List of New York Yankees seasons

A baseball stadium with blue seats and buildings visible in the background.
The Yankees have played home games in the current Yankee Stadium since 2009.

The New York Yankees are a professional baseball team based in the Bronx, a borough of New York City, New York. Also known as "the Bronx Bombers" and "the Pinstripers",[1][2] the Yankees play in the East Division of Major League Baseball's (MLB) American League (AL). In its 115 major league seasons, the franchise has won 27 World Series championships, the most of any MLB team and 16 more than the second-place St. Louis Cardinals.[3] The Yankees played home games in Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 2008, except for a stint at Shea Stadium from 1974 to 1975 while Yankee Stadium was undergoing renovations.[4] In 2009, the team moved into a new ballpark, which is also called Yankee Stadium.[5]

The Baltimore Orioles began play in the AL in 1901.[6] After two seasons, the Orioles were replaced by a club in New York City; it is unclear whether it was an expansion team or a relocated version of the Orioles.[7] Frank Farrell and William S. Devery purchased the franchise, naming it the New York Highlanders.[8] In 1913, the team changed its name to the Yankees.[8] From 1921 to 1964, the Yankees were the most successful Major League franchise, winning 20 World Series titles and 29 AL pennants. This period included streaks of four consecutive championships from 1936 to 1939 and five straight titles from 1949 to 1953.

Following an 11-year playoff drought, the club appeared in the playoffs five times in a six-year period and won back-to-back World Series championships in 1977 and 1978. The Yankees won the World Series again in 1996, and in 1998 began a run of three consecutive Series titles. From 1995 to 2007, the Yankees made the playoffs each year; their 13-season postseason streak was the second-longest in MLB history.[9] After missing the playoffs in 2008, they won another World Series in 2009 and reached the postseason each year from 2010 to 2012. In the most recent MLB season, 2015, New York won a wild card playoff berth before being defeated by the Houston Astros in a Division Series play-in game. Overall, the Yankees' .569 regular season winning percentage is the highest of any MLB team, and they have the eighth-most regular season wins, behind seven clubs founded in the 19th century.[10]

Table key

Two men smiling and holding a baseball bat, with a child next to them. Several seated men are sitting behind them, in front of grandstands.
Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig led the Murderers' Row teams of the late 1920s.
ALCS
American League Championship Series
ALDS
American League Division Series
ASGMVP
All-Star Game Most Valuable Player
CPOY
Comeback Player of the Year
CYA
Cy Young Award
Finish
Final position in league or division
GB
"Games back" from first-place team[a]
Losses
Number of regular season losses
MOY
Manager of the Year
MVP
Most Valuable Player
ROY
American League Rookie of the Year
Season
Each year is linked to an article about that particular MLB season
Wins
Number of regular season wins
WSMVP
World Series Most Valuable Player
Yankees season
Each year is linked to an article about that particular Yankees season

