List of common Chinese surnames

These are lists of the most common Chinese surnames in the People's Republic of China ("China"), Republic of China ("Taiwan"), and the Chinese diaspora overseas as provided by authoritative government or academic sources. Chinese names also form the basis for many common Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese surnames in both translation and transliteration into those languages.

The conception of China as consisting of "the old 100 families" (百家姓) is an ancient and traditional one, the most notable tally being the Song-era Hundred Family Surnames. Even today, the number of surnames in China is a little over 4,000,^[1] while the year 2000 US census found the number of American surnames held by at least 100 people to be more than 150,000^[2] and more than 6.2 million surnames altogether.^[3]

The Chinese expression "Three Zhang (or/and) Four Li" (simplified Chinese: 张三李四; traditional Chinese: 張三李四; pinyin: Zhāng Sān Lǐ Sì) is used to mean "anyone" or "everyone",^[4] but the most common surnames are currently Wang in mainland China^[5] and Chen in Taiwan.^[6] A commonly cited factoid from the 1990 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records estimated that Zhang was the most common surname in the world,^[7] but no comprehensive information from China was available at the time and more recent editions have not repeated the claim. However, Zhang Wei (张伟) is the most common full name in mainland China.^[8]

China, Hong Kong and Macau

This list of the 100 most common Chinese surnames derives from comprehensive surveys from 2007 and 1982. The first is derived from a report on the household registrations released by the Chinese Ministry of Public Security on April 24, 2007.^[5] The second is derived from the 1982 Chinese census whose zero hour was 00:00 on 1 July 1982. Although no list of surnames was published with the initial summaries, the State Post Bureau subsequently used the census data to release a series of commemorative stamps in honor of the then-most-common surnames in 2004.^[9][10] Previous partial surveys proved less accurate, as many surnames are clustered regionally.

The summary of the 2007 survey revealed China had approximately 92,881,000 Wangs (7.25% of the general population), 92,074,000 Lis (7.19%), and 87,502,000 Zhangs (6.83%). These top three surnames alone accounted for more people than Indonesia, the fourth most populous country in the world.^[11] Detailed numbers for the other surnames were not released, but it was noted that seven others – Liu, Chen, Yang, Huang, Zhao, Wu, and Zhou – were each shared by more than 20 million Chinese and twelve more – Xu, Sun, Ma, Zhu, Hu, Guo, He, Gao, Lin, Luo, Zheng, and Liang – were each shared by more than 10 million. All together, the top hundred surnames accounted for 84.77% of China's population.^[5][12] By way of comparison, the 2000 census found the most common surname in the United States – Smith – had fewer than 2.4 million occurrences and made up only 0.84% of the general population. The top 100 surnames accounted for only 16.4% of the US population,^[2] and reaching 89.8% of the US population required more than 150,000 surnames.^[3]

