition of same-sex unions in North America
• Recognition of same-sex unions in South America

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