List of Solar System objects by size
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This is a partial list of Solar System objects by size, arranged in descending order of mean volumetric radius, and subdivided into several size classes. These lists can also be sorted according to an object's mass and, for the largest objects, volume, density and surface gravity, insofar as these values are available. This list contains the Sun, the planets, dwarf planets, many of the larger small Solar System bodies (which includes the asteroids), all named natural satellites, and a number of smaller objects of historical or scientific interest, such as comets and near-Earth objects.
The ordering may be different depending on whether one chooses radius or mass, because some objects are denser than others. For instance, Uranus is larger than Neptune but less massive, and although Ganymede and Titan are larger than Mercury, they have less than half Mercury's mass. This means some objects in the lower tables, despite their smaller radii, may be more massive than objects in the upper tables because they have a higher density.
Many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) have been discovered, and their approximate locations in this list are shown, even though there can be a large uncertainty in their measurement.
Solar System objects more massive than 1021 kilograms (one yottagram [Yg]) are known or expected to be approximately spherical. Astronomical bodies relax into rounded shapes (ellipsoids), achieving hydrostatic equilibrium, when the gravity of their mass is sufficient to overcome the structural strength of their material. Objects made of ice become round more easily than those made of rock, and many icy objects are spheroidal at far lower sizes. The cutoff boundary for roundness is somewhere between 100 km and 200 km in radius.[1]
The larger objects in the mass range between 1018 kg to 1021 kg (1 to 1000 zettagrams [Zg]), such as Tethys, Ceres, and Mimas, have relaxed to an oblate-spheroid equilibrium due to their gravity, whereas the less massive rubble piles (e.g. Amalthea and Janus) are roughly rounded, but not spherical, dubbed "irregular".
Spheroidal bodies typically have some polar flattening due to the centrifugal force from their rotation, and can sometimes even have quite different equatorial diameters (scalene ellipsoids such as Haumea). Unlike bodies such as Haumea, the irregular bodies deviate significantly from the shape of an ellipsoid.
There can be difficulty in determining the diameter (within a factor of about 2) for typical objects beyond Saturn. (See 2060 Chiron as an example.) For TNOs there is some confidence in the diameters, but for non-binary TNOs there is no real confidence in the masses/densities. Many TNOs are often just assumed to have Pluto's density of 2.0 g/cm3, but it is just as likely that they have a comet-like density of only 0.5 g/cm3.[2] For example, if a TNO is poorly assumed to have a mass of 3.59×1020 kg based on a radius of 350 km with a density of 2 g/cm3 and is later discovered to only have a radius of 175 km with a density of 1 g/cm3, the mass estimate would be only 2.24×1019 kg.
The sizes and masses of many of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn are fairly well known due to numerous observations and interactions of the Galileo and Cassini orbiters. But many of the moons with a radius less than ~100 km, such as Jupiter's Himalia, still have unknown masses.[3] Again, as we get further from the Sun than Saturn, things get less clear. There has not yet been an orbiter around Uranus or Neptune for long-term study of their moons. For the small outer irregular moons of Uranus, such as Sycorax, which were not discovered by the Voyager 2 flyby, even different NASA web pages, such as the National Space Science Data Center[4] and JPL Solar System Dynamics,[3] have somewhat contradictory size and albedo estimates depending on which research paper is being cited.
Data for objects has varying reliability including uncertainties in the figures for mass and radius, and irregularities in the shape and density, with accuracy often depending on how close it is to Earth or if it has been visited by a probe.
Graphical overview
Relative sizes of the fifty largest bodies in the Solar System, colored by orbital region. Values are diameters in kilometers. |
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Relative masses of the bodies of the Solar System. Objects smaller than Saturn are not visible at this scale.
List of objects by radius
Larger than 400 km
It was once expected that any icy body larger than approximately 200 km in radius was likely to be in hydrostatic equilibrium (HE).[5] However, Rhea is the smallest body where detailed measurements have been made and are consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium,[6] whereas Iapetus is the largest determined not to be in hydrostatic equilibrium,[7] bracketing a radius of 750 km.
For simplicity and comparative purposes, the values are manually calculated assuming a sphericity of 1. The size of solid bodies does not include an object's atmosphere. For example, Titan looks bigger than Ganymede, but its solid body is smaller. For the giant planets, the "radius" is the point at which the atmosphere reaches 1 bar of atmospheric pressure.[8] The radius of Saturn's main rings is 136,775 km.
Body (a) | Image | Radius (b) | Volume | Mass | Density | Gravity (c) | Type | Shape | # (d) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(km) | (R⊕) | (109 km3) | (V⊕) | (1021 kg) | (M⊕) | (g/cm3) | (m/s2) | (⊕) | |||||
Sun | 342±65 696[9] | 109.3 | 1,414,300,000 | 1,305,700 | 1,988,550,000 | 333,000 | 1.408 | 274.0 | 27.94 | star | round (HE) | 1 | |
Jupiter | 911±6 69 | 10.97 | 1,431,280 | 1,321 | 1,898,600 | 317.83 | 1.326 | 24.79 | 2.528 | planet (gas giant); has rings | round (HE) | 2 | |
Saturn | 232±6 58 (w/o rings) |
9.140 | 827,130 | 764 | 568,460 | 95.162 | 0.687 | 10.445 | 1.065 | planet (gas giant); has rings | round (HE) | 3 | |
Uranus | 362±7 25 | 3.981 | 68,340 | 63.1 | 86,832 | 14.536 | 1.27 | 8.87 | 0.90 | planet (ice giant); has rings | round (HE) | 4 | |
Neptune | 622±19 24 | 3.865 | 62,540 | 57.7 | 102,430 | 17.147 | 1.638 | 11.15 | 1.137 | planet (ice giant); has rings | round (HE) | 5 | |
Earth | 371.0±0.01 6 | 1 | 1,083.21 | 1 | 5,973.6 | 1 | 5.514 | 9.80665 | 1 | planet (terrestrial) | round (HE) | 6 | |
Venus | 051.8±1.0 6 (w/o gas) |
0.9499 | 928.43 | 0.857 | 4,868.5 | 0.815 | 5.243 | 8.872 | 0.905 | planet (terrestrial) | round (HE) | 7 | |
Mars | 389.5±0.2 3 | 0.5320 | 163.18 | 0.151 | 641.85 | 0.107 | 3.9335 ± 0.0004 | 3.7 | 0.38 | planet (terrestrial) | round (HE) | 8 | |
Ganymede Jupiter III |
634.1±0.3 2 | 0.4135 | 76.30 | 0.0704 | 148.2 | 0.0248 | 1.936 | 1.428 | 0.15 | moon of Jupiter | round (HE) | 9 | |
Titan Saturn VI |
576±2 2 (w/o gas) |
0.4043 | 71.52 | 0.0660 | 134.5 | 0.0225 | 1.8798 ± 0.0044 | 1.354 | 0.14 | moon of Saturn | round (HE) | 10 | |
Mercury | 439.7±1.0 2 | 0.3829 | 60.83 | 0.0562 | 330.2 | 0.0553 | 5.427 | 3.7 | 0.38 | planet (terrestrial) | round (HE) | 11 | |
Callisto Jupiter IV |
410.3±1.5 2 | 0.3783 | 58.65 | 0.0541 | 107.6 | 0.018 | 1.8344 ± 0.0034 | 1.23603 | 0.126 | moon of Jupiter | round (HE) | 12 | |
Io Jupiter I |
821.6±0.5 1 | 0.2859 | 25.32 | 0.0234 | 89.3 | 0.015 | 3.528 ± 0.006 | 1.797 | 0.183 | moon of Jupiter | round (HE) | 13 | |
Moon Earth I |
737.1 1 | 0.2727 | 21.958 | 0.0203 | 73.5 | 0.0123 | 3.3464 | 1.625 | 0.166 | moon of Earth | round (HE) | 14 | |
Europa Jupiter II |
560.8±0.5 1 | 0.2450 | 15.93 | 0.0147 | 48 | 0.008035 | 3.013 ± 0.005 | 1.316 | 0.134 | moon of Jupiter | round (HE) | 15 | |
Triton Neptune I |
353.4±0.9 1 | 0.2124 | 10.38 | 0.0096 | 21.5 | 0.003599 | 2.061 | 0.782 | 0.0797 | moon of Neptune | round (HE) | 16 | |
Pluto 134340 |
186±2 1[10] | 0.186 | 6.95 | 0.0064 | 13.105 | 0.0022 | 1.87 ± 0.02 | 0.61 | 0.062 | dwarf planet; plutino; multiple | round (HE) | 17 | |
Eris 136199 |
163±6 1[11] | 0.1825 | 6.59 | 0.006 | 16.7[12] | 0.0028 | 2.52 ± 0.05 | 0.659 | 0.0672 | dwarf planet; SDO; binary | round (HE) | 18 | |
Titania Uranus III |
±0.6 788.4 | 0.1237 | 2.06 | 0.0019 | 3.526 | 0.00059 | 1.711 ± 0.005 | 0.378 | 0.0385 | moon of Uranus | round | 19 | |