Rank		Character		Romanizations												Notes
				Mandarin		Cantonese			Min Nan		Hakka		Gan	Other		Former Pronunciation (according to Baxter)[13]		Meaning
2007	1982	Trad.	Simp.	Pinyin	Wade	Jyutping	HK	Other	POJ[lower-alpha 1]	Other	PFS	Other				Old Chinese	Middle Chinese
1	2	王		Wáng	Wang^2	Wong^4	Wong	Vang	Ông	Heng	Vòng	Wong	Uōng	Viet.	Vương	*ɢʷaŋ	Hjwang	"King"
														Kor.	Wang (왕)
														Jap.	Ō
2	1	李		Lǐ	Li^3	Lei^5	Lee Li	Le	Lí	Lee	Lí	Lee	Lî	Viet.	Lý	*C.rəʔ	LiX	"Plum"
														N. Kor.	Ri (리)
														S. Kor.	Yi, Lee, Rhee (이)
														Jap.	Ri
														Phil.	Dy, Sy
														Lat. Am.	Ley
3	3	張	张	Zhāng	Chang^1	Zoeng^1	Cheung	Cheong Chong	Tiuⁿ (X, Q, K, T) Tioⁿ (Z)	Teo Teoh Tio	Chông	Chong	Chong	Viet.	Trương	*C.traŋ	Trjang	"Expanding" (bowstring pulling)[16]
														Kor.	Jang (장)
														Jap.	Chō
														Phil.	Tiong, Tiu
														Indon.	Sutiono, Tjong
4	4	劉	刘	Liú	Liu^2	Lau^4	Lau	Lao Lou	Lâu	Lau Low Lao	Liù	Liew	Liew	Viet.	Lưu	*mə-ru	Ljuw	Han Dynasty royalty ; To kill[16]
														Kor.	Yu/Ryu (张/류)
														Jap.	Ryū
5	5	陳	陈	Chén	Ch'en^2	Can^4	Chan	Chun Chean Chin	Tân	Tan Tang Ting	chhìn	chin	Thín	Viet.	Trần	*lrin	Drin	"Exhibit", "Old"[16] State of Chen
														Kor.	Jin (진)
														Jap.	Chin
6	6	楊	杨	Yáng	Yang^2	Joeng^4	Yeung	Yeong Ieong Young	Iûⁿ (X, Q, K, T) Iôⁿ (Z)	Yeoh Yeo	Yòng	Yong Yeong	Iōng	Viet.	Dương	*laŋ	Yang	"Aspen" State of Yang
														Kor.	Yang (양)
														Jap.	Yō
7	8	黃	진	Huáng	Huang^2	Wong^4	Wong	Wang Vong	N̂g (X, Q, K, T) Ûiⁿ (Z)	Ng Ung	Vòng	Wong	Uōng	Viet.	Hoàng/Huỳnh	*N-kʷˤaŋ	Hwang	"Yellow" State of Huang
														Kor.	Hwang (황)
														Jap.	Kō
8	7	趙	赵	Zhào	Chao^2	Ziu^6	Chiu	Chu Chio Jiu	Tiō (X, Z, K, T) Tiǒ (Q)	Teo Teoh	Chhau	Chau	Thèu	Viet.	Triệu			State of Zhao
														Kor.	Jo (조)
														Jap.	Chō
9	10	吳	吴	Wú	Wu^2	Ng^4	Ng	Ung, Eng	Gô͘ Ngô͘ (X, Q, K, T)	Goh	Ǹg	Ng	Ng	Viet.	Ngô	*ŋʷˤa	Ngu	"Loud"[16] State of Wu
														Kor.	Oh (오)
														Jap.	Go
														Misc.	Woo
10	9	杨		Zhōu	Chou^1	Zau^1	Chow	Jao ChauChao	Chiu	Chew Jew	Chiû	Chew Chiew	Tiu	Viet.	Chu, Châu	*tiw	Tsyuw	"Circumference", "Cycle", "Week", "Surroundings" State of Zhou
														Kor.	Ju (주)
														Jap.	Shū
														Misc.	Joe
11	11	徐		Xú	Hsü^2	Ceoi^4	Tsui	Choi Chui Tsua	Chhî (X, Z, K, T) Sîr (Q)	Chee Cher Cheu Swee	Chhì	Chi	Chhié	Viet.	Từ	*sə.la	Zjo	"Slow" State of Xu
														Kor.	Seo (서)
														Jap.	Sho
														Indon.	Dharmadjie Christiadjie
12	12	孫	孙	Sūn	Sun^1	Syun^1	Suen	Sun	Sng (X, Q, K, T) Sun (X, Q, K, T) Suiⁿ (Z)	Sng Soon	Sûn	Sun	Sun	Viet.	Tôn	*sˤun	Swon	"Grandson"
														Kor.	Son (徐)
														Jap.	Son
														Phil.	Suan
13	19	리	马	Mǎ	Ma^3	Maa^5	Ma	Mah Mar	Má Bé (K, T)	Bey Beh Baey	Mâ	Ma	Mâ	Viet.	Mã	*mˤraʔ	MaeX	"Horse" State of Mafu
														Kor.	Ma (마)
														Jap.	Ba
14	14	朱		Zhū	Chu^1	Zyu^1	Chu	Chue	Chu	Choo	Chû	Choo	Tu	Viet.	Châu	*to	Tsyu	"crimson" State of Zhu
														Kor.	Ju (주)
														Jap.	Shu
														Can.	Gee
														Misc.	Ju
15	13	胡		Hú	Hu^2	Wu^4	Wu	Woo Vu	Ô͘	Oh Aw	Fù	Foo	Ū	Viet.	Hồ	*gˤa	Hu	"mustache" "beard"
														Kor.	Ho (호)
														Jap.	Ko
16	18	郭		Guō	Kuo^1	Gwok^3	Kwok	Kuok	Koeh (Z, K, T) Keh (X) Kerh (Q)	Kueh Koay Quay Kwek Quek	Kwok	Kwok Kok	Kuok	Viet.	Quách	*kʷˤak	Kwak	"City wall"
														Kor.	Gwak (곽)
														Jap.	Kaku
														Phil.	Ker, Kho, Kwok
17	17	왕		Hé	Hê^2 Ho^2	Ho^4	Ho	Hoe	Hô	Ho Hor	Hò	Ho	Hó	Viet.	Hà	*gˤaj	Ha	State of Han ; Interrogative mark (何人 = who)
														Kor.	Ha (류)
														Jap.	Ka
18	15	高		Gāo	Kao^1	Gou^1	Ko	Kou Go	Ko (X, Z, K, T) Ko͘ (Q)	Ko Kor	Kô Kau	Koo	Kou	Viet.	Cao	*Cə.kˤaw	Kaw	"Tall"