Year by year

World Series champions
(1903–present) †
American League champions
(1901–present)[b] *
Division champions
(1969–present) ^
Wild Card berth
(1994–present) ¤
MLB season Team season League Division Finish Wins Losses Win% GB[c] Playoffs Awards
New York Highlanders
1903 1903 AL 4th 72 62 .537 17
1904 1904 AL 2nd 92 59 .609
1905 1905 AL 6th 71 78 .477 21½
1906 1906 AL 2nd 90 61 .596 3
1907 1907 AL 5th 70 78 .473 21
1908 1908 AL 8th 51 103 .331 39½
1909 1909 AL 5th 74 77 .490 23½
1910 1910 AL 2nd 88 63 .583 14½
1911 1911 AL 6th 76 76 .500 25½
1912 1912 AL 8th 50 102 .329 55
New York Yankees
1913 1913 AL 7th 57 94 .377 38
1914 1914 AL 6th 70 84 .455 30
1915 1915 AL 5th 69 83 .454 32½
1916 1916 AL 4th 80 74 .519 11
1917 1917 AL 6th 71 82 .464 28½
1918 1918 AL 4th 60 63 .488 13½
1919 1919 AL 3rd 80 59 .576
1920 1920 AL 3rd 95 59 .617 3
1921 1921 AL * 1st 98 55 .641 Lost World Series to New York Giants, 5–3[11] *
1922 1922 AL * 1st 94 60 .610 Lost World Series to New York Giants, 4–0–1[d][12] *
1923 1923 AL * 1st 98 54 .645 Won World Series vs. New York Giants, 4–2[13] Babe Ruth (MVP)[14]
1924 1924 AL 2nd 89 63 .586 2
1925 1925 AL 7th 69 85 .448 28½
1926 1926 AL * 1st 91 63 .591 Lost World Series to St. Louis Cardinals, 4–3[15] *
1927 1927 AL * 1st 110 44 .714 Won World Series vs. Pittsburgh Pirates, 4–0[16] Lou Gehrig (MVP)[17]
1928 1928 AL * 1st 101 53 .656 Won World Series vs. St. Louis Cardinals, 4–0[18]
1929 1929 AL 2nd 88 66 .571 18
1930 1930 AL 3rd 86 68 .558 16
1931 1931 AL 2nd 94 59 .614 13½
1932 1932 AL * 1st 107 47 .695 Won World Series vs. Chicago Cubs, 4–0[e][19]
1933 1933 AL 2nd 91 59 .607 7
1934 1934 AL 2nd 94 60 .610 7
1935 1935 AL 2nd 89 60 .597 3
1936 1936 AL * 1st 102 51 .667 Won World Series vs. New York Giants, 4–2[20] Lou Gehrig (MVP)[21]
1937 1937 AL * 1st 102 52 .662 Won World Series vs. New York Giants, 4–1[22]
1938 1938 AL * 1st 99 53 .651 Won World Series vs. Chicago Cubs, 4–0[23]
1939 1939 AL * 1st 106 45 .702 Won World Series vs. Cincinnati Reds, 4–0[24] Joe DiMaggio (MVP)[21]
1940 1940 AL 3rd 88 66 .571 2
1941 1941 AL * 1st 101 53 .656 Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers, 4–1[25] Joe DiMaggio (MVP)[21]
1942 1942 AL * 1st 103 51 .669 Lost World Series to St. Louis Cardinals, 4–1[26] * Joe Gordon (MVP)[21]
1943 1943 AL * 1st 98 56 .636 Won World Series vs. St. Louis Cardinals, 4–1[27] Spud Chandler (MVP)[21]
1944 1944 AL 3rd 83 71 .539 6
1945 1945 AL 4th 81 71 .533
1946 1946 AL 3rd 87 67 .565 17
1947 1947 AL * 1st 97 57 .630 Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers, 4–3[28] Joe DiMaggio (MVP)[21]
1948 1948 AL 3rd 94 60 .610
1949 1949 AL * 1st 97 57 .630 Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers, 4–1[29]
1950 1950 AL * 1st 98 56 .636 Won World Series vs. Philadelphia Phillies, 4–0[30] Phil Rizzuto (MVP)[21]