2007 OR10 225088 |
+75 −225 767[13] |
0.1200 | 1.88 | 0.0017 | resonant KBO (3:10) | unknown | 20 | ||||||
Rhea Saturn V |
±1.0 763.8 | 0.1199 | 1.87 | 0.0017 | 2.3166 | 0.00039 | 1.236 ± 0.005 | 0.26 | 0.027 | moon of Saturn | round (HE) (disputed) | 21 | |
Oberon Uranus IV |
±2.6 761.4 | 0.1195 | 1.85 | 0.0017 | 3.014 | 0.0005 | 1.63 ± 0.05 | 0.347 | 0.035 | moon of Uranus | round | 22 | |
Iapetus Saturn VIII |
±2.8 734.5 | 0.1153 | 1.55 | 0.0014 | 1.9739 | 0.00033 | 1.088 ± 0.013 | 0.223 | 0.0227 | moon of Saturn | round (not in HE) | 23 | |
Makemake 136472 |
±7 715 | 0.112 | 1.7 | .0016 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | dwarf planet; cubewano | round | 24 | |||||
Haumea 136108 |
+34 −29 620 |
0.097 | 1.3–1.6 | 0.001 | 4.006 | 0.00067 | 2.55[14] | 0.44 | 0.045 | dwarf planet; resonant KBO (7:12); trinary | round (scalene ellipsoid) | 25 | |
Charon Pluto I |
±3 606 | 0.0951 | 0.87 | 0.0008 | 1.52 | 0.00025 | 1.702 ± 0.021 | 0.279 | 0.028 | moon of Pluto | round | 26 | |
Umbriel Uranus II |
±2.8 584.7 | 0.0918 | 0.84 | 0.0008 | 1.2 | 0.00020 | 1.39 ± 0.16 | 0.234 | 0.024 | moon of Uranus | round | 27 | |
Ariel Uranus I |
±0.6 578.9 | 0.0909 | 0.81 | 0.0007 | 1.35 | 0.000226 | 1.66 ± 0.15 | 0.269 | 0.027 | moon of Uranus | round | 28 | |
Dione Saturn IV |
±0.4 561.4 | 0.0881 | 0.73 | 0.0007 | 1.096 | 0.000183 | 1.478 ± 0.003 | 0.232 | 0.0237 | moon of Saturn | round (not in HE) | 29 | |
Quaoar 50000 |
±3 555 | 0.0871 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.0002 | 2.2 ± 0.4[15] | 0.125 | 0.0127 | cubewano; binary | unknown | 30 | |||
Tethys Saturn III |
±0.6 531.1 | 0.0834 | 0.624 | 0.0006 | 0.6173 | 0.000103 | 0.984 ± 0.003[16] | 0.145 | 0.015 | moon of Saturn | round (not in HE) | 31 | |
Sedna 90377 |
±80 500 | 0.0785 | sednoid; detached object | unknown | 32 | ||||||||
Ceres 1 |
473[17] | 0.0742 | 0.433 | 0.0004 | 0.939[18] | 0.000157 | 2.17 | 0.29 | 0.030 | dwarf planet; belt asteroid | round (HE) | 33 | |
2002 MS4 307261 |
±24 467 | 0.0733 | cubewano[19] | unknown | 34 | ||||||||
Orcus 90482 |
±13 458 | 0.0719 | 2.47[20] | plutino; binary | unknown | 35 | |||||||
Salacia 120347 |
±23 425 | 0.0667 | 0.45 ± ? | 1.16+0.59 −0.36[21] |
cubewano; binary | unknown | 36 | ||||||
Notes:
|
From 200 to 400 km
All imaged icy moons except Proteus with radii greater than 200 km are round, though those under 400 km that have had their shapes carefully measured are not in hydrostatic equilibrium.[22] Most asteroids are rockier and less likely to be round: 10 Hygiea is not, and 2 Pallas and 4 Vesta are borderline.
Body (a) | Image | Radius (b) (km) |
Mass (1020 kg) |
Density (g/cm3) |
Type (c) | Remarks – Shape (d) | Refs (c) r · M | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 FY27 | 265–550 | – | – | SDO | large range of estimated diameters | r · M | |||||||
2002 AW197 55565 |
+20 −18 384 |
– | – | other TNO, detached object | – | [23] · [23] | |||||||
2003 AZ84 208996 |
385 | – | – | plutino; binary | – | r · M | |||||||
Varda 174567 |
358 | 2.65 | 1.25 | cubewano; binary | – | [23] · [23] | |||||||
Dysnomia Eris I |
±25 342 | – | – | moon of Eris | large range of estimated diameters 100–660 km | [24] · M | |||||||
2004 GV9 90568 |
±40 340 | – | – | cubewano | – | r · M | |||||||
2005 RN43 145452 |
±40 340 | – | – | cubewano | – | r · M | |||||||
2002 UX25 55637 |
±17 335 | 1.25 | 0.82 | cubewano; binary | – | [23] · [25] | |||||||
2007 JJ43 278361 |
±150 335[26] | – | – | cubewano | – | r · M | |||||||
Varuna 20000 |
+77 −43 334 |
3.7 | 0.99[14] | cubewano | – | [27] · M | |||||||
Ixion 28978 |
+130 −110 325 |
– | – | plutino | – | r · M | |||||||
2007 UK126 229762 |
±40 300 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
Chaos 19521 |
±70 300 | – | – | cubewano | – | r · M | |||||||
2010 KZ39 | ~300 | – | – | cubewano[28] | – | r · M | |||||||
2012 VP113 | ~300 | – | – | sednoid | – | r · M | |||||||
2010 RF43 | ~300 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
2005 RM43 145451 |
~300 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
2001 UR163 42301 |
~300 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
2002 TC302 84522 |
±50 290 | – | – | resonant KBO (2:5) | – | r · M | |||||||
2002 XV93 | ±10 280 | – | – | plutino | – | r · M | |||||||
2003 UZ413 455502 |
~280 | – | – | plutino | – | r · M | |||||||
2008 ST291 | ~318 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
2010 RE64 | ~280 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
2010 FX86 | ~280 | – | – | cubewano | – | r · M | |||||||
2006 QH181 | ~280 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
2014 UM33 | ~270 | – | – | cubewano | – | r · M | |||||||
2004 XR190 | ~270 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
Vesta 4 |
±0.1 262.7 | 2.59 | 3.46 | belt asteroid | formerly round (not in hydrostatic equilibrium: frozen-in ellipsoidal shape and large impact basins)[29][30] | [31] · [31] | |||||||
2003 VS2 84922 |
±20 260 | – | – | plutino | – | r · M | |||||||
2004 TY364 120348 |
~260 | – | – | cubewano | – | r · M | |||||||
2010 VK201 | ~260 | – | – | cubewano | – | r · M | |||||||
Pallas 2 |
±3 256[32] | ±0.26 2.11[33] | ±0.5 3.0 | belt asteroid | uncertain | [32] · M | |||||||
2014 FT71 | ~253 | – | – | – | – | r · M | |||||||
Enceladus Saturn II |
±0.2 252.1 | 1.08 | 1.61 | moon of Saturn | round (not in hydrostatic equilibrium: frozen-in ellipsoidal shape) | r · M | |||||||
2005 UQ513 202421 |
±40 250 | – | – | cubewano | – | r · M | |||||||
2003 QX113 | ~250 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
2014 FC69 | ~250 | – | – | – | – | r · M | |||||||
2002 WC19 119979 |
245 | – | – | twotino; binary | – | r · M | |||||||
2010 EK139 | ±70 240 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
Miranda Uranus V |
±0.7 235.8 | 0.66 | 1.2 | moon of Uranus | round | r · M | |||||||
2005 TB190 145480 |
±30 230 | – | – | detached object | – | r · M | |||||||
1999 DE9 26375 |
±20 230 | – | – | resonant KBO (2:5) | – | r · M | |||||||
2003 FY128 120132 |
±10 230 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
Huya 38628 |
±5 229 | – | – | plutino | – | r · M | |||||||
2002 VR128 84719 |
±20 220 | – | – | plutino | – | r · M | |||||||
2010 TJ | ~220 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
2010 VZ98 445473 |
~220 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
2011 FW62 | ~220 | – | – | other TNO | – | r · M | |||||||
Hygiea 10 |
±4 215 | – | – | belt asteroid | irregular | r · M | |||||||
Proteus Neptune VIII |
±7 210 | 0.44 | ~1.3 | moon of Neptune | irregular | r · M | |||||||
2005 QU182 303775 |
±40 210 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
2004 NT33 444030 |
±40 210 | – | – | cubewano | – | r · M | |||||||
1999 CD158 | ~210 | – | – | resonant KBO (4:7) | – | r · M | |||||||
2004 PF115 175113 |
±43 203 | – | – | plutino | – | r · M | |||||||
2011 GM27 | ~201 | – | – | cubewano | – | r · M | |||||||
1998 SN165 35671 |
±20 200 | – | – | cubewano | – | r · M | |||||||
2001 QF298 | ±20 200 | – | – | plutino | – | r · M | |||||||
2000 YW134 82075 |
~200 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
1996 GQ21 26181 |
~200 | – | – | SDO | – | r · M | |||||||
Notes:
Legend:
|
From 100 to 200 km
This list contains a selection of objects estimated to be between 100 and 200 km in radius (200 and 400 km in diameter). The largest of these may lie above the boundary for hydrostatic equilibrium, but most are irregular. Most of the trans-Neptunian objects listed with a radius smaller than 200 km have "assumed sizes based on a generic albedo of 0.09" since they are too far away to directly measure their sizes with existing instruments. Mass switches from 1021 kg to 1018 kg (Zg). Main-belt asteroids have orbital elements constrained by (2.0 AU < a < 3.2 AU; q > 1.666 AU) according to JPL Solar System Dynamics (JPLSSD).[34] This list is not complete, missing many poorly known TNOs.[19]
Body(a) | Image | Radius(b) (km) |
Mass (1018 kg) |
Type | Remarks – Shape | Refs (c) r · M |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mimas Saturn I |
±0.4 198.2 | ±0.03 37.49 | satellite of Saturn | round (smallest known body currently known to have an ellipsoidal shape, but not in hydrostatic equilibrium) |
r · M | |
Vanth Orcus I |