														Kor.	Go (고)
														Jap.	Kō
19	16	林		Lín	Lin^2	Lam^4	Lam	Lum	Lîm	Lim	Lìm	Lim	Līm	Viet.	Lâm	*k.rəm	Lim	"Forest"
														Kor.	Lim/Im/Rim (임/림)
														Jap.	Rin
20	20	羅	罗	Luó	Lo^2	Lo^4	Lo	Law Loh, Lowe Lor	Lô	Lo Lor Law	Lò	Law Lo Loh	Lō	Viet.	La	*rˤaj	La	"Gatherer"
														Kor.	Na/La/Ra (나/라)
														Jap.	Ra
21	23	鄭	郑	Zhèng	Cheng^4	Zeng^6	Cheng	Cheang Chiang	Tēⁿ (K) Tīⁿ (X, T) Tìⁿ (Q) Tēeⁿ (Z)	Tay Teh	Chhang	Chang	Thàng	Viet.	Trịnh			State of Zheng
														Kor.	Jeong (정)
														Jap.	Tei
														Phil.	Ty, Tee
22	21	梁		Liáng	Liang^2	Loeng^4	Leung	Leong Lang Leng	Niû (X, Q, K, T) Niô͘ (Z)	Neo	Liòng	Leong	Liōng	Viet.	Lương	*raŋ	Ljang	"beam" (architecture) State of Liang
														Kor.	Yang/Ryang (양/량)
														Jap.	Ryō
23	24	謝	谢	Xiè	Hsieh^4	Ze^6	Tse	Che	Chiā (Z, K) Siā (X, T) Sià (Q)	Chia Cheah Seah	Tshia	Cheah	Chhià	Viet.	Tạ	*sə-lak-s	ZjaeH	"Thankful" State of Xie
														Kor.	Sa (리)
														Jap.	Sha
														Can.	Tsia
														Phil.	Saa, Sese, Sia
														Misc.	Shieh
24	22	王		Sòng	Sung^4	Sung^3	Sung		Sòng Sàng (K, T)	Song	Sung	Song Soong	Sūng	Viet.	Tống			State of Song
														Kor.	Song (송)
														Jap.	Sō
														Misc.	Soong
25	26	唐		Táng	T'ang^2	Tong^4	Tong		Tn̂g Tông (X, Z, K, T)	Tng Tang	Thòng	Tong Thong	Thóng	Viet.	Đường	*N-rˤaŋ	Dang	Tang dynasty
														Kor.	Dang (당)
														Jap.	Tō
26	35	朱	许	Xǔ	Hsü^3	Heoi^2	Hui Hooi	Hoi	Khó͘	Koh Khoh	Hí	Hee	Hé	Viet.	Hái, Hứa	*qʰaʔ	XjoX	State of Xǔ ; To allow
														Kor.	Heo (마)
														Jap.	Kyo
27	25	韓	韩	Hán	Han^2	Hon^4	Hon		Hân	Hang	Hòn	Hon	Hón	Viet.	Hàn	*gˤar	Han	State of Han
														Kor.	Han (한)
														Jap.	Kan
														Misc.	Hang
28	27	馮	冯	Féng	Feng^2	Fung^4	Fung	Fong	Pâng	Pang	Fùng Phùng	Foong	Fūng	Viet.	Phùng	*Cə.bəŋ	Bjuwng	"Gallop" State of Feng
														Kor.	Pung (풍)
														Jap.	Hō
29	34	鄧	邓	Dèng	Teng^2	Dang^6	Tang	Theng	Tēng (X, Z, K, T) Tèng (Q)	Teng	Then	Ten Then	Thèn	Viet.	Đặng			State of Deng
														Kor.	Deung (등)
														Jap.	Tō
														Phil.	Deang
30	32	당		Cáo	Ts'ao^2	Cou^4	Tso	Chaw	Chô (X, Z, K, T) Chô͘ (Q)	Chow	Tshò Tshàu	Cho Chaw	Chhóu	Viet.	Tào	*N-tsˤu	Dzaw	State of Cao
														Kor.	Jo (조)
														Jap.	Sō
31	39	彭		Péng	P'eng^2	Pang^4	Pang	Banh	Phêⁿ (K) Phîⁿ (X, Q, T) Phêeⁿ (Z)	Peh Phe	Phàng	Phang	Pháng	Viet.	Bành	*C.bˤraŋ	Baeng	Descendant of Peng Zu
														Kor.	Paeng (팽)
														Jap.	Hō
														Khmer	Pay
32	38	曾		Zēng	Tseng^1	Zang^1	Tsang	Chang Dong	Chan	Chan	Tsên	Chen	Chen	Viet.	Tăng	*tsˤəŋ	Tsong	State of Zeng ; Relationship between great-grandchildren and great-grandparent
														Kor.	Jeung (증)
														Jap.	Sō
														Indon.	Tjan
														Misc.	Tzeng
33	30	彭	肖 (萧)	Xiāo	Hsiao^1	Siu^1	Siu	Sio	Siau (X, Z, K, T) Sio (X, Q, K, T)	Seow Siau Siow	Siâu	Siew Siaw	Sieu	Viet.	Tiêu	*sˤiw	Sew	"Quiet" Kingdom of Xiao
														Kor.	So (소)
														Jap.	Shō
34	58	田		Tián	T'ien^2	Tin^4	Tin	Chan	Tiân	Chan Chang	Thièn	Thien Then	Thién	Viet.	Điền	*lˤiŋ	Den	field, farmland
														Kor.	Jeon (전)
														Jap.	Ten
35	29	董		Dǒng	Tung^3	Dung^2	Tung	Tong	Táng Tóng (Z)	Tong	Túng	Tung	Tûng	Viet.	Đổng			direct, supervise, mentor
														Kor.	Dong (동)
														Jap.	Tō
36	33	梁		Yuán	Yüan^2	Jyun^4	Yuen	Wan	Oân	Wang	Yèn	Yen	Iōn	Viet.	Viên	*ɢʷan	Hjwon	a long robe
														Kor.	Won (원)
														Jap.	En
														Phil.	Yan
37	52	류		Pān	P'an^1	Pun^1	Poon	Pun	Phoaⁿ	Phua	Phân	Pan Phan	Phon	Viet.	Phan			name of a river that flows into the Han
														Kor.	Ban (刘)
														Jap.	Han
38	28	于		Yú	Yü^2	Jyu^1	Yue	U	Î (Z) Û (X) U (Q, K, T)	Yee	Yî	Yee	Uī	Viet.	Vu	*ɢʷa	Hju	in, on, at; go to
