Outline of astronomy
Mauna Kea in Hawaii is one of the world's premier observatory sites. Pictured is the W. M. Keck Observatory, an optical interferometer.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to astronomy:
Astronomy – studies the universe beyond Earth, including its formation and development, and the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects (such as galaxies, planets, etc.) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as the cosmic background radiation).
Nature of astronomy
Astronomy can be described as all the following:
- An academic discipline: one with academic departments, curricula and degrees; national and international societies; and specialized journals.
- A scientific field (a branch of science) – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer reviewed research is published.
- A natural science – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world using empirical and scientific methods.
- A branch or field of space science
- A natural science – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world using empirical and scientific methods.
Branches of astronomy
- Astrobiology – studies the advent and evolution of biological systems in the universe.
- Astrophysics – branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior.[1] Among the objects studied are galaxies, stars, planets, exoplanets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background; and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. The subdisciplines of theoretical astrophysics are:
- Compact objects – this subdiscipline studies very dense matter in white dwarfs and neutron stars and their effects on environments including accretion.
- Physical cosmology – origin and evolution of the universe as a whole. The study of cosmology is theoretical astrophysics at its largest scale.
- Computational astrophysics – The study of astrophysics using computational methods and tools to develop computational models.
- Galactic astronomy – deals with the structure and components of our galaxy and of other galaxies.
- High energy astrophysics – studies phenomena occurring at high energies including active galactic nuclei, supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, quasars, and shocks.
- Interstellar astrophysics – study of the interstellar medium, intergalactic medium and dust.
- Extragalactic astronomy – study of objects (mainly galaxies) outside our galaxy, including Galaxy formation and evolution.
- Stellar astronomy – concerned with Star formation, physical properties, main sequence life span, variability, stellar evolution and extinction.
- Plasma astrophysics – studies properties of plasma in outer space.
- Relativistic astrophysics – studies effects of special relativity and general relativity in astrophysical contexts including gravitational waves, gravitational lensing and black holes.
- Solar physics – Sun and its interaction with the remainder of the Solar System and interstellar space.
- Planetary Science – study of planets, moons, and planetary systems.
- Atmospheric science – study of atmospheres and weather.
- Exoplanetology – various planets outside of the Solar System
- Planetary formation – formation of planets and moons in the context of the formation and evolution of the Solar System.
- Planetary rings – dynamics, stability, and composition of planetary rings
- Magnetospheres – magnetic fields of planets and moons
- Planetary surfaces – surface geology of planets and moons
- Planetary interiors – interior composition of planets and moons
- Small Solar System bodies – smallest gravitationally bound bodies, including asteroids, comets, and Kuiper belt objects.
The subdisciplines of observational astronomy are generally made by the specifications of the detectors:
- Radio astronomy – Above 300 µm
- Submillimetre astronomy – 200 µm to 1 mm
- Infrared astronomy – 0.7–350 µm
- Optical astronomy – 380–750 nm
- Ultraviolet astronomy – 10–320 nm
- X-ray astronomy – 0.01–10 nm
- Gamma-ray astronomy – Below 0.01 nm
- Cosmic ray astronomy – Cosmic rays, including plasma
- Neutrino astronomy – Neutrinos
- Gravitational wave astronomy – Gravitons
General techniques for astronomical research are also convenient ways of dividing the field:
- Photometry – study of how bright celestial objects are when passed through different filters
- Spectroscopy – study of the spectra of astronomical objects
- Astrometry – study of the position of objects in the sky and their changes of position. Defines the system of coordinates used and the kinematics of objects in our galaxy.
Other disciplines that may be considered part of astronomy:
History of astronomy
- Main article: History of astronomy
- History of the Center of the Universe
- Archaeoastronomy
- Pretelescopic astronomy
- History of astronomy in the Renaissance
- Scientific developments during the Scientific Revolution
- Patronage in astronomy
- Copernican Revolution
- Copernican heliocentrism
- Nicolaus Copernicus
- Tycho Brahe
- Galileo Galilei
- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems defense of the heliocentric system written by Galileo, which led to his trial and house arrest by the Inquisition.