±50 190 | satellite of Orcus | – | [20] · M | ||
2010 TY53 | ~183 | extended centaur | – | r · M | ||
Ilmarë Varda I |
±20 180 | satellite of Varda | – | r · M | ||
1996 TL66 15874 |
±10 170 | SDO | – | r · M | ||
Nereid Neptune II |
±30 170 | satellite of Neptune | – | r · M | ||
2004 XA192 230965 |
±60 170 | SDO | – | r · M | ||
2001 FP185 82158 |
±28 166 | SDO | – | r · M | ||
Interamnia 704 |
±1 163 | 37 | belt asteroid (F) | irregular shape | r · M | |
Hiʻiaka Haumea I |
160 | 20 | satellite of Haumea | – | [35] · M | |
2002 KX14 119951 |
159 | cubewano | – | r · M | ||
Europa 52 |
±4 158 | 16.5 | belt asteroid (C) | irregular shape[36] | r · M | |
1995 SN55 | ~150 | Lost—centaur or transient TNO | – | r · M | ||
Davida 511 |
±10 145 | 43.8 | belt asteroid (C) | irregular shape | r · M | |
Sylvia 87 |
±5 143 | 14.78 | belt asteroid (outer) (X); trinary | irregular shape[36] | r · M | |
Actaea Salacia I |
±10 140 | satellite of 120347 Salacia | – | r · M | ||
Cybele 65 |
±6 136 | 17.8 | belt asteroid (outer) (C) | irregular shape | r · M | |
Juno 3 |
±11 136 | 26.7 | belt asteroid (S) | irregular shape[36] | [37] · M | |
Hyperion Saturn VII |
±4 135 | 5.58 | satellite of Saturn | irregular shape | r · M | |
Eunomia 15 |
±7 134 | 31.2 | belt asteroid (S) | irregular shape[36] | r · M | |
Camilla 107 |
±7 129 | 11.2 | belt asteroid (outer) (C); binary | irregular shape[38] | r · M | |
Euphrosyne 31 |
±3 128 | 6.23 | belt asteroid (C) | irregular shape | r · M | |
Psyche 16 |
±2 127 | 21.9 | belt asteroid (M) | irregular shape | r · M | |
2005 RR43 145453 |
126 | cubewano; Haumea family | – | [39] · M | ||
Sila 79360 |
+15 −16 125 |
11 | cubewano; binary w/ Nunam | double classical Kuiper belt object 79360 Sila–Nunam | [23] · M | |
Chariklo 10199 |
±9 124 | centaur | has rings | r · M | ||
2007 RW10 309239 |
±15 124 | TNO—quasi-satellite of Neptune | – | r · M | ||
Nunam 79360 |
+14 −15 118 |
cubewano; binary w/ Sila | double classical Kuiper belt object 79360 Sila–Nunam | [23] · M | ||
Bamberga 324 |
±4 117 | 10 | belt asteroid (C) | r · M | ||
Patientia 451 |
±5 117 | belt asteroid | irregular shape | r · M | ||
2001 QC298 | +11 −12 117 |
±0.14 11.88 | hot classical; binary | – | [23] · M | |
Chiron 2060 or 95P/Chiron |
±7 116 | centaur | has rings | r · M | ||
Thisbe 88 |
±6 113 | 10.5 | belt asteroid (B) | irregular shape[38] | r · M | |
Hektor 624 |
±8 113 | 10 | Jupiter trojan (L4); binary | irregular shape | r · M | |
Ceto 65489 |
±10 112 | 5.4 | extended centaur; binary | – | r · [40] | |
Herculina 532 |
±2 111 | belt asteroid (S) | irregular shape[36] | r · M | ||
Doris 48 |
±4 111 | belt asteroid | irregular shape | r · M | ||
Eugenia 45 |
±2 107 | 5.69 | belt asteroid (F); trinary | irregular shape[36] | r · M | |
Phoebe Saturn IX |
±0.7 106.5 | ±0.01 8.29 | satellite of Saturn | formerly round[41] | r · M | |
Amphitrite 29 |
±3 106 | 11.8 | belt asteroid (S) | irregular shape[36] | r · M | |
Bienor 54598 |
±15 105 | centaur | – | r · M | ||
Deucalion 53311 |
~105 | cubewano | – | r · M | ||
Diotima 423 |
±3 104 | belt asteroid (C) | irregular shape[42] | r · M | ||
Egeria 13 |
±4 104 | 16.3 | belt asteroid (G) | irregular shape | r · M | |
Fortuna 19 |
±6 104 | 12.7 | belt asteroid (G) | irregular shape | r · M | |
Aurora 94 |
±2 102 | belt asteroid | irregular shape[43] | r · M | ||
Iris 7 |
±5 100 | 13.6 | belt asteroid (S) | irregular shape | r · M | |
Daphne 41 |
±5 100 | belt asteroid | irregular shape | r · M | ||
Themis 24 |
±10 100 | 11.3 | belt asteroid (C); Themis family | – | r · M | |
Notes:
Legend:
|
From 50 to 100 km
This list contains a selection of objects 50 and 100 km in radius (100 km to 200 km in average diameter). The listed objects currently include most objects in the asteroid belt and moons of the giant planets in this size range, but many newly discovered objects in the outer Solar System are missing, such as those included in the following reference.[19] Asteroid spectral types are mostly Tholen, but some might be SMASS.
Body(a) | Image | Radius(b) (km) |
Mass (1018 kg) |
Type – Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alauda 702 |
±2 97 | 6.05 | belt asteroid (C); binary | ||
Larissa Neptune VII |
±3 97 | moon of Neptune | |||
Ursula 375 |
±2 96 | belt asteroid | |||
2001 QC298 I | +9 −10 96[44] |
satellite of 2001 QC298 | |||
Hermione 121 |
95[45] | 5.38 | outer belt asteroid (C); binary | ||
Palma 372 |
±2 96 | belt asteroid | |||
Metis 9 |
95 | 11.3 | belt asteroid | ||
Nemesis 128 |
±3 92 | 7 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Hebe 6 |
93 | 12.8 | belt asteroid (S) | ||
Pholus 5145 |
±8 92 | 6.6 | centaur | ||
Bertha 154 |
±1 93 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Freia 76 |
±2 92 | 6.5 | outer belt asteroid; Cybele | ||
Elektra 130 |
±6 91 | 6.6 | belt asteroid (G); binary | ||
Rhadamanthus 38083 |
100.5 | [19] 1999 HX11; plutino? | |||
Janus Saturn X |
±1.4 89.5 | 1.912 | moon of Saturn | ||
Aletheia 259 |
±3 95 | 5.97 | belt asteroid | ||
Galatea Neptune VI |
±4 88 | 2.12 | moon of Neptune | ||
Teharonhiawako 88611 |
+16 −18 89 |
[23] trans-Neptunian object; cubewano; primary of Sawiskera | |||
Typhon 42355 |
±4 81 | trans-Neptunian object; binary | |||
Lachesis 120 |
87 | 5.5 | belt asteroid | ||
Winchester 747 |
±3 85 | belt asteroid | |||
Hilda 153 |
85 | 5.2 | belt asteroid; Hildas | ||
Namaka Haumea II |
~85 | 2 | moon of Haumea | ||
Puck Uranus XV |
±2 81[46] | moon of Uranus | |||
Aegle 96 |
±3 84 | 5.1 | belt asteroid | ||
Germania 241 |
±4 89 | 5.05 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Prokne 194 |
±3 85 | 5 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Stereoskopia 566 |
84[47] | outer belt asteroid; Cybele | |||
Amalthea Jupiter V |
±2 84 | ±0.15 2.08 | moon of Jupiter | ||
Agamemnon 911 |
83 | Jupiter trojan | |||
Kalliope 22 |
±2 90 | 8.09 | belt asteroid (M); binary | ||
Borasisi 66652 |
+16 −33 81.5 |
[23] trans-Neptunian object; cubewano; binary | |||
Siegena 386 |
±4 85 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Elpis 59 |
±3 82 | belt asteroid | |||
Diomedes 1437 |
±2 82 | 4.6 | Jupiter trojan | ||
Gyptis 444 |
±5 82 | 12.5 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Aspasia 409 |
±2 88 | 4.42 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Dioretsa 20461 |
±3 14 | [48] centaur;[49] damocloid | |||
Dido 209 |
±5 70 | 4.28 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Chicago 334 |
±4 84 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Hispania 804 |
±2 74 | 9.95 | belt asteroid (P) | ||
Eunike 185 |
±3 80 | 4.09 | belt asteroid | ||
Juewa 139 |
±4 81 | 4 | belt asteroid | ||
Io 85 |
80 | 3.4 | belt asteroid | ||
Loreley 165 |
±4 82 | 3.91 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Pretoria 790 |
80.49[50] | outer belt asteroid; Cybele | |||
Ino 173 |
±3 80 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Altjira 148780 |
+19 −70 123 |
[23] trans-Neptunian object; cubewano; binary; secondary S/2007 (148780) 1 | |||
Eleonora 354 |
±3 77 | belt asteroid (S) | |||
Laetitia 39 |
76.9[50] | 3.5 | belt asteroid | ||
Irene 14 |
76 | 8.2 | belt asteroid | ||
Julia 89 |
±4 74 | 3.6 | belt asteroid (S) | ||
Merapi 536 |
±2 76 | belt asteroid | |||
Berbericia 776 |
±2 76 | belt asteroid | |||
Adeona 145 |
±3 75 | 3.6 | belt asteroid; Adena | ||
Nuwa 150 |
±5 73 | 3.62 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Despina Neptune V |
±3 75 | moon of Neptune | |||
Sycorax Uranus XVII |
~75 | 2.3 | moon of Uranus | ||
Manwë 385446 |
~75 | resonant KBO (4:7) | |||
Pales 49 |
74.9[51] | 2.69 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
S/2007 (148780) 1 Altjira I |
+17 −63 111 |
trans-Neptunian object; cubewano; binary | [23] Secondary of 148780 Altjira | ||
Lomia 117 |
~70 | 3.4 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Hypatia 238 |
~70 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Sibylla 168 |
~70 | 3.42 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Emma 283 |
~70 | 1.38 | belt asteroid; binary | ||
Nemausa 51 |
~70 | belt asteroid | |||
Dione 106 |
~70 | belt asteroid (G) | |||
Meliboea 137 |
~70 | 3.2 | belt asteroid | ||
Massalia 20 |
~70 | 5.67 | belt asteroid | ||
Isolda 211 |
~70 | 3.07 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Äneas 1172 |