1951 1951 AL * 1st 98 56 .636 Won World Series vs. New York Giants, 4–2[31] Yogi Berra (MVP)[21]
Gil McDougald (ROY)[32]
1952 1952 AL * 1st 95 59 .617 Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers, 4–3[33]
1953 1953 AL * 1st 99 52 .656 Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers, 4–2[34]
1954 1954 AL 2nd 103 51 .669 8 Yogi Berra (MVP)[21]
Bob Grim (ROY)[32]
1955 1955 AL * 1st 96 58 .623 Lost World Series to Brooklyn Dodgers, 4–3[35] * Yogi Berra (MVP)[21]
1956 1956 AL * 1st 97 57 .630 Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers, 4–3[f][36] Mickey Mantle (MVP)[21]
Don Larsen (WSMVP)[37]
1957 1957 AL * 1st 98 56 .636 Lost World Series to Milwaukee Braves, 4–3[38] * Mickey Mantle (MVP)[21]
Tony Kubek (ROY)[32]
1958 1958 AL * 1st 92 62 .597 Won World Series vs. Milwaukee Braves, 4–3[39] Bob Turley (CYA, WSMVP)[37][40]
1959 1959 AL 3rd 79 75 .513 15
1960 1960 AL * 1st 97 57 .630 Lost World Series to Pittsburgh Pirates, 4–3[41] * Roger Maris (MVP)[21]
Bobby Richardson (WSMVP)[37]
1961 1961 AL * 1st 109 53 .673 Won World Series vs. Cincinnati Reds, 4–1[42] Roger Maris (MVP)[21]
Whitey Ford (CYA, WSMVP)[37][40]
1962 1962 AL * 1st 96 66 .593 Won World Series vs. San Francisco Giants, 4–3[43] Mickey Mantle (MVP)[21]
Tom Tresh (ROY)[32]
Ralph Terry (WSMVP)[37]
1963 1963 AL * 1st 104 57 .646 Lost World Series to Los Angeles Dodgers, 4–0[44] * Elston Howard (MVP)[21]
1964 1964 AL * 1st 99 63 .611 Lost World Series to St. Louis Cardinals, 4–3[45] *
1965 1965 AL 6th 77 85 .475 25
1966 1966 AL 10th 70 89 .440 26½
1967 1967 AL 9th 72 90 .444 20
1968 1968 AL 5th 83 79 .512 20 Stan Bahnsen (ROY)[32]
1969 1969 AL East[g] 5th 80 81 .497 28½
1970 1970 AL East 2nd 93 69 .574 15 Thurman Munson (ROY)[32]
1971 1971 AL East 4th 82 80 .506 21
1972[h] 1972 AL East 4th 79 76 .510
1973 1973 AL East 4th 80 82 .494 17
1974 1974 AL East 2nd 89 73 .549 2
1975 1975 AL East 3rd 83 77 .519 12
1976 1976 AL * East ^ 1st 97 62 .610 Won ALCS vs. Kansas City Royals, 3–2
Lost World Series to Cincinnati Reds, 4–0[46]
*
Thurman Munson (MVP)[21]
Dock Ellis (CPOY)[47]
1977 1977 AL * East ^ 1st 100 62 .617 Won ALCS vs. Kansas City Royals, 3–2
Won World Series vs. Los Angeles Dodgers, 4–2[48]
Sparky Lyle (CYA)[40]
Reggie Jackson (WSMVP)[37]
1978 1978 AL * East ^ 1st[i] 100 63 .613 Won ALCS vs. Kansas City Royals, 3–1
Won World Series vs. Los Angeles Dodgers, 4–2[49]
Ron Guidry (CYA)[40]
Bucky Dent (WSMVP)[37]
1979 1979 AL East 4th 89 71 .556 13½
1980 1980 AL East ^ 1st 103 59 .636 Lost ALCS to Kansas City Royals, 3–0[50]
1981[j] 1981 AL * East ^ 1st 34 22 .607 Won ALDS vs. Milwaukee Brewers, 3–2
Won ALCS vs. Oakland Athletics, 3–0
Lost World Series to Los Angeles Dodgers, 4–2[51]
*
Dave Righetti (ROY)[32]
6th 25 26 .490 5
1982 1982 AL East 5th 79 83 .488 16
1983 1983 AL East 3rd 91 71 .562 7
1984 1984 AL East 3rd 87 75 .537 17
1985 1985 AL East 2nd 97 64 .602 2 Don Mattingly (MVP)[21]