- Invention of the telescope
- Scientific developments during the Scientific Revolution
- History of astronomy in the Age of Reflection
- Radio astronomy#History of radio astronomy
- History of X-ray astronomy
- History of infrared astronomy
- History of gamma-ray astronomy
- History of supernova observation
Basic astronomical phenomena
Instruments, measurement and units
Main article: Astronomical instrument
Astronomical objects
Solar system
- Solar System
- Geology of solar terrestrial planets
- List of solar system objects
- Galilean satellites
- Halley's comet
Sun
- Location
- Stellar classification
- Internal structure
- Stellar atmosphere
- Solar variation
- Heliosphere
- Related phenomena
- Equipment used to study the sun
Planets
- Planet
- Features
- Natural satellites (moons)
- Planetary rings
- Features
- Planets of the solar system
- Dwarf planets of the solar system
Small solar system bodies
Extrasolar planets
- Extrasolar planet – planet outside the Solar System. A total of 899 such planets (in 698 planetary systems, including 133 multiple planetary systems) have been identified as of 27 June 2013.
Stars and stellar objects
Stars
- Stellar evolution
- Star formation
- Pre–main sequence
- Main sequence
- Horizontal branch
- Asymptotic giant branch
- Dredge-up
- Instability strip
- Red clump
- PG 1159 star
- Mira variable
- Planetary nebula
- Protoplanetary nebula
- Luminous red nova
- Luminous blue variable
- Wolf–Rayet star
- Supernova impostor
- Supernova
- Hypernova
- Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
- Color–color diagram
- Protostars
- Luminosity class
- Stellar classification
- Remnants
- Failed and theoretical stars
- Stellar nucleosynthesis
- Stellar structure
- Properties
- Star systems
- Earth-centric obvservation of stars
- Lists of stars
- List of proper names of stars
- List of Arabic star names
- Traditional Chinese star names
- List of most massive stars
- List of least massive stars
- List of largest known stars
- List of brightest stars
- List of most luminous stars
- List of nearest stars
- List of exoplanetary host stars
- List of brown dwarfs
- List of planetary nebulae
- List of novae
- List of supernovae
- List of supernova remnants
- List of supernova candidates
- Timeline of stellar astronomy
Variable stars
- Pulsating
- Cepheids and cepheid-like
- Blue-white with early spectra
- Long Period and Semiregular
- Other
- Eruptive
- Pre-main sequence star
- Main Sequence
- Giants and supergiants
- Eruptive binary
- Cataclysmic or explosive
- Cataclysmic variable star
- Dwarf nova
- Nova
- Supernova
- Z Andromedae
- Rotating
- Non-spherical
- Ellipsoidal
- Stellar spots
- FK Comae Berenices
- BY Draconis variable
- Magnetic fields
- Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable
- SX Arietis
- Pulsar
- Non-spherical
- Eclipsing binary
Supernovae
- Classes
- Related
- Structure
- Progenitors
- Remnants
- Discovery
- Notable
- Research
Black holes
Artist's representation of a black hole.