~70 | Jupiter trojan | |||
Vibilia 144 |
~70 | 3 | belt asteroid | ||
Princetonia 508 |
~70 | belt asteroid | |||
Helio 895 |
~70 | belt asteroid (B) | |||
Bononia 361 |
~70 | belt asteroid (D) | |||
Bertholda 420 |
~70 | belt asteroid (P) | |||
Minerva 93 |
~70 | 2.9 | belt asteroid (C); trinary | ||
Patroclus 617 |
~70 | Jupiter trojan; binary | |||
Polyxo 308 |
~70 | belt asteroid (T) | |||
Melpomene 18 |
~70 | 3 | belt asteroid | ||
Adorea 268 |
~70 | belt asteroid | |||
Dembowska 349 |
~70 | belt asteroid (R) | |||
Comacina 489 |
~70 | belt asteroid | |||
Hesperia 69 |
~70 | 2.76 | belt asteroid (M) | ||
Alexandra 54 |
~70 | belt asteroid | |||
Pulcova 762 |
~70 | belt asteroid (C); binary | |||
Pabu Borasisi I |
~70 | Secondary of 66652 Borasisi | |||
Philomela 196 |
~70 | belt asteroid (S) | |||
Medea 212 |
~70 | 2.64 | belt asteroid | ||
Arethusa 95 |
~70 | 2.6 | belt asteroid | ||
Portia Uranus XII |
±4 68 | 1.7 | moon of Uranus | ||
Achilles 588 |
~70 | Jupiter trojan | |||
Wratislavia 690 |
~70 | belt asteroid | |||
Ate 111 |
~70 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Eukrate 247 |
~70 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Erminia 705 |
~70 | belt asteroid | |||
Papagena 471 |
~70 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Phorcys <Ceto I |
±5 86 | 1.67[40] | Satellite of 65489 Ceto | ||
Protogeneia 147 |
~70 | 2.5 | belt asteroid | ||
Menoetius Patroclus I |
~70 | Secondary of 617 Patroclus | |||
Desiderata 344 |
~70 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Lucina 146 |
~70 | 2.4 | belt asteroid | ||
Lumen 141 |
~70 | 1.6 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Liguria 356 |
~70 | belt asteroid | |||
Parthenope 11 |
~70 | 6.15 | belt asteroid | ||
Lamberta 187 |
~70 | 2.37 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Himalia Jupiter VI |
±10 67[52] | 4.19[53] | moon of Jupiter—Himalia group | ||
Aurelia 419 |
~60 | belt asteroid (F) | |||
Dynamene 200 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Flora 8 |
~60 | 8.47 | belt asteroid (S); Flora | ||
Boliviana 712 |
~60 | belt asteroid (X) | |||
Zelinda 654 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Hippo 426 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Aglaja 47 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Thule 279 |
~60 | belt asteroid (D) | |||
Undina 92 |
~60 | 2.1 | belt asteroid (M) | ||
Anchises 1173 |
~60 | Jupiter trojan | |||
Odysseus 1143 |
~60 | Jupiter trojan (L4) | |||
Argentina 469 |
~60 | belt asteroid; Cybele | |||
Aemilia 159 |
~60 | 1.4 | belt asteroid | ||
Thia 405 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Marianna 602 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Hestia 46 |
~60 | 3.5[54]–21[55] | belt asteroid | ||
Kleopatra 216 |
~60 | belt asteroid (M); trinary | |||
Klymene 104 |
~60 | 2 | belt asteroid | ||
Chloris 410 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Sophrosyne 134 |
~60 | 2 | belt asteroid | ||
Gudrun 328 |
~60 | 1.94 | belt asteroid (S) | ||
Deiphobus 1867 |
~60 | Jupiter trojan | |||
Leto 68 |
~60 | belt asteroid (S) | |||
Panopaea 70 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Sawiskera Teharonhiawako I |
+12 −13 65 |
[23] Secondary of 88611 Teharonhiawako | |||
Johanna 127 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Adelheid 276 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Iduna 176 |
~60 | belt asteroid (G) | |||
Xanthippe 156 |
~60 | belt asteroid (S) | |||
Bellona 28 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Semele 86 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Diana 78 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Myrrha 381 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Henrietta 225 |
~60 | 1.83 | belt asteroid (C); Cybele | ||
Elfriede 618 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Artemis 105 |
~60 | 1.8 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Terpsichore 81 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Astraea 5 |
~60 | 2.9 | belt asteroid | ||
Galatea 74 |
~60 | 1.8 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Ornamenta 350 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Tanete 772 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Hedwig 476 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Freda 1093 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Ophelia 171 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C); Themis | |||
Ulla 909 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Paris 3317 |
~60 | Jupiter trojan | |||
Pompeja 203 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Makhaon 3063 |
~60 | 1.6 | Jupiter trojan | ||
2006 SQ372 308933 |
~60 | trans-Neptunian object | |||
Leda 38 |
~60 | 1.6 | belt asteroid | ||
Carlova 360 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Brixia 521 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Veritas 490 |
~60 | belt asteroid; Veritas family | |||
Tisiphone 466 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Kalypso 53 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Alcathous 2241 |
~60 | Jupiter trojan | |||
Charybdis 388 |
~60 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Circe 34 |
~60 | 1.5 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Epimetheus Saturn XI |
±2 58 | 0.5304[56] | moon of Saturn | ||
Scheila 596 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Melete 56 |
~60 | 1.5 | belt asteroid | ||
Antigone 129 |
~60 | 2 | belt asteroid; nickel–iron | ||
Victoria 12 |
~60 | belt asteroid (S) | |||
Mnemosyne 57 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Messalina 545 |
~60 | belt asteroid | |||
Teucer 2797 |
~60 | Jupiter trojan (L4) | |||
Automedon 2920 |
~60 | Jupiter trojan (L4) | |||
Aegina 91 |
~50 | 1.4 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Siwa 140 |
~50 | 1.4 | belt asteroid | ||
Tauris 814 |
~50 | belt asteroid | |||
Polyxena 595 |
~50 | belt asteroid | |||
Athamantis 230 |
~50 | belt asteroid (S) | |||
Nestor 659 |
~50 | Jupiter trojan | |||
Fides 37 |
~50 | 1.3 | belt asteroid (S) | ||
Armida 514 |
~50 | belt asteroid | |||
Thalia 23 |
~50 | 1.3 | belt asteroid (S) | ||
Mandeville 739 |
~50 | belt asteroid (X) | |||
Harmonia 40 |
~50 | 1.3 | belt asteroid (S) | ||
Eucharis 181 |
~50 | 1.2 | belt asteroid (K) | ||
Hermentaria 346 |
~50 | belt asteroid (S) | |||
Ninina 357 |
~50 | belt asteroid | |||
Marion 506 |
~50 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Corduba 365 |
~50 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Atalante 36 |
~50 | belt asteroid | |||
Luscinia 713 |
~50 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Rollandia 1269 |
~50 | belt asteroid | |||
Eva 164 |
~50 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Ianthe 98 |
~50 | 1.2 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Vanadis 240 |
~50 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Eos 221 |
~50 | belt asteroid (K) | |||
Hohensteina 788 |
~50 | belt asteroid | |||
Ani 791 |
~50 | belt asteroid | |||
Troilus 1208 |
~50 | Jupiter trojan | |||
Nausikaa 192 |
~50 | belt asteroid (S) | |||
Ausonia 63 |
~50 | 1.1 | belt asteroid (S) | ||
Leukothea 35 |
~50 | 1.1 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Kythera 570 |
~50 | belt asteroid | |||
Asterope 233 |
~50 | belt asteroid (T) | |||
Euforbo 4063 |
~50 | Jupiter trojan | |||
Antilochus 1583 |
~50 | Jupiter trojan | |||
Abastumani 1390 |
~50 | belt asteroid | |||
Helga 522 |
~50 | belt asteroid; Cybele | |||
Andromache 175 |
~50 | belt asteroid (C) | |||
Kolga 191 |
~50 | 1.08 | belt asteroid (C) | ||
Gerlinde 663 |
~50 | belt asteroid | |||
Notburga 626 |
~50 | belt asteroid | |||
Aquitania 387 |
~50 | belt asteroid (S) | |||
Isis 42 |
~50 | belt asteroid (S) | |||
Urania 30 |
~50 | belt asteroid (S) | |||
Notes:
Legend:
|
From 20 to 50 km
This list contains a few examples because there are about 589 asteroids in the asteroid belt with a measured radius between 20 and 50 km.[57] Many thousands of objects of this size range have yet to be discovered in the Trans-Neptunian region. The number of digits is not an endorsement of significant figures. The table switches from ×1018 kg to ×1015 kg (Eg), and many of these mass values are assumed. (See list of minor planets.)