1986 1986 AL East 2nd 90 72 .556
1987 1987 AL East 4th 89 73 .549 9
1988 1988 AL East 5th 85 76 .528
1989 1989 AL East 5th 74 87 .460 14½
1990 1990 AL East 7th 67 95 .414 21
1991 1991 AL East 5th 71 91 .438 20
1992 1992 AL East 4th 76 86 .469 20
1993 1993 AL East 2nd 88 74 .543 7
1994[k] 1994 AL East 1st 70 43 .619 Buck Showalter (MOY)[52]
1995[l] 1995 AL East 2nd ¤ 79 65 .549 7 Lost ALDS to Seattle Mariners, 3–2[53]
1996 1996 AL * East ^ 1st 92 70 .568 Won ALDS vs. Texas Rangers, 3–1
Won ALCS vs. Baltimore Orioles, 4–1
Won World Series vs. Atlanta Braves, 4–2[54]
Derek Jeter (ROY)[32]
Joe Torre (MOY)[52]
John Wetteland (WSMVP)[37]
1997 1997 AL East 2nd ¤ 96 66 .593 2 Lost ALDS to Cleveland Indians, 3–2[55]
1998 1998 AL * East ^ 1st 114 48 .704 Won ALDS vs. Texas Rangers, 3–0
Won ALCS vs. Cleveland Indians, 4–2
Won World Series vs. San Diego Padres, 4–0[56]
Joe Torre (MOY)[52]
Scott Brosius (WSMVP)[37]
1999 1999 AL * East ^ 1st 98 64 .605 Won ALDS vs. Texas Rangers, 3–0
Won ALCS vs. Boston Red Sox, 4–1
Won World Series vs. Atlanta Braves, 4–0[57]
Mariano Rivera (WSMVP)[37]
2000 2000 AL * East ^ 1st 87 74 .540 Won ALDS vs. Oakland Athletics, 3–2
Won ALCS vs. Seattle Mariners, 4–2
Won World Series vs. New York Mets, 4–1[58]
Derek Jeter (ASGMVP, WSMVP)[37][59]
2001 2001 AL * East ^ 1st 95 65 .594 Won ALDS vs. Oakland Athletics, 3–2
Won ALCS vs. Seattle Mariners, 4–1
Lost World Series to Arizona Diamondbacks, 4–3[60]
*
Roger Clemens (CYA)[40]
2002 2002 AL East ^ 1st 103 58 .640 Lost ALDS to Anaheim Angels, 3–1[61]
2003 2003 AL * East ^ 1st 101 61 .623 Won ALDS vs. Minnesota Twins, 3–1
Won ALCS vs. Boston Red Sox, 4–3
Lost World Series to Florida Marlins, 4–2[62]
*
2004 2004 AL East ^ 1st 101 61 .623 Won ALDS vs. Minnesota Twins, 3–1
Lost ALCS to Boston Red Sox, 4–3[63]
2005 2005 AL East ^ 1st[m] 95 67 .586 Lost ALDS to Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, 3–2[64] Alex Rodriguez (MVP)[21]
Jason Giambi (CPOY)[65]
2006 2006 AL East ^ 1st 97 65 .599 Lost ALDS to Detroit Tigers, 3–1[66]
2007 2007 AL East 2nd ¤ 94 68 .580 2 Lost ALDS to Cleveland Indians, 3–1[67] Alex Rodriguez (MVP)[21]
2008 2008 AL East 3rd 89 73 .549 8
2009 2009 AL * East ^ 1st 103 59 .636 Won ALDS vs. Minnesota Twins, 3–0
Won ALCS vs. Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, 4–2
Won World Series vs. Philadelphia Phillies, 4–2[68]
Hideki Matsui (WSMVP)[37]
2010 2010 AL East 2nd ¤ 95 67 .586 1 Won ALDS vs. Minnesota Twins, 3–0
Lost ALCS to Texas Rangers, 4–2
2011 2011 AL East ^ 1st 97 65 .599 Lost ALDS to Detroit Tigers, 3–2
2012 2012 AL East ^ 1st 95 67 .586 Won ALDS vs. Baltimore Orioles, 3–2
Lost ALCS to Detroit Tigers, 4–0
2013 2013 AL East 3rd[n] 85 77 .525 12 Mariano Rivera (CPOY)[69]
2014 2014 AL East 2nd 84 78 .519 12
2015 2015 AL East 2nd ¤ 87 75 .537 6 Lost AL Wild Card Game to Houston Astros