- Types
- Size
- Formation
- Stellar evolution
- Gravitational collapse
- Neutron star (Template:neutron star)
- Compact star
- Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
- White dwarf (Template:white dwarf)
- Supernova (Template:supernovae)
- Hypernova
- Gamma-ray burst
- Properties
- Models
- Issues
- Metrics
- Related
Constellations
The 88 modern constellations
- Andromeda
- Antlia
- Apus
- Aquarius
- Aquila
- Ara
- Aries
- Auriga
- Boötes
- Caelum
- Camelopardalis
- Cancer
- Canes Venatici
- Canis Major
- Canis Minor
- Capricornus
- Carina
- Cassiopeia
- Centaurus
- Cepheus
- Cetus
- Chamaeleon
- Circinus
- Columba
- Coma Berenices
- Corona Australis
- Corona Borealis
- Corvus
- Crater
- Crux
- Cygnus
- Delphinus
- Dorado
- Draco
- Equuleus
- Eridanus
- Fornax
- Gemini
- Grus
- Hercules
- Horologium
- Hydra
- Hydrus
- Indus
- Lacerta
- Leo
- Leo Minor
- Lepus
- Libra
- Lupus
- Lynx
- Lyra
- Mensa
- Microscopium
- Monoceros
- Musca
- Norma
- Octans
- Ophiuchus
- Orion
- Pavo
- Pegasus
- Perseus
- Phoenix
- Pictor
- Pisces
- Piscis Austrinus
- Puppis
- Pyxis
- Reticulum
- Sagitta
- Sagittarius
- Scorpius
- Sculptor
- Scutum
- Serpens
- Sextans
- Taurus
- Telescopium
- Triangulum
- Triangulum Australe
- Tucana
- Ursa Major
- Ursa Minor
- Vela
- Virgo
- Volans
- Vulpecula
Constellation history
The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD
- Andromeda
- Aquarius
- Aquila
- Ara
- Argo Navis
- Aries
- Auriga
- Boötes
- Cancer
- Canis Major
- Canis Minor
- Capricornus
- Cassiopeia
- Centaurus
- Cepheus
- Cetus
- Corona Australis
- Corona Borealis
- Corvus
- Crater
- Cygnus
- Delphinus
- Draco
- Equuleus
- Eridanus
- Gemini
- Hercules
- Hydra
- Leo
- Lepus
- Libra
- Lupus
- Lyra
- Ophiuchus
- Orion
- Pegasus
- Perseus
- Pisces
- Piscis Austrinus
- Sagitta
- Sagittarius
- Scorpius
- Serpens
- Taurus
- Triangulum
- Ursa Major
- Ursa Minor
- Virgo
The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries
- Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c: Crux
- Triangulum Australe ▶ Vopel 1536: Coma Berenices ▶ Keyser & de Houtman 1596: Apus
- Chamaeleon
- Dorado
- Grus
- Hydrus
- Indus
- Musca
- Pavo
- Phoenix
- Tucana
- Volans ▶ Plancius 1613: Camelopardalis
- Columba
- Monoceros ▶ Habrecht 1621: Reticulum ▶ Hevelius 1683: Canes Venatici
- Lacerta
- Leo Minor
- Lynx
- Scutum
- Sextans
- Vulpecula ▶ de Lacaille 1763: Antlia
- Caelum
- Carina
- Circinus
- Fornax
- Horologium
- Mensa
- Microscopium
- Norma
- Octans
- Pictor
- Puppis
- Pyxis
- Sculptor
- Telescopium
- Vela
Obsolete constellations including Ptolemy's Argo Navis
Obsolete constellations including Ptolemy's Argo Navis Anser
- Antinous
- Argo Navis
- Asterion
- Cancer Minor
- Cerberus
- Chara
- Custos Messium
- Felis
- Frederici Honores/Gloria Frederici
- Gallus
- Globus Aerostaticus
- Jordanus
- Lochium Funis
- Machina Electrica
- Malus
- Mons Maenalus
- Musca Borealis
- Noctua
- Officina Typographica
- Polophylax
- Psalterium Georgianum/Harpa Georgii
- Quadrans Muralis
- Ramus Pomifer
- Robur Carolinum
- Sceptrum Brandenburgicum
- Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae
- Solarium
- Rangifer/Tarandus
- Taurus Poniatovii
- Telescopium Herschelii
- Testudo
- Tigris
- Triangulum Minus
- Turdus Solitarius
- Vespa
- Vultur cadens
- Vultur volans
Clusters and nebulae
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Galaxies
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Cosmology
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Space exploration
Organizations
Public sector space agencies
Main article: List of space agencies
Africa
North Africa
-
Algerian Space Agency -
National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences - Egypt Remote Sensing Center
-
Royal Centre for Remote Sensing -
National Remote Sensing Center
Sub-Saharan
Americas
North America
-
Canadian Space Agency -
Agencia Espacial Mexicana -
United States Department of Defense (Air Force Space Command - National Reconnaissance Office
- United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command
- Transformational Communications Office
- United States Strategic Command)
- NASA
South America
-
Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales -
Brazilian Space Agency - Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology
- National Institute for Space Research
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
-
Agencia Chilena del Espacio -
Colombian Space Commission -