Body(a) | Image | Radius(b) (km) |
Mass (1015 kg) |
Type – Notes | Refs (c) r · M |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
21 Lutetia | ~50 | 1700 | belt asteroid (M) | r · [58] | |
50 Virginia | ~50 | asteroid | r · M | ||
114 Kassandra | ~50 | 1000 | belt asteroid (T) | r · M | |
1021 Flammario | ~50 | asteroid | r · M | ||
162 Laurentia | ~50 | belt asteroid | r · M | ||
401 Ottilia | ~50 | belt asteroid | r · M | ||
Thebe Jupiter XIV |
~50 | moon of Jupiter | r · M | ||
148 Gallia | ~50 | 980 | belt asteroid (R) | r · M | |
404 Arsinoe | ~50 | belt asteroid (C) | r · M | ||
27 Euterpe | ~50 | belt asteroid (S) | r · M | ||
773 Irmintraud | ~50 | asteroid (D) | r · M | ||
62 Erato | ~50 | 910 | belt asteroid; Themis | r · M | |
26 Proserpina | ~45 | 900 | asteroid | r · M | |
345 Tercidina | ~45 | belt asteroid (C) | r · M | ||
Juliet Uranus XI |
~45 | moon of Uranus | r · M | ||
58 Concordia | ~45 | 850 | asteroid | r · M | |
229 Adelinda | ~45 | belt asteroid (C) | r · M | ||
379 Huenna | ~45 | 480 | belt asteroid (C) | r · M | |
103 Hera | ~45 | 790 | asteroid | r · M | |
17 Thetis | ~45 | 1200 | asteroid | r · M | |
143 Adria | ~45 | 760 | belt asteroid | r · M | |
109 Felicitas | ~45 | 750 | asteroid | r · M | |
100 Hekate | ~45 | 1000 | asteroid | r · M | |
90 Antiope A | ~45 | 410 | asteroid (C); binary | r · M | |
227 Philosophia | ~45 | belt asteroid | r · M | ||
Prometheus Saturn XVI |
~45 | 156.6 | moon of Saturn | r · M | |
110 Lydia | ~45 | 670 | asteroid | r · M | |
Elara Jupiter VII |
~45 | moon of Jupiter; Himalia group | r · M | ||
72 Feronia | ~45 | 670 | asteroid | r · M | |
Echidna Typhon I |
±3 44 | satellite of 42355 Typhon | r · M | ||
Thorondor Manwë I |
~40 | satellite of Manwë | r · M | ||
60558 Echeclus 174P/Echeclus |
~40 | centaur[59] | r · M | ||
S/2000 (90) 1 | ~40 | asteroid moon of 90 Antiope | r · M | ||
71 Niobe | ~40 | 610 | asteroid | r · M | |
102 Miriam | ~40 | asteroid | r · M | ||
97 Klotho | ~40 | 590 | asteroid | r · M | |
61 Danae | ~40 | asteroid | r · M | ||
Thalassa Neptune IV |
~40 | moon of Neptune | r · M | ||
122 Gerda | ~40 | 570 | belt asteroid (S) | r · M | |
Pandora Saturn XVII |
~40 | 135.6 | moon of Saturn | r · M | |
83 Beatrix | ~40 | 560 | belt asteroid (X) | r · M | |
32 Pomona | ~40 | asteroid | r · M | ||
Belinda Uranus XIV |
~40 | moon of Uranus | r · M | ||
115 Thyra | ~40 | asteroid | r · M | ||
Cressida Uranus IX |
~40 | moon of Uranus | r · M | ||
135 Hertha | ~40 | asteroid | r · M | ||
84 Klio | ~40 | 520 | asteroid | r · M | |
80 Sappho | ~40 | asteroid | r · M | ||
1001 Gaussia | ~40 | asteroid | r · M | ||
58534 Logos | ~40 | 270 | Kuiper belt object; cubewano; binary | r · M | |
124 Alkeste | ~40 | 470 | belt asteroid (S) | r · M | |
55576 Amycus | ~40 | centaur | r · M | ||
25 Phocaea | ~40 | asteroid | r · M | ||
Weywot Quaoar I |
~35 | satellite of Quaoar | r · M | ||
8405 Asbolus | ~35 | centaur | r · M | ||
112 Iphigenia | ~35 | asteroid | r · M | ||
Rosalind Uranus XIII |
~35 | 250 | moon of Uranus | r · M | |
Caliban Uranus XVI |
~35 | moon of Uranus | r · M | ||
99 Dike | ~35 | 390 | asteroid | r · M | |
66 Maja | ~35 | asteroid | r · M | ||
116 Sirona | ~35 | belt asteroid | r · M | ||
44 Nysa | ~35 | 370 | belt asteroid (E) | r · M | |
10370 Hylonome | ~35 | centaur | r · M | ||
77 Frigga | ~35 | 350 | asteroid | r · M | |
55 Pandora | ~35 | asteroid | r · M | ||
133 Cyrene | ~35 | 310 | belt asteroid (S) | r · M | |
79 Eurynome | ~35 | asteroid | r · M | ||
Zoe Logos I |
~35 | satellite of 58534 Logos | r · M | ||
Naiad Neptune III |
~35 | moon of Neptune | r · M | ||
43 Ariadne | ~35 | asteroid | r · M | ||
101 Helena | ~35 | 300 | asteroid | r · M | |
108 Hecuba | ~30 | 390 | asteroid | r · M | |
Desdemona Uranus X |
~30 | moon of Uranus | r · M | ||
Halimede Neptune IX |
~30 | moon of Neptune | r · M | ||
52975 Cyllarus | ~30 | centaur | r · M | ||
82 Alkmene | ~30 | asteroid | r · M | ||
60 Echo | ~30 | asteroid | r · M | ||
Crantor 83982 |
~30 | centaur | r · M | ||
Comet Hale–Bopp C/1995 O1 |
~30 | comet | r · M | ||
Pasiphae Jupiter VIII |
~30 | moon of Jupiter | r · M | ||
7066 Nessus | ~30 | centaur | r · M | ||
Neso Neptune XIII |
~30 | moon of Neptune | r · M | ||
64 Angelina | ~30 | belt asteroid (E) | r · M | ||
67 Asia | ~30 | asteroid | r · M | ||
119 Althaea | ~30 | 200 | belt asteroid (S) | r · M | |
75 Eurydike | ~30 | 180 | belt asteroid (M) | r · M | |
142 Polana | ~30 | 180 | belt asteroid (F) | r · M | |
253 Mathilde | 26.4 | 103.3 | belt asteroid (C) | r · M | |
52872 Okyrhoe | ~25 | centaur | r · M | ||
Bianca Uranus VIII |
~25 | 92 | moon of Uranus | r · M | |
Prospero Uranus XVIII |
~25 | 85 | moon of Uranus | r · M | |
Setebos Uranus XIX |
~25 | 75 | moon of Uranus | r · M | |
123 Brunhild | ~25 | belt asteroid | r · M | ||
4348 Poulydamas | ~25 | asteroid; Jupiter Trojan | r · M | ||
1000 Piazzia | ~25 | belt asteroid | r · M | ||
113 Amalthea | ~25 | 100 | belt asteroid | r · M | |
Carme Jupiter XI |
~25 | 130 | moon of Jupiter; Carme group | r · M | |
138 Tolosa | ~25 | 99 | belt asteroid (S) | r · M | |
126 Velleda | ~20 | 94 | belt asteroid | r · M | |
73 Klytia | ~20 | 92 | asteroid | r · M | |
Sao Neptune XI |
~20 | moon of Neptune | r · M | ||
125 Liberatrix | ~20 | 87 | belt asteroid (M) | r · M | |
Metis Jupiter XVI |
~20 | 36 | moon of Jupiter | r · M | |
132 Aethra | ~20 | 82 | belt asteroid (M) | r · M | |
Ophelia Uranus VII |
~20 | 53 | moon of Uranus | r · M | |
Laomedeia Neptune XII |
~20 | moon of Neptune | r · M | ||
118 Peitho | ~20 | 76 | belt asteroid | r · M | |
208 Lacrimosa | ~20 | 73.9 | belt asteroid (S) Koronis | r · M | |
136 Austria | ~20 | 68 | belt asteroid (M) | r · M | |
131 Vala | ~20 | 69 | belt asteroid | r · M | |
Cordelia Uranus VI |
~20 | 44 | moon of Uranus | r · M | |
Siarnaq Saturn XXIX |
~20 | moon of Saturn | r · M | ||
Notes:
Legend:
|
From 1 to 20 km
This list contains only a few examples of objects between 1 and 20 km in radius.