These statistics are from Baseball-Reference.com's New York Yankees History & Encyclopedia,[70] except where noted, and are current as of October 6, 2015.

All-time records

Statistic Wins Losses Win%
All-time regular season record 10,008 7,584 .568
All-time postseason record 223 155 .590
All-time regular and postseason record 10,223 7,725 .570

Notes

References

General
Specific
  1. "Bronx Bombers to be sold?". CNN. CNNfn. March 19, 1998. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  2. Antonen, Mel (October 17, 2004). "Pinstripers paint Red Sox blue". USA Today. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  3. "World Series Winners". ESPN. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  4. "Yankee Stadium History". New York Yankees. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  5. Bondy, Filip (April 3, 2009). "Yankees need to win big to justify excesses of new Yankee Stadium". New York Daily News. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
  6. Tygiel, pp. 49, 51.
  7. Appel, pp. 13–14.
  8. 1 2 "Yankees Timeline: 1903–1925". New York Yankees. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
  9. Hoch, Bryan (September 23, 2008). "Yankees' playoff run one for the ages". Major League Baseball. Retrieved October 11, 2008.
  10. "Complete Baseball Team and Baseball Team Encyclopedias". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
  11. "1921 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  12. "1922 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  13. "1923 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  14. "Babe Ruth". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  15. "1926 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  16. "1927 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  17. "Lou Gehrig". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  18. "1928 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  19. "1932 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  20. "1936 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 "Most Valuable Player winners". Major League Baseball. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  22. "1937 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  23. "1938 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  24. "1939 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  25. "1939 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  26. "1942 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  27. "1943 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  28. "1947 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  29. "1949 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  30. "1950 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  31. "1951 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Rookie of the Year winners". Major League Baseball. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  33. "1952 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  34. "1953 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  35. "1955 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  36. "1956 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "MLB Awards – World Series MVP". ESPN. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
  38. "1957 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  39. "1958 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 "Cy Young Award winners". Major League Baseball. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  41. "1960 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  42. "1961 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  43. "1962 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  44. "1963 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  45. "1964 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  46. "1976 New York Yankees". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  47. Down, Fred. "Dock Ellis Is Voted AL's Comeback Player Of Year". Florence Times—Tri Cities Daily. p. 20. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  48. "1977 New York Yankees". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  49. "1978 New York Yankees". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  50. "1980 AL Championship Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  51. "1981 New York Yankees". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  52. 1 2 3 "Manager of the Year winners". Major League Baseball. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  53. "1995 AL Division Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  54. "1996 New York Yankees". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  55. "1997 AL Division Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  56. "1998 New York Yankees". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  57. "1999 New York Yankees". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  58. "2000 New York Yankees". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  59. "All-Star MVPs". Major League Baseball. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  60. "2001 New York Yankees". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  61. "2002 AL Division Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  62. "2003 New York Yankees". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  63. "2004 New York Yankees". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  64. "2005 AL Division Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  65. "Griffey, Giambi named comeback players of '05". ESPN. Associated Press. October 6, 2005. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  66. "2006 AL Division Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  67. "2007 AL Division Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
  68. "2009 New York Yankees Batting, Pitching, & Fielding Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
  69. Matthews, Wallace (November 5, 2013). "Rivera wins comeback player award". ESPN. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  70. "New York Yankees History & Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  71. Bodley, Hal (February 18, 2007). "Ties in baseball called out by rules committee". USA Today. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
  72. "History of the World Series – 1922". Sporting News (Internet Archive). Archived from the original on June 27, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  73. Bock, Hal (September 27, 2007). "Monday marks 75th anniversary of Babe Ruth's called shot against Cubs in World Series". USA Today. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  74. Haberman, Clyde (October 3, 2006). "Immortalized by a Moment of Perfection". The New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2008.
  75. Leggett, William (April 14, 1969). "One Hundred And One". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  76. 1 2 "Baseball stoppages date back to 1972". ESPN. Associated Press. August 29, 2002. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
  77. Fratus, Ken (September 29, 2003). "25 years ago: How an otherwise forgettable shortstop became a permanent Dent in Boston's heart". The Boston Globe. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  78. "1981 Season". ESPN. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  79. "Strike looms large over All-Star Game". CNN Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. July 7, 2002. Archived from the original on December 18, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  80. Newhan, Ross (October 6, 1994). "A Season Without Titles – Baseball: Players will be honored, but there will be no divisional champions because of the shortened schedule". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
  81. "1994 Season". ESPN. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  82. "Red Sox clinch berth, make Yanks' playoff road tougher". ESPN. Associated Press. October 2, 2005. Retrieved July 30, 2008.
  83. "MLB Standings – 2013". ESPN. Retrieved October 11, 2013.

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Saturday, May 07, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.