National Commission for Aerospace Research & Development -
Aeronautics & Space Research and Diffusion Center -
Agencia Bolivariana para Actividades Espaciales - Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas
Asia
East Asia
-
China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology - China Academy of Space Technology
- China Chang Feng
- China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
- Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense)
- China National Space Administration
-
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science - National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan
- National Space Development Agency of Japan)
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
- Institute for Unmanned Space Experiment Free Flyer
-
National Remote Sensing Center -
Korean Committee of Space Technology -
Korea Aerospace Research Institute -
National Space Organization
Southeast Asia
-
National Institute of Aeronautics and Space -
Malaysian National Space Agency -
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration -
Thai Ministry of Science and Technology's Space Agency -
Space Technology Institute - Vietnam Space Commission
South Asia
-
Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization -
Indian Space Research Organisation (Antrix Corporation - Department of Space)
-
Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission -
Sri Lanka Aeronautics and Space Agency
Southwest Asia
-
Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency1 -
Iran Aviation Industries Organization - Iranian Space Agency
-
Israel Space Agency - National Committee for Space Research
-
TÜBİTAK UZAY
Central Asia
-
KazCosmos - Kazakh Space Research Institute1
-
Turkmenistan National Space Agency1 -
UzbekCosmos1
Europe
-
Austrian Space Agency -
Belarus Space Agency1 -
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Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy -
Bulgarian Space Agency -
Czech Space Office -
Danish National Space Center - esa European Cooperation for Space Standardization
- European Space Agency
-
EUMETSAT - European Union Satellite Centre
-
CNES -
German Aerospace Center -
Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing -
Hungarian Space Office -
Space Ireland -
Italian Space Agency -
Space Science and Technology Institute1 -
Luxinnovation -
Netherlands Institute for Space Research -
Norwegian Space Centre -
Space Research Centre -
Portuguese Space Company -
Romanian Space Agency -
Russian Federal Space Agency1 - Russian Space Research Institute1
- Russian Space Forces
-
Soviet space program -
Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial -
Swedish National Space Board -
Swiss Space Office -
UK Space Agency -
State Space Agency of Ukraine1
Oceania
World
- Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
- Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
- Committee on Space Research
- International Academy of Astronautics
- International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
- Intercosmos
- Intersputnik
-
Pan-Arab Space Agency -
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space - United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
Books and publications
Astronomers
See also: List of astronomers
See also
References
- ↑ "astrophysics". Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
External links
- Astronomy Guide For reviews on astronomy products, how-to's and current events.
- Astronomy Net Resources, forums (from 1995), articles on Astronomy.
- International Year of Astronomy 2009 IYA2009 Main website
- Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology from the American Institute of Physics
- Astronomy Picture of the Day
- Southern Hemisphere Astronomy
- Sky & Telescope publishers
- Astronomy Magazine
- Latest astronomy news in 11 languages
- Universe Today for astronomy and space-related news
- Celestia Motherlode Educational site for Astronomical journeys through space
- Search Engine for Astronomy
- Hubblesite.org - home of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope
- Astronomy - A History - G. Forbes - 1909 (eLibrary Project - eLib Text)
- (historical)
- Prof. Sir Harry Kroto, NL, Astrophysical Chemistry Lecture Series. 8 Freeview Lectures provided by the Vega Science Trust.
- Core books and core journals in Astronomy, from the Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System
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