Body(a) | Image | Radius(b) (km) |
Mass (1015 kg) |
Type – Notes | Refs (c) r · M |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
167 Urda | ~20 | 66.7 | belt asteroid; Koronis family; S-type | r · M | |
Sinope Jupiter IX |
~20 | 76 | moon of Jupiter | r · M | |
Psamathe Neptune X |
~20 | 37 | moon of Neptune | r · M | |
29P/Schwassmann– Wachmann |
~20 | comet; centaur | r · M | ||
Lysithea Jupiter X |
~20 | 63 | moon of Jupiter; Himalia group | r · M | |
158 Koronis | ~20 | belt asteroid; Koronis family; S-type | r · M | ||
Hidalgo 944 |
19 | centaur, first to be discovered in 1920; historically called asteroid. | [60] · M | ||
Hydra Pluto III |
19 | moon of Pluto | [61] · M | ||
Helene Saturn XII, Dione B |
±0.4 17.6 | 25 | moon of Saturn; Dione trojan | [62] · M | |
Nix Pluto II |
17.5 | moon of Pluto | [63] · M | ||
243 Ida | 15.7 | 42 | belt asteroid; Koronis family; S-type; binary | [64] · M | |
1655 Comas Solà | ±1.1 15.3 | belt asteroid; B-type | [65] · M | ||
Atlas Saturn XV |
±0.9 15.1 | 66 | moon of Saturn | [62] · M | |
226 Weringia | ~15 | belt asteroid; S-type | r · M | ||
433 Eros | ~15 | 66.9 | Amor/ NEA | r · M | |
Stephano Uranus XX |
~15 | 22 | moon of Uranus | r · M | |
Albiorix Saturn XXVI |
~15 | moon of Saturn | r · M | ||
1036 Ganymed | ~15 | 33 | NEA | r · M | |
1815 Beethoven | ~15 | belt asteroid | r · M | ||
31824 Elatus | ~15 | centaur | r · M | ||
Perdita Uranus XXV |
~15 | 13 | moon of Uranus | r · M | |
Linus Kalliope I |
~15 | 60 | asteroid moon of 22 Kalliope | r · [66] | |
Ananke Jupiter XII |
~15 | 38.2 | moon of Jupiter | r · M | |
Pan Saturn XVIII |
±1.3 14.1 | 4.95 | moon of Saturn | [22] · [67] | |
Phobos Mars I |
11.267 | 10.7 | moon of Mars | r · M | |
Telesto Saturn XIII or Tethys B |
~10 | moon of Saturn Tethys trojan | r · M | ||
Paaliaq Saturn XX |
~10 | 8.2 | moon of Saturn | r · M | |
Francisco Uranus XXII |
~10 | 7.2 | moon of Uranus | r · M | |
Calypso Saturn XIV or Tethys C |
~10 | moons of Saturn; Tethys trojan | r · M | ||
Leda Jupiter XIII |
~10 | 11 | moon of Jupiter; Himalia group | r · M | |
Ferdinand Uranus XXIV |
~10 | 5.4 | moon of Uranus | r · M | |
Margaret Uranus XXIII |
~10 | 5.4 | moon of Uranus | r · M | |
149 Medusa | ~10 | 8 | belt asteroid | r · M | |
Romulus Sylvia I |
~10 | 4 | asteroid moon of 87 Sylvia | r · M | |
Ymir Saturn XIX |
~10 | moon of Saturn | r · M | ||
Trinculo Uranus XXI |
~10 | 3.9 | moon of Uranus | r · M | |
Cupid Uranus XXVII |
~10 | 3.8 | moon of Uranus | r · M | |
S/2004 N 1 | ~10 | moon of Neptune | r · M | ||
2002 Euler | ~10 | 5.5 | belt asteroid | r · M | |
Adrastea Jupiter XV |
~10 | 2 | moon of Jupiter | r · M | |
Kiviuq Saturn XXIV |
~10 | moon of Saturn | r · M | ||
2000 Herschel | ~10 | belt asteroid[68] | r · M | ||
Tarvos Saturn XXI |
~10 | moon of Saturn | r · M | ||
S/2006 (624) 1 Hektor I |
~10 | asteroid moon of 624 Hektor | r · M | ||
Kerberos Pluto IV |
~10 | moon of Pluto | r · M | ||
2685 Masursky | ~10 | 5–11 | belt asteroid | r · M | |
Styx Pluto V |
~10 | moon of Pluto | r · M | ||
951 Gaspra | ±0.4 6.1 | 2–3 | belt asteroid | [69] · M | |
(65407) 2002 RP120 | ~5 | 3.1 | Damocloid (retrograde) & possible ejected SDO | r · M | |
Bestla Saturn XXXIX |
~5 | moon of Saturn | r · M | ||
Petit-Prince Eugenia I |
~5 | 1.2 | asteroid moon of 45 Eugenia | r · M | |
Deimos Mars II |
~5 | 1.48 | moon of Mars | r · M | |
Ijiraq Saturn XXII |
~5 | moon of Saturn | r · M | ||
S/2002 (121) 1 Hermione I |
~5 | 1.6 | asteroid moon of 121 Hermione | r · M | |
Halley's Comet | ~5 | 0.03 | comet | r · [70] | |
S/2001 (107) 1 Camilla I |
~5 | 1.5 | asteroid moon of 107 Camilla | r · M | |
Mab Uranus XXVI |
~5 | moon of Uranus | r · M | ||
Erriapus Saturn XXVIII |
~5 | moon of Saturn | r · M | ||
26858 Misterrogers | ~5 | belt asteroid | r · M | ||
Callirrhoe Jupiter XVII |
~5 | moon of Jupiter | r · M | ||
Themisto Jupiter XVIII |
~5 | 0.69 | moon of Jupiter | r · M | |
Remus Sylvia II |
~5 | 0.2 | asteroid moon of 87 Sylvia | r · M | |
S/2003 (379) 1 Huenna I |
~5 | asteroid moon of 379 Huenna | r · M | ||
S/2003 (130) 1 Elektra I |
~5 | 0.4 | asteroid moon of 130 Elektra | r · M | |
S/2004 (45) 1 Eugenia II |
~5 | asteroid moon of 45 Eugenia | r · M | ||
118401 LINEAR | ~5 | 0.23 | main-belt comet | r · M | |
4179 Toutatis | ~5 | 0.05 | NEA | r · M | |
3200 Phaethon | ~5 | 0.14 | Apollo asteroid; B-type | r · M | |
2P/Encke | <5 | comet | r · M | ||
C/1996 B2 Comet Hyakutake |
<5 | comet[71] | r · M | ||
81P/Wild Wild 2 |
<5 | comet | r · M | ||
Pallene Saturn XXXIII |
<5 | 0.043 | moon of Saturn | r · M | |
Polydeuces Saturn XXXIV or Dione C |
<5 | 0.03 | moon of Saturn; Dione trojan | r · M | |
17P/Holmes | <5 | comet | r · M | ||
5535 Annefrank | <5 | belt asteroid | r · M | ||
3753 Cruithne | <5 | 0.13 | Aten asteroid & quasi-satellite of Earth | r · M | |
(285263) 1998 QE2 | <5 | NEA; binary | r · M | ||
4055 Magellan | <5 | Amor asteroid; V-type | r · M | ||
9969 Braille | <5 | Mars-crosser asteroid | r · M | ||
132524 APL | <5 | belt asteroid | r · M | ||
(6178) 1986 DA | <5 | 0.002 | amor asteroid; M-type | r · M | |
Comet Comas Solà | 4.2 | Jupiter-family comet[72] | [73] · M | ||
Daphnis Saturn XXXV |
±0.8 3.9 | 0.084 | moon of Saturn | r · [67] | |
9P/Tempel | 2.8 | 0.075 | comet | [74] · M | |
2867 Šteins | 2.65 | belt asteroid; E-type | [75] · M | ||
19P/Borrelly | 2.4 | Jupiter-family comet[72] | [76] · M | ||
Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko | 1.9 | Jupiter-family comet[72] | r · M | ||
(53319) 1999 JM8 | 1.75 | Apollo asteroid; PHA | [77] · M | ||
Methone Saturn XXXII |
±0.6 1.6 | 0.019 | moon of Saturn | r · M | |
Notes:
Legend: Types:
|
Below 1 km
This list contains only a few examples of objects below 1 km in radius.
In the asteroid belt alone there are estimated to be between 1.1 and 1.9 million objects with a radius above 0.5 km,[78] many of which are in the range 0.5–1.0 km. Countless more have a radius below 0.5 km.
Very few objects in this size range have been explored or even imaged. The exceptions are objects that have been visited by a probe, or have passed close enough to Earth to be imaged. Radius is by mean geometric radius. Number of digits not an endorsement of significant figures. Mass scale shifts from × 1015 to 1012 kg, which is 1015 grams (Petagram – Pg).
Currently most of the objects of mass between 109 kg to 1012 kg (less than 1000 teragrams (Tg)) listed here are near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). (See also List of NEAs by distance from Sun.) 1994 WR12 has less mass than the Great Pyramid of Giza, 5.9 × 109 kg.
For more about very small objects in the Solar System, see meteoroid, micrometeoroid, and interplanetary dust cloud. (See also Visited/imaged bodies.)