														Kor.	U (우)
														Jap.	U
39	43	蔣	王	Jiǎng	Chiang^3	Zoeng^2	Tseung	Cheung	Chiúⁿ (X, Q, K, T) Chióⁿ (Z)	Cheoh Chioh	Tsiòng	Cheong	Chiông	Viet.	Tưởng			wild rice (Zizania latifolia)
														Kor.	Jang (장)
														Jap.	Shō
40	44	蔡		Cài	Ts'ai^4	Coi^3	Choi	Choy Tsoi Toy	Chhoà	Chua	Chhai	Chai Choi	Chhói	Viet.	Thái Sái	*s.r̥ˤat-s	TshajH	State of Cai
														Kor.	Chae (채)
														Jap.	Sai
														Can.	Chai
														Misc.	Tsay
41	51	孙		Yú	Yü^2	Jyu^4	Yu Yue	U Yee	Î (Z, K, T) Û (X, K, T) Îr (Q)	Ee Eu	Yì	Yee	Uī	Viet.	Dư	*la	Yo	extra, surplus
														Kor.	Yeo (여)
														Jap.	Yo
														Indon.	Ie, Iman, Oe
42	53	한		Dù	Tu^4	Dou^6	To	Do Tou	Tō͘ (X, Z, K, T) Tǒ͘ (Q)	Toh	Thu	To Toh	Thù	Viet.	Đỗ			To prevent[17]
														Kor.	Du (두)
														Jap.	To
43	49	葉	叶	Yè	Yeh^4	Jip^6	Yip	Ip Yeap	Ia̍p	Yap	Ya̍p	Yap	Iep	Viet.	Diệp	*lap	Yep	Leaf
														Kor.	Seob/Yeop (鄭/곽)
														Jap.	Yō
														Misc.	Yee, Ee
44	31	程		Chéng	Ch'eng^2	Cing^4	Ching	Cheng	Thiâⁿ (X, Q, K, T) Thêeⁿ (Z)	Thia	Chhàng Chhìn	Chang Chin	Tháng	Viet.	Trình	*C.lreŋ	Drjeng	rule, order, regulation, procedure, journey
														Kor.	Jeong (정)
														Jap.	Tei
45	41	蘇	苏	Sū	Su^1	Sou^1	So	Sou	So͘	Soh	Sû	Soo	Su	Viet.	Tô	*s.ŋˤa	Su	Come to
														Kor.	So (소)
														Jap.	So
														Misc.	Soo
46	47	魏		Wèi	Wei^4	Ngai^6	Ngai		Gūi (X, Z, K, T) Gùi (Q)	Ngwee Ngui	Ngui	Ngui Wee	Ngùi	Viet.	Nguỵ Ngụy	*N-qʰuj	Ngjw+j	State of Wei
														Kor.	Wi (위)
														Jap.	Gi
47	40	呂	정	Lǚ	Lü^3	Leoi^5	Lui	Loi	Lū (X, T) Lī (Z, K) Lǐr (Q)	Lee Leu Ler Loo	Lî	Lee	Liê	Viet.	Lữ Lã	*raʔ	LjoX	A musical note
														Kor.	Yeo/Ryeo (여/오)
														Jap.	Ryo
48	46	丁		Dīng	Ting^1	Ding^1 Teng^4	Ting	Ding	Teng	Teng	Tén	Ten	Tiang	Viet.	Đinh	*tˤeŋ	Teng	Strong man
														Kor.	Jeong (정)
														Jap.	Tei
49	59	任		Rén	Jen^4	Jam^6	Yam	Iam Yum	Jîm (Z, K) Lîm (X, Q) Līm (T)	Jim	Ngim	Ngim Yim	Nìm	Viet.	Nhiệm Nhậm	*nəm-s	NyimH	Appoint
														Kor.	Im (임)
														Jap.	Jin
50	37	沈		Shěn	Shen^3	Sam^2	Sum	Sam Shum	Sím	Sim	Shím Sím	Sim	Sím	Viet.	Thẩm Trầm	*l̥əmʔ	SyimX	To sink
														Kor.	Shim (여)
														Jap.	Shin
51	64	姚		Yáo	Yao^2	Jiu^4	Yiu	Yeow Io Iu	Iâu	Yeo	Yào	Yow	Iēu	Viet.	Diêu			Elegant
														Kor.	Yo (요)
														Jap.	Yō
52	42	盧	卢	Lú	Lu^2	Lou^4	Lo	Lou	Lô͘	Loh	Lù	Loo	Lū	Viet.	Lư Lô			Hut, cottage
														Kor.	No/Ro (노/한)
														Jap.	Ro
53	60	姜		Jiāng	Chiang^1	Goeng^1	Keung	Geung Keong	Khiang (Z) Khiong (X, K, T) Khiuⁿ (Q)	Kiang	Kiông	Keong	Kiong	Viet.	Khương	*C.qaŋ	Kjang	Ginger
														Kor.	Kang (정)
														Jap.	Kyō
54	74	崔		Cuī	Ts'ui^1	Ceoi^1	Chui	Choi	Chhui	Chui Chwee	Tshûi	Chooi	Chhoi	Viet.	Thôi	*dzˤuj	Dzwoj
														Kor.	Choi (한)
														Jap.	Sai
														Misc.	Tseui
55	56	鍾	钟	Zhōng	Chung^1	Zung^1	Chung	Chong	Chiong Cheng (K, T)	Cheng	Chûng Tsung	Chong Chung	Tung	Viet.	Chung			"Bell" State of Zhongli
														Kor.	Jong (羅)
														Jap.	Shō
56	65	譚	鄭	Tán	T'an^2	Taam^4	Tam	Tom Ham Hom	Thâm	Tham	Thàm	Tham	Thóm	Viet.	Đàm			"Talk" State of Tan
														Kor.	Dam (담)
														Jap.	Tan
57	70	노	陆	Lù	Lu^4	Luk^6	Luk	Lok	Lio̍k	Loke Lek	Liu̍k	Luk	Liuk	Viet.	Lục	*ruk	Ljuwk	Land
														Kor.	Yuk/Ryuk (蔡/孙)
														Jap.	Riku
58	57	汪		Wāng	Wang^1	Wong^1	Wong		Ong (X, Q, K, T) Óng (Z)	Wang	Vong	Wong	Uong	Viet.	Uông	*qʷˤaŋ	'Wang	Sea
														Kor.	Wang (왕)
														Jap.	Ō
59	61	范		Fàn	Fan^4	Faan^6	Fan		Hoān (X, Z, K, T) Hoǎn (Q)Hwan	Huang Hoan Hwan	Fam	Fam Hoan Hwan	Fàn	Viet.	Phạm	*bomʔ	BjomX	Example
														Kor.	Beom (요)
														Jap.	Han
