Langer–Giedion syndrome

Langer-Giedion syndrome
A person showing the typical features of Langer-Giedion syndrome
Classification and external resources
OMIM	150230
DiseasesDB	31949
MeSH	D015826

Langer-Giedion Syndrome (LGS), also called trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type II (TRPS2) or LGCR (for "Langer-Giedion Chromosome Region"),^[1]^[2] is a very uncommon autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by a deletion of chromosomal material. It is named after the two doctors who undertook the main research into the condition in the 1960s. Diagnosis is usually made at birth or in early childhood.

Genetics

The syndrome occurs when a small piece of chromosome 8’s long arm, which contains a number of genes, is missing. The loss of these genes is responsible for some of the overall characteristics of Langer-Giedion Syndrome.

The missing portion of the chromosome is 8q23-q24. This region includes the genes TRPS1 and EXT1.

Symptoms

The features associated with this condition include: Mild to Moderate learning difficulties, short stature, unique facial features, small head and skeletal abnormalities including bony growths projecting from the surfaces of bones.^[3] Typically individuals with Langer–Giedion syndrome have fine scalp hair, ears that may be large or prominent, broad eyebrows, deep-set eyes, a bulbous nose, long narrow upper lip, and missing teeth.

Cause

Deletion 8q23.2 to q24.1.^[2]

It involves a loss of TRPS1 and EXT1.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and can be confirmed by cytogenetic testing, when the deletion is in an average of 5 Mb (millions of base pairs). Nowadays is a common practice to run an aCHG (array Chromosome Hibridization Genome) study on peripheral blood of the patient, in order to limit the extent of the loss of the genomic area, and the deleted genes.

^[4]

Treatment

While no genetic syndrome is capable of being cured, treatments are available for some symptoms. External fixators have been used for limbic and facial reconstructions.

Image gallery

The right foot of a person with Langer–Giedion syndrome showing the characteristic features
Hands of a person with Langer–Giedion syndrome showing the characteristic short fingers.

References

↑ Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 150230
1 2 McBrien, J.; Crolla, J. A.; Huang, S.; Kelleher, J.; Gleeson, J.; Lynch, S. A. (June 2008). "Further case of microdeletion of 8q24 with phenotype overlapping Langer–Giedion withoutTRPS1 deletion". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 146A (12): 1587–1592. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32347. PMID 18478595.
↑ Devidayal; Marwaha RK (February 2006). "Langer-Giedion Syndrome" (PDF). Indian Pediatrics 43 (2): 174–175. PMID 16528117.
↑ http://www.omim.org/entry/150230

External links

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 2 at NIH's Office of Rare Diseases

Genetic disorder, protein biosynthesis: Transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies

(1) Basic domains

1.2	Feingold syndrome Saethre–Chotzen syndrome

1.3	Tietz syndrome

(2) Zinc finger
DNA-binding domains

2.1	(Intracellular receptor): Thyroid hormone resistance Androgen insensitivity syndrome PAIS MAIS CAIS Kennedy's disease PHA1AD pseudohypoaldosteronism Estrogen insensitivity syndrome X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita MODY 1 Familial partial lipodystrophy 3 SF1 XY gonadal dysgenesis

2.2	Barakat syndrome Tricho–rhino–phalangeal syndrome

2.3	Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome/Pallister–Hall syndrome Denys–Drash syndrome Duane-radial ray syndrome MODY 7 MRX 89 Townes–Brocks syndrome Acrocallosal syndrome Myotonic dystrophy 2

2.5	Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1

(3) Helix-turn-helix domains

3.1	ARX Ohtahara syndrome Lissencephaly X2 MNX1 Currarino syndrome HOXD13 SPD1 Synpolydactyly PDX1 MODY 4 LMX1B Nail–patella syndrome MSX1 Tooth and nail syndrome OFC5 PITX2 Axenfeld syndrome 1 POU4F3 DFNA15 POU3F4 DFNX2 ZEB1 Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy Fuchs' dystrophy 3 ZEB2 Mowat–Wilson syndrome

3.2	PAX2 Papillorenal syndrome PAX3 Waardenburg syndrome 1&3 PAX4 MODY 9 PAX6 Gillespie syndrome Coloboma of optic nerve PAX8 Congenital hypothyroidism 2 PAX9 STHAG3

3.3	FOXC1 Axenfeld syndrome 3 Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type FOXC2 Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome FOXE1 Bamforth–Lazarus syndrome FOXE3 Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis FOXF1 ACD/MPV FOXI1 Enlarged vestibular aqueduct FOXL2 Premature ovarian failure 3 FOXP3 IPEX

3.5	IRF6 Van der Woude syndrome Popliteal pterygium syndrome

(4) β-Scaffold factors
with minor groove contacts

4.2	Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome

4.3	Holt–Oram syndrome Li–Fraumeni syndrome Ulnar–mammary syndrome

4.7	Campomelic dysplasia MODY 3 MODY 5 SF1 SRY XY gonadal dysgenesis Premature ovarian failure 7 SOX10 Waardenburg syndrome 4c Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome

4.11	Cleidocranial dysostosis

(0) Other transcription factors

0.6	Kabuki syndrome

Ungrouped

Transcription coregulators

Coactivator:	CREBBP Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome

Corepressor:	HR (Atrichia with papular lesions)

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