Body(a) | Image | Radius(b) (m) |
Mass (1012 kg) |
Type – Notes | Refs (c) r · M |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1620 Geographos | 885 | 4 | NEA; Apollo | [79] · M | |
1862 Apollo | 850 | 5.1 | NEA; Apollo; Q-type | r · M | |
(214869) 2007 PA8 | ~800 | NEA; Apollo | [80] · M | ||
100000 Astronautica | ~800 | Inner belt asteroid[81] | [82] · M | ||
Dactyl Ida I |
700 | Moon of 243 Ida | r · M | ||
1566 Icarus | 700 | 2.9 | NEA; Apollo; U-type | r · M | |
4769 Castalia | 700 | 1.3 | NEA; Apollo | [83] · M | |
(137108) 1999 AN10 | 650 | NEA; Apollo | r · M | ||
(29075) 1950 DA | 600 | 3 | NEA; Apollo | r · M | |
(66391) 1999 KW4 | 600 | 2.33 | Mercury-crosser asteroid; Aten | r · M | |
46P/Wirtanen | 600 | Comet | r · M | ||
103P/Hartley Hartley 2 |
±80 570 | 0.3 | Comet | r · [84] | |
3908 Nyx | 520 | 5 | NEA; Amor; V-type | r · M | |
14827 Hypnos | 450 | Comet; dormant comet[85] | [86] · M | ||
2062 Aten | 450 | 0.76 | NEA; Aten | [87] · M | |
2007 CA19 | 432 | 1.2 | NEA; Apollo | r · M | |
6489 Golevka | 350 | NEA; Apollo | [88] · M | ||
25143 Itokawa | 346 | 0.0358 | NEA; Apollo | r · M | |
2004 XP14 | 300 | NEA; Apollo | r · M | ||
(144898) 2004 VD17 | 290 | 3 | NEA; Apollo | r · [89] | |
Aegaeon Saturn LIII |
250 | moon of Saturn | r · M | ||
2005 YU55 308635 |
180 | NEA;[90] Apollo; PHO[91] | [92] · M | ||
4660 Nereus | 165 | NEA; Apollo | [93] · M | ||
(357439) 2004 BL86 | 162.5 | NEA; Apollo—binary | r · M | ||
99942 Apophis | 162.5 | 0.05 | NEA; Aten; PHO | [94] · [89] | |
S/2009 S 1 | 150 | moon of Saturn | r · M | ||
2010 TK7 | 150 | Earth trojan; Apollo | r · M | ||
2007 TU24 | 125 | NEA; Apollo; PHO | [95] · M | ||
2002 JE9 | 100 | NEA; Apollo; PHO | r · M | ||
2010 XC15 | 100 | NEA; Apollo; PHO | r · M | ||
1994 WR12 | 65 | 0.002 | NEA; Aten | [96] · [89] | |
2009 FD 410777 |
65 | 0.0028 | NEA; Apollo | [97] · [97] | |
2008 HJ | 18 | 005 0.000 | NEA & fast rotator (42 s)[98] | [98] · [98] | |
367943 Duende 2012 DA14 |
15 | NEA | r · M | ||
1998 KY26 | 15 | NEA & fast rotator (10 min) | [99] · M | ||
Notes:
Legend:
|
Surface gravity
The surface gravity at the equator of a body can in most cases be accurately calculated using Newton's law of universal gravitation and centrifugal force.
The gravitational acceleration at the equator is given by Newton's law of universal gravitation. The formula that follows from this law is:
where
- ag is the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration
- G is the gravitational constant
- m is the mass of the celestial body
- r is the equatorial radius of the celestial body (if this varies significantly, the mean equatorial radius is used)
The magnitude of the outward acceleration due to centrifugal force is given by
where
- T is the rotation period of the celestial body
The surface gravity at the equator is then given by
Notes
- † Using equatorial radius and assuming body is spherical
- ‡ Using three radii and assuming body is spheroid
- * Radius is known only very approximately
- R Radius has been determined by various methods, such as optical (Hubble), thermal (Spitzer), or direct imaging via spacecraft
- 9 Unknown radius, generic assumed albedo of 0.09
- $ Well studied asteroid or moon whose dimensions and mass are very well known. Asteroid sizes and masses taken from James Baer's (Bio) personal website.
- M Mass has been determined by perturbation. For asteroids, see James Baer's personal website.
- Note: For many of the well-determined moons, radii were taken from the JPL Solar System Dynamics page.
- O Radius has been determined by an occultation
References
- ↑ Mike Brown. "The Dwarf Planets". CalTech. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
- ↑ D. T. Britt; G. J. Consol-magno SJ; W. J. Merline (2006). "Small Body Density and Porosity: New Data, New Insights" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVII. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- 1 2 "Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters". JPL (Solar System Dynamics). 2008-10-24. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
- ↑ Williams, Dr. David R. (2007-11-23). "Uranian Satellite Fact Sheet". NASA (National Space Science Data Center). Archived from the original on 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
- ↑ Mike Brown, How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system?
- ↑
- ↑
- ↑ NASA – Uranus Facts
- ↑ Emilio, M.; Kuhn, J. R.; Bush, R. I.; Scholl, I. F. (2012). "Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits". The Astrophysical Journal 750 (2): 135. arXiv:1203.4898. Bibcode:2012ApJ...750..135E. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135.
- ↑ New Horizons press conference, 2015-7-24
- ↑ "Size, density, albedo and atmosphere limit of dwarf planet Eris from a stellar occultation" (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress Abstracts 6. 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-14.
- ↑ Brown, Michael E.; Schaller, Emily L. (15 June 2007). "The Mass of Dwarf Planet Eris". Science 316 (5831): 1585. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1585B. doi:10.1126/science.1139415. PMID 17569855.
- ↑ Andras Pal, Csaba Kiss, Thomas G. M¨uller, Laszlo Molnar, Robert Szabo, Gyula M. Szabo ,Krisztian Sarneczky, and Laszlo L. Kiss (2016). ""LARGE SIZE AND SLOW ROTATION OF THE TRANS-NEPTUNIAN OBJECT (225088) 2007 OR10 DISCOVERED FROM HERSCHEL AND K2 OBSERVATIONS"" (PDF).
- 1 2 Pedro Lacerda and David C. Jewitt – Densities of Solar System Objects from their Rotational Lightcurves (2006)- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822
- ↑ S. Fornasier, E. Lellouch, T. Müller, P. Santos-Sanz, P. Panuzzo, C. Kiss, T. Lim, M. Mommert, D. Bockelée-Morvan, E. Vilenius, J. Stansberry, G.P. Tozzi, S. Mottola, A. Delsanti, J. Crovisier, R. Duffard, F. Henry, P. Lacerda, A. Barucci, A. Gicquel (2013). "TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. VIII. Combined Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of 9 bright targets at 70–500 μm". arXiv:1305.0449v2. Cite uses deprecated parameter
|version=
(help) - ↑ Roatsch Jaumann et al. 2009, p. 765, Tables 24.1–2
- ↑ Chris Russel at
- ↑ Rayman, Marc D. (28 May 2015). "Dawn Journal, May 28, 2015". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Wm. Robert Johnston (24 March 2015). "List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
- 1 2 Carry, B.; Hestroffer, D.; Demeo, F. E.; Thirouin, A.; Berthier, J.; Lacerda, P.; Sicardy, B.; Doressoundiram, A.; Dumas, C.; Farrelly, D.; Müller, T. G. (2011). "Integral-field spectroscopy of (90482) Orcus-Vanth". Astronomy & Astrophysics 534: A115. arXiv:1108.5963. Bibcode:2011A&A...534A.115C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117486.
- ↑ J.A. Stansberry. "Physical Properties of Trans-Neptunian Binaries (120347) Salacia–Actaea and (42355) Typhon–Echidna". Elsevier. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
- 1 2 Thomas, P. C. (July 2010). "Sizes, shapes, and derived properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission" (PDF). Icarus 208 (1): 395–401. Bibcode:2010Icar..208..395T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 E. Vilenius, C. Kiss, T. Müller, and F. Henry (26 March 2014). "TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region – X. Analysis of classical Kuiper belt objects from Herschel and Spitzer observations" (PDF). ESO. Retrieved July 2015.
- ↑ Santos-Sanz, P.; et al. (2012). ""TNOs are Cool": A Survey of the Transneptunian Region IV. Size/albedo characterization of 15 scattered disk and detached objects observed with Herschel Space Observatory-PACS". arXiv:1202.1481 [astro-ph.EP].
- ↑ M.E. Brown, 2013 (4 November 2013). "The density of mid-sized Kuiper belt object 2002 UX25 and the formation of the dwarf planets" (PDF). http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.0553v1. Retrieved 21 July 2015. External link in
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(help) - ↑ "Pushing the Limits of K2:Observing Trans-Neptunian Objects S3K2: Solar System Studies with K2" (PDF).
- ↑ Lorenzi, V.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Licandro, J. P.; Dalle Ore, C. M.; Emery (24 January 2014). "Rotationally resolved spectroscopy of (20000) Varuna in the near-infrared" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics 562: A85. Bibcode:2014A&A...562A..85L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322251. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
cited data from: Lellouch et al., 2013, of estimated diameter of 668 (+154,−86) km
- ↑ "2010 KZ39". IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ↑ Fu, R. R.; Hager, B. H.; Ermakov, A.I.; Zuber, M.T. (2013). "Early Viscous Relaxation of Asteroid Vesta and Implications for Late Impact-Driven Despinning" (PDF). 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: 2115.
- ↑ Asmar, S. W.; Konopliv, A. S.; Park, R. S.; Bills, B. G.; Gaskell, R.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T.; Smith, D. E.; Toplis, M. J.; Zuber, M. T. (2012). "The Gravity Field of Vesta and Implications for Interior Structure" (PDF). 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference: 2600.
- 1 2 Russell, C. T.; et al. (2012). "Dawn at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm". Science 336 (6082): 684–686. Bibcode:2012Sci...336..684R. doi:10.1126/science.1219381.
- 1 2 Carry, B.; et al. (2009). "Physical properties of (2) Pallas" (PDF). Retrieved 13 September 2015.
- ↑ Baer, James; Steven R. Chesley (2008). "Astrometric masses of 21 asteroids, and an integrated asteroid ephemeris" (PDF). Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy (Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007) 100 (2008): 27–42. Bibcode:2008CeMDA.100...27B. doi:10.1007/s10569-007-9103-8. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ↑ "JPL definition of Main-belt Asteroid (MBA)". JPL Solar System Dynamics. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
- ↑ Ragozzine, D.; Brown, M. E. (2009). "Orbits and Masses of the Satellites of the Dwarf Planet Haumea (2003 EL61)". The Astronomical Journal 137 (6): 4766–4776. arXiv:0903.4213. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.4766R. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4766.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 M. Kaasalainen (2002). "Models of Twenty Asteroids from Photometric Data" (PDF). Icarus 159 (2): 369–395. Bibcode:2002Icar..159..369K. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6907. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- ↑
- 1 2 J. Torppa; et al. (2003). "Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data" (PDF). Icarus 164 (2): 346–383. Bibcode:2003Icar..164..346T. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00146-5.