60	69	郑		Jīn	King^1	Gam^1	Kam	Gum	Kim	Kim	Kîm	Kim	Kim	Viet.	Kim	*kəm	Kim	"Gold"
														Kor.	Kim (김)
														Jap.	Kin
61	63	石		Shí	Shih^2	Sek^6	Sek Shek	Seac Seak	Chio̍h	Chioh Cheoh	Sha̍k Sak	Shak	Sak	Viet.	Thạch	*dak	Dzyek	"Stone"
														Kor.	Seok (석)
														Jap.	Seki
62	66	廖		Liào	Liao^4	Liu^6	Liu	Lew Leow Liew Lio	Liāu (X, Z, K, T) Liàu (Q)	Leow Liau Liow	Liau	Liew Liau	Lièu	Viet.	Liêu Liệu
														Kor.	Ryo (료)
														Jap.	Ryō
63	45	마	贾	Jiǎ	Chia^3	Gaa^2	Ka	Ga	Ká (X, Q, K, T) Kée (Z)	Kia	Ká	Ka	Kâ	Viet.	Giả	*C.qˤ<r>aʔ-s	KaeH	"Merchant"
														Kor.	Ga (가) Go (고)
														Jap.	Ka
64	55	夏		Xià	Hsia^2	Haa^6	Ha		Hē (K, T) Hā (X, K, T) Hà (Q) Hēe (Z)	Hah Hay	Ha	Ha	Hà	Viet.	Hạ			"Summer" Xia Dynasty
														Kor.	Ha (류)
														Jap.	Ka
65		韋	韦	Wéi	Wei^2	Wai^4	Wai	Vai	Ûi (X, Q, K, T) Úi (Z)	Wee	Vúi Vì	Wooi Wee	Uī	Viet.	Vi			Soft Leather
														Kor.	Wi (위)
														Jap.	I
66	36	羅	付 (傅)	Fù	Fu^4	Fu^6	Fu Foo		Pò͘	Poh	Fu	Fu	Fù	Viet.	Phó	*pa-s	PjuH	Teacher
														Kor.	Bu (부)
														Jap.	Fu
67	62	方		Fāng	Fang^1	Fong^1	Fong		Hong (X, Q, K, T) Png (X, Q, K, T) Puiⁿ (Z)	Pung	Fông	Fong	Fong	Viet.	Phương	*C.paŋ	Pjang	Square
														Kor.	Bang (방)
														Jap.	Hō
														Misc.
68	73	白		Bái	Pai^2	Baak^6	Pak	Bak	Pe̍h Pe̍k (Z)	Peh	Pha̍k	Pak Phak	Phak	Viet.	Bạch	*bˤrak	Baek	"White"
														Kor.	Baek (朱)
														Jap.	Haku
														Misc.	Bo
69	67	鄒	方	Zōu	Tsou^1	Zau^1	Chow	Jao Chau	Chau (K, T) Cho͘ (X, Z, K, T) Cho (Q) Che (Z)	Chou Choh	Tsêu	Chew Chiew	Chiu	Viet.	Trâu
														Kor.	Chu (요)
														Jap.	Shū
70	84	孟		Mèng	Meng^4	Maang^6	Mang		Bēng (X, Z, K, T) Bèng (Q)	Meng	Men	Mang	Màng	Viet.	Mạnh	*mˤraŋ-s	MaengH	First, Eminent
														Kor.	Maeng (당) Mang (망)
														Jap.	Mō
71	68	熊		Xióng	Hsiung^2	Hung^4	Hung	Hong	Hîm	Him	Yùng	Yoong	Hiūng	Viet.	Hùng			"Bear"
														Kor.	Ung (웅)
														Jap.	Yū
72	78	韦		Qín	Ch'in^2	Ceon^4	Chun	Tseun Tseon Chon	Chîn	Ching	Tshìn	Chin	Chhín	Viet.	Tần	*dzin	Dzin	Qin Dynasty
														Kor.	Jin (진)
														Jap.	Shin
73	77	邱		Qiū^1	Ch'iu^1	Jau^1	Yau	Iao Iau	Khu	Khoo	Khiû Hiû	Hew Khew	Khiu	Viet.	Khâu			Hills
														Kor.	Koo (马)
														Jap.	Kyū
														Mal.	Hew, Hiew Chiew
														Misc.	Chiou
74	79	孟		Jiāng	Chiang^1	Gong^1	Kong		Kang	Kang	Kông	Kong	Kong	Viet.	Giang	*kˤroŋ	Kaewng	River
														Kor.	Gang (정)
														Jap.	Kō
														Misc.	Kiang
75	91	尹		Yǐn	Yin^3	Wan^5	Wan		Ún (K, T) Ín (X, Q, Z)	Un Eun Eung	Yún	Yoon	Ín	Viet.	Doãn	*m-qurʔ	YwinX	Administer
														Kor.	Yun (오)
														Jap.	In
76	48	薛		Xuē	Hsüeh^1	Sit^3	Sit		Sih		Siet	Set	Siot	Viet.	Tiết			Wormwood
														Kor.	Seol (오)
														Jap.	Setsu
77	50	閻	闫 (阎)	Yán	Yen^2	Jim^4	Yim	Im	Giâm	Ngiam	Ngiàm	Ngiam Yam	Iēm	Viet.	Diêm			Extremely cruel
														Kor.	Yeom (주)
														Jap.	En
78	87	段		Duàn	Tuan^4	Dyun^6	Tuen	Tun	Toān (X, Z, K, T) Toàn (Q)	Tng Teung	Thon	Ton Thon	Thòn	Viet.	Đoàn			Section, part
														Kor.	Dan (단)
														Jap.	Dan
79	88	雷		Léi	Lei^2	Leoi^4	Lui	Loi	Lûi	Lui	Lùi	Looi Lui	Lōi	Viet.	Lôi	*C.rˤuj	Lwoj	"Thunder"
														Kor.	Roe (우) Noe (료)
														Jap.	Rai
														Hoisan	Louie, Louis
80	82	冯		Hóu	Hou^2	Hau^4	Hau	Hao	Hô͘ (X, Z) Hâu (Q, K, T) Kâu (X, Q, Z)	Hoh	Hèu	Hew	Héu	Viet.	Hầu			Marquis
														Kor.	Hu (진, 서)
														Jap.	Kō
81	85	풍	趙	Lóng	Lung^2	Lung^4	Lung Loong	Long	Lêng (K, T) Liông	Leng	Liùng	Loong	Liūng	Viet.	Long			"Dragon"
														Kor.	Yong/Ryong (용/胡) Rong (롱) Nong (풍) Bang (방)
														Jap.	Ryō
82	80	史		Shǐ	Shih^3	Si^2	Sze	Si	Sú (X, Z, K, T) Sái (X, Q) Sír (Q)	Ser Seu Sze	Sṳ́	Soo Sze	Sî	Viet.	Sử			History
														Kor.	Sa (리)
														Jap.	Shi
83		陶		Táo	T'ao^2	Tou^4	Tou To	Tow	Tô (X, Z, K, T) Tô͘ (Q) Thô (Q)	Tow	Thàu Thò	Tao Tow	Thóu	Viet.	Đào			Pleased
														Kor.	Do (진)
														Jap.	Tō
84	93	黎		Lí	Li^2	Lai^4	Lai		Lê	Loy Loi	Lì Lài	Lee Lai	Lī	Viet.	Lê			Multitude
														Kor.	Yeo/Ryeo (여/오)
														Jap.	Rei
85	97	賀	贺	Hè	Hê^4 Ho^4	Ho^6	Ho		Hō (X, Z, K, T) Hò (Q)	Hor	Ho Fo	Ho	Hò	Viet.	Hạ			Congratulate
														Kor.	Ha (류)
														Jap.	Ka
86	81	顧	鍾	Gù	Ku^4	Gu^3	Ku	Goo Gu Khoo	Kò͘	Koh	Ku	Koo	Kū	Viet.	Cố			Look around, take care of
														Kor.	Go (고)
														Jap.	Ko
87	76	毛		Máo	Mao^2	Mou^4	Mo	Mou	Mô͘	Mor	Mô Mâu	Mo Mao	Mōu	Viet.	Mao			"Fur, Hair"
														Kor.	Mo (모)
														Jap.	Bō
88	71	망		Hǎo	Hao^3	Kok^3	Kok		Hok	Hak	Khok		Hok	Viet.	Hác
														Kor.	Hak (孙)
														Jap.	Kaku
89	99	요	龚	Gōng	Kung^1	Gung^1	Kung	Kwong	Kéng (X, Q, K, T) Kiong (Z)		Kiûng	Kong	Kiung	Viet.	Cung			Give, Present
														Kor.	Gong (공)
														Jap.	Kyō
90	83	段		Shào	Shao^4	Siu^6	Shiu	Shaw Sio	Siō (X, K, T) Siāu (Z, K, T) Siàu (Q)	Seow Sioh	Shau Sau	Shao	Sèu	Viet.	Thiệu			Pottery
														Kor.	So (소)
														Jap.	Shō
91	86	萬	蘇	Wàn	Wan^4	Maan^6	Man	Meng	Bān (X, Z, K, T) Bàn (Q)	Buang	Van	Wan Man	Màn	Viet.	Vạn			Ten thousand
														Kor.	Man (료)
														Jap.	Ban
92	89	谢	邱	Qián	Ch'ien^2	Cin^4	Chin	Chee	Chîⁿ	Chee	Tshièn	Chen	Chhién	Viet.	Tiền			Money
														Kor.	Jeon (위)
														Jap.	Sen
93		嚴	严	Yán	Yen^2	Jim^4	Yim	Im	Giâm	Ngiam	Ngiàm	Yam	Ngiēm	Viet.	Nghiêm			Tight, strict
														Kor.	Eom (진)
														Jap.	Gen
94		覃		Tán / Qín	T'an^2	Taam^4	Tam		Thâm		Thàm		Thóm	Viet.		*N-r[a]mʔ	YemX	Extensive, spread to
														Kor.	Dam (담)
														Jap.	Tan
95	95	武		Wǔ	Wu^3	Mou^5	Mo	Mou	Bú	Boo	Vú	Moo Woo	Mú	Viet.	Vũ Võ	*maʔ	MjuX	Military
														Kor.	Mu (吴)
														Jap.	Bu
96	54	吴		Dài	Tai^4	Daai^3	Tai		Tè (X, Z, K, T) Tèr (Q)	Tai	Tai	Tai	Thài	Viet.	Đái Đới	*Cə.tˤək-s	TojH	Support, wear
														Kor.	Dae (가)
														Jap.	Tai
														Phil.	Te
97		莫		Mò	Mo^4	Mok^6	Mok		Bo̍h (K, T) Bo̍k	Mok	Mo̍k	Mok	Mok	Viet.	Mạc	*mˤak	Mak	Not
														Kor.	Mo (모)
														Jap.	Baku
98	72	孔		Kǒng	K'ung^3	Hung^2	Hung		Khóng	Kong Khong	Khúng	Koong Khoong	Khúng	Viet.	Khổng	*kʰˤoŋʔ	KhuwngX	Hole, opening
														Kor.	Kong (공)
														Jap.	Kyō
99		向		Xiàng	Hsiang^4	Heung^3	Heung		Hiòng (X, Q, K, T) Hiàng (Z)	Hiang	Hióng		Hiòng	Viet.	Hưởng	*qʰaŋ-s *n̥aŋʔ-s	XjangH	Direction
														Kor.	Hyang (장)
														Jap.	Kyō
100	90	湯	汤	Tāng	T'ang^1	Tong^1	Tong		Thng	Tng Teung	Thông	Thong Tong	Thong	Viet.	Thang	*l̥ˤaŋ	Thang	Boiling water, soup
														Kor.
														Jap.	Tō
	75	康		Kāng	Kang^1	Hong^1	Hong		Khng	Kang Khang	Không	Khong Kong	Khong	Viet.	Khang	*k-l̥ˤaŋ	Khang	Healthy
														Kor.	Gang (정)
														Jap.	Kō
	92	易		Yì	I^4	Yi^6 Yik^6			E̍k (X, Z, K, T) Ia̍k (Q)	Ek	Yit		Iak	Viet.	Dịch	*lek-s	YeH	Easy
														Kor.	Yee (이)
														Jap.	Eki, I
	94	호		Cháng	Ch'ang^2	Soeng^4	Sheung		Siông (X, Q, K, T) Siâng (Z)	Sioh Seoh	Sòng	Song	Sōng	Viet.	Thường	*daŋ	Dzyang	Common, often
														Kor.	Sang (상)
														Jap.	Shō
														Misc.	Sōng, Thōng
	96	리	孔	Qiáo	Ch'iao^2	Kiu^4	Kiu		Kiâu	Keow Kiao	Khiàu	Kiew Khiew	Khiéu	Viet.	Kiều	*N-kaw	Gjew	Tall
														Kor.	Kyo (두)
														Jap.	Kyō
	98	담	赖	Lài	Lai^4	Laai^6	Lay	Lai	Lōa (X, Z, K, T) Lòa (Q)	Nai	Lai	Lài	Lài	Viet.	Lại	*rˤat-s	LajH	Rely on
														Kor.	Roe (우) Noe (료)
														Jap.	Rai
	100	文		Wén	Wen^2	Man^4	Man Mon		Bûn	Boon	Vùn	Voon	Mūn	Viet.	Văn	*mən	Mjun	Words, script, writing
														Kor.	Moon (호)
														Jap.	Bun