- ↑ Carry, Benoit; Snodgrass, Colin; Lacerda, Pedro; Hainaut, Olivier; Dumas, Christophe (16 July 2012). "Characterisation of candidate members of (136108) Haumea's family: II. Follow-up observations" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics (EDP Sciences) 544: A137. arXiv:1207.6491. Bibcode:2012A&A...544A.137C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219044. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
- 1 2 Grundy, W.M.; Stansberry, J.A.; Noll K.S.; Stephens, D.C.; et al. (2007). "The orbit, mass, size, albedo, and density of (65489) Ceto/Phorcys: A tidally-evolved binary Centaur". Icarus 191: 286–297. arXiv:0704.1523. Bibcode:2007Icar..191..286G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.004.
- ↑ JPL/NASA, 2012 Apr 26. Cassini Finds Saturn Moon Has Planet-Like Qualities
- ↑ Durech., J.; Kaasalainen, M., Marciniak, A.; et al., "Physical models of ten asteroids from an observers' collaboration network", Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 465, Issue 1, April I 2007, pp. 331–337
- ↑ [Planetary occultations: 2001 results|http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/planet/2001/plnres01.htm#Aurora]
- ↑ TNOs are Cool: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. X. Analysis of classical Kuiper belt objects from Herschel and Spitzer observations
- ↑ F. Marchis; et al. (2006). "Shape, size and multiplicity of main-belt asteroids I. Keck Adaptive Optics survey". Icarus 185 (1): 39–63. Bibcode:2006Icar..185...39M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.001. PMC 2600456. PMID 19081813.
- ↑ Karkoschka, Erich (2001). "Voyager's Eleventh Discovery of a Satellite of Uranus and Photometry and the First Size Measurements of Nine Satellites". Icarus 151 (1): 69–77. Bibcode:2001Icar..151...69K. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6597.
- ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 566 Stereoskopia (1905 QO)" (2010-06-24 last obs). Retrieved 2010-09-05.
- ↑ Visible to thermal-infrared spectrophotometry of a possible inactive cometary nucleus
- ↑ JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 20461 Dioretsa
- 1 2 Carry, B. (December 2012), "Density of asteroids", Planetary and Space Science 73, pp. 98–118, arXiv:1203.4336, Bibcode:2012P&SS...73...98C, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.009. See Table 1.
- ↑ Tedesco; et al. (2004). "Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS)". IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Planetary Data System. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
- ↑ Porco, Carolyn C.; et al. (March 2003). "Cassini Imaging of Jupiter's Atmosphere, Satellites, and Rings" (PDF). Science 299 (5612): 1541–1547. Bibcode:2003Sci...299.1541P. doi:10.1126/science.1079462. PMID 12624258.
- ↑ Emelyanov, N.V.; Archinal, B. A.; A’hearn, M. F.; et al. (2005). "The mass of Himalia from the perturbations on other satellites". Astronomy and Astrophysics 438 (3): L33–L36. Bibcode:2005A&A...438L..33E. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200500143.
- ↑ Michalak, G. (2001). "Determination of asteroid masses". Astronomy & Astrophysics 374 (2): 703–711. Bibcode:2001A&A...374..703M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010731. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
- ↑ Bange, J.F; A. Bec-Borsenberger (1997). "DETERMINATION OF THE MASSES OF MINOR PLANETS" (PDF): 169. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
- ↑ Spitale, J. N.; et al. (2006). "The orbits of Saturn's small satellites derived from combined historic and Cassini imaging observations". The Astronomical Journal 132 (2): 692–710. Bibcode:2006AJ....132..692S. doi:10.1086/505206. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12.
- ↑ JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine
- ↑ Jonathan Amos – Asteroid Lutetia has thick blanket of debris (4 October 2010) – BBC News Archived 12 February 2011 at WebCite
- ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 60558 Echeclus (2000 EC98)" (2008-05-07 last obs). Retrieved 2008-09-09.
- ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 944 Hidalgo (1920 HZ)" (2008-05-09 last obs). Retrieved 2008-03-09.
- ↑
- 1 2 Thomas 2010.
- ↑ How Big Is Pluto? New Horizons Settles Decades-Long Debate
- ↑ Britt, D. T.; Yeomans, D. K.; Housen, K.; Consolmagno, G. (2002). "Asteroid Density, Porosity, and Structure" (PDF). Asteroids III (Tucson: University of Arizona): 485–500. Bibcode:2002aste.conf..485B. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser 1655 Comas Sola". NASA. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
Physical Parameter Table, diameter, 30.57
- ↑ F. Marchis; et al. (2003). "A three-dimensional solution for the orbit of the asteroidal satellite of 22 Kalliope". Icarus 165 (1): 112–120. Bibcode:2003Icar..165..112M. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00195-7. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12.
- 1 2 Porco, C. C.; et al. (2007). "Saturn's Small Inner Satellites: Clues to Their Origins". Science 318 (5856): 1602–1607. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1602P. doi:10.1126/science.1143977. PMID 18063794. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12.
- ↑ JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2000 Herschel
- ↑
- ↑ Using the volume of an ellipsoid of 15x8x8km * an assumed rubble pile density of 0.6 g/cm3 yields a mass (m=d*v) of ~3.02E+14 kg
- ↑ "Comet Hyakutake Home Page (JPL)". .jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- 1 2 3 "List of Jupiter-Family and Halley-Family Comets". University of Central Florida: Physics. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
- ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser 32P/Comas Sola". NASA. Retrieved 2014-11-07.
- ↑ P. Thomas – The Nucleus of Comet 9P/Tempel 1: Shape & Geology From Two Flybys
- ↑ H. U. Keller, et all – E-Type Asteroid (2867) Steins as Imaged by OSIRIS on Board Rosetta – Science 8 January 2010: Vol. 327. no. 5962, pp. 190 – 193 doi:10.1126/science.1179559
- ↑ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Com_19PBorrelly&Display=Facts&System=Metric
- ↑ Diane Ainsworth. "RADAR IMAGES CAPTURE BIG, SLOWLY TUMBLING ASTEROID". NASA/JPL Media Relations Office. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
- ↑ Tedesco, Edward; Metcalfe, Leo (April 4, 2002). "New study reveals twice as many asteroids as previously believed" (Press release). European Space Agency. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
- ↑ Asteroid Data Archive, Archive Planetary Science Institute
- ↑ NASA – 2007 PA8
- ↑ JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 100000 Astronautica
- ↑ Minor Planet No. 100,000 Named for Space Age 50th Anniversary (2007) – Space Ref, Quote: "..about a mile in size"
- ↑ Alan Chamberlin. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- ↑ Lisse, C. M.; Fernandez; Reach; Bauer; A'Hearn; Farnham; et al. (2009). "Spitzer Space Telescope Observations of the Nucleus of Comet 103P/Hartley 2". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 121: 968–975. arXiv:0906.4733. Bibcode:2009PASP..121..968L. doi:10.1086/605546.
- ↑ Whitman, Kathryn; Alessandro Morbidelli & Robert Jedicke (2006). "The Size-Frequency Distribution of Dormant Jupiter Family Comets". Icarus 183: 101–114. arXiv:astro-ph/0603106. Bibcode:2006Icar..183..101W. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.02.016.
- ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 14827 Hypnos (1986 JK)". Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
- ↑ Benner, et al. – Radar Detection of Near-Earth Asteroids 2062 Aten, 2101 Adonis, 3103 Eger, 4544 Xanthus, and 1992 QN (1997)
- ↑ Alan Chamberlin. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- 1 2 3 Based on an assumed density of 2.6 g/cm3 as given at the NASA NEO impact risk page http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/index.html Archived 12 February 2011 at WebCite
- ↑ BBC – Giant asteroid passes near Earth – 9 November 2011
- ↑ JPL Small-Body Database Browser (2005 YU55)
- ↑ M.W. Busch; et al. (March 31, 2012). "Shape and Spin of Near-Earth Asteroid 308635 (2005 YU55) From Radar Images and Speckle Tracking" (PDF). LPI. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ↑ Alan Chamberlin. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- ↑ ESA (January 9, 2013). "Herschel intercepts asteroid Apophis". European Space Agency (ESA). Retrieved 2013-01-09.
- ↑ "NASA Scientists Get First Images of Earth Flyby Asteroid". NASA/JPL. 2008-01-25. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
- ↑ NASA – 1994 WR12 Earth Impact Risk Summary – 2011
- 1 2 2009 FD Impact Risk
- 1 2 3 BBC News – Record spin for newfound asteroid (2008) Archived 12 February 2011 at WebCite
- ↑ Alan Chamberlin. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser". Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
Further reading
- NASA Planetary Data System (PDS)
- Asteroids with Satellites
- Minor Planet discovery circumstances
- Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey (SIMPS) and IRAS Minor Planet Survey (IMPS)
- SIMPS & IMPS (V6, additional, from here)
- Asteroid Data Archive (dead link) Archive Planetary Science Institute
External links
- Planetary fact sheets
- Asteroid fact sheet
- All (known) Bodies in the Solar System Larger than 200 Miles in Diameter – in an image, put side-by-side.
- Size comparison of asteroids and comets visited by space probe (Parent article of image at The Planetary Society)
- Scaled Solar System montage at TPS Blog
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