Notes

1. Pronunciations are based on the Xiamen (X), Zhangzhou (Z), Quanzhou (Q),^[14] Kaohsiung (K) and Taipei (T) varieties.^[15]

Other surveys

• 2006 multi-year survey and study conducted by Yuan Yida, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences's Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, using a sample size of 296 million spread across 1,110 counties and cities and recording around 4,100 surnames.^[18]
• 1990: Ji Yuwen Publishing House, based on a sample size of 174,900.
• 1987 study conducted by Yuan Yida with a sample size of 570,000.
• 1977 study published by Li Dongming, a Chinese historian, as "Surname" (《姓》) in Dongfang Magazine.

Taiwan

Taiwanese surnames by frequency:

  陳 Chen (11.06%)

  林 Lin (8.28%)

  黃 Hwang (6.01%)

  張 Chang (5.26%)

  李 Lee(5.11%)

  王 Wang (4.12%)

  吳 Wu (4.04%)

  劉 Liu (3.17%)

  蔡 Tsai (2.91%)

  楊 Yang (2.66%)

  Other (47.4%)

According to a comprehensive survey of residential permits released by the Taiwanese Ministry of the Interior's Department of Population in February, 2005,^[6] Taiwan has only 1,989 surnames. The top ten surnames in Taiwan accounted for 52.62% of the general population, and the top 100 accounted for 96.11%.^[6]

Rank		Character		Romanizations										% of total pop.
2005	Mainland (2007)			Mandarin		Taiwanese		Hakka		Cantonese			Other
		Trad.	Simp.	Wade	Pinyin	POJ	Other	PFS	Other	Jyutping	HK	Other
1	5	陳	陈	Ch'en^2	Chén	Tân	Tan	Chin	Thin	Can^4	Chan	Chin	Ting	11.06%
2	19	林		Lin^2	Lín	Lîm	Lim, Liem	Lim	Lim	Lam^4	Lam	Lum		8.28%
3	7	黃	진	Huang^2	Huáng	Ng	Eng, Ung Wee, Oei Ooi, Uy Bong	Vòng	Wong	Wong^4	Wong	Wang Vang		6.01%
4	3	張	张	Chang^1	Zhāng	Tiu	Teo, Teoh Tio, Thio Tiew	Chông	Chong	Zoeng^1	Cheung	Chong Cheong	Tiong	5.26%
5	2	李		Li^3	Lǐ	Lí	Lee Lie Dee	Lí	Lee	Lei^5	Lee Li	Le Lei		5.11%
6	1	王		Wang^2	Wáng	Ông	Heng	Vòng	Wong	Wong^4	Wong	Vang		4.12%
7	9	吳	吴	Wu^2	Wú	Gô• Ngô•	Goh, Gouw	Ǹg	Ng	Ng^4	Ng	Ung Eng	Woo	4.04%
8	4	劉	刘	Liu^2	Liú	Lâu	Low Lao, Lauw	Liù	Liew	Lau^4	Lau	Lao Lou	Lieu Liou	3.17%
9	40	蔡		Ts'ai^4	Cài	Chhoà	Chua, Choa Tjoa	Chhai	Chai Choi	Coi^3	Choi	Choy Tsoi Toy	Tsay	2.91%
10	6	楊	杨	Yang^2	Yáng	Iûⁿ	Eaw Yeo, Yeoh Yong Joe, Yo	Yòng	Yong Yeong	Joeng^4	Yeung	Yeong Ieong	Young	2.66%

Other common surnames in Taiwan are listed by rank below. This report is based on the 2005 study. The ranking in the PRC (based on the 2007 study) is listed in the parenthesis. The Wade–Giles romanization is also listed first in the brackets, and the Hanyu Pinyin romanization is listed second in the brackets.

11. 許 (traditional Chinese) / 许 (simplified Chinese) (26) [Hsü³, Xǔ]
12. 鄭 / 郑 (21) [Cheng⁴, Zhèng]
13. 謝 / 谢 (23) [Hsieh⁴, Xiè]
14. 郭 / 郭 (16) [Kuo¹, Guō]
15. 洪 / 洪 (above 100) [Hung², Hóng]
16. 邱 / 邱 (73) [Ch'iu¹, Qiū]
17. 曾 / 曾 (32) [Tseng¹, Zēng]
18. 廖 / 廖 (62) [Liao⁴, Liào]
19. 賴 / 赖 (above 100) [Lai⁴, Lài]
20. 徐 / 徐 (11) [Hsü², Xú]
21. 周 / 周 (10) [Chou¹, Zhōu]
22. 葉 / 叶 (43) [Yeh⁴, Yè]
23. 蘇 / 苏 (45) [Su¹, Sū]
24. 莊 / 庄 (above 100) [Zhuang¹, Zhuāng]
25. 江 / 江 (74) [Chiang¹, Jiāng]
26. 呂 / 吕 (47) [Lü³, Lǚ]
27. 何 / 何 (17)[Hê² or Ho², Hé]
28. 羅 / 罗 (20)[Lo², Luó]
29. 高 / 高 (18) [Kao¹, Gāo]
30. 蕭 / 萧 (33) [Hsiao¹, Xiāo]

Other surveys

• 1994–2011: The American researcher Chih-Hao Tsai has compiled unauthoritative annual surveys of the most common surnames on Taiwan^[19] based on published lists of all successful applicants taking Taiwan's Joint College Entrance Exam.^[20] The test was mandatory for college entrance until 2002 and is still quite common, with more than a hundred thousand successful applicants a year and a pass rate for all test takers between 60 and 90%.^[20]

Canada

Statistics Canada has not released a list of common surnames for any of its recent censuses, but much of the Canadian Chinese population is clustered in Metro Vancouver and Greater Victoria in British Columbia and the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area and the Ottawa-Gatineau Area in Ontario, as well as in some emerging major clusters, such as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor in Alberta, Montreal, and the Communauté métropolitaine de Québec (Quebec Community Metropolitan Area) in Quebec.

Ontario

A 2010 study by Baiju Shah & al data-mined the Registered Persons Database of Canadian health card recipients in the province of Ontario for a particularly Chinese-Canadian name list. Ignoring potentially non-Chinese spellings such as Lee (49,898 total),^{[21]:Table 1} they found that the most common Chinese names in Ontario were:^[21]

Rank	Name	Total Number	Character(s)		Romanization
			Trad.	Simp.
1	Wong	34,567	王		Wáng, Wong
			黃	진	Huáng, Hwang, Wang, Whang, Wong
			汪		Wāng, Wong
2	Chan	32,692	陳	陈	Chan, Chén
3	Li	27,608	李		Le, Lee, Lei, Lǐ
			黎		Lai, Le, Lee, Lei, Lí
4	Chen	25,618	陳	陈	Chan, Chén
5	Wang	22,548	王		Wáng, Wong
			汪		Wāng, Wong
6	Liu	18,784	劉	刘	Lau, Liew, Liú, Low
			廖		Lau, Lew, Liào, Lieu, Liew, Liu
7	Zhang	18,003	張	张	Chang, Chong, Chung, Cheung, Teo, Zhāng, Zheung
8	Lam	15,910	林		Lam, Lín
			藍	망	Lán
9	Leung	13,696	梁		Leung, Liáng
10	Ho	12,830	왕		Hé, Ho
			賀	贺	Hè, Ho

Indonesia

Nearly as large is the Chinese Indonesian community. The 2010 Indonesian census reported more than 8.8 million self-identified Chinese, making up 3.7% of the general population.^[22] Just as in Thailand, though, previous legislation (in this case, 127/U/Kep/12/1966) had banned ethnic Chinese surnames throughout the country. This law was abolished after the removal of Suharto, but Chinese names remain a mix of Indonesian, pinyin, and Dutch-influenced Hokkien.

Malaysia

During the 2010 Malaysian Census, approximately 6,960,000 Malaysians – self-identified as Chinese.^[23] They are among the few Malaysians who have a continuous surname, as most Malaysians go by patronymics instead.

Singapore

Singaporean surnames by frequency:

Tan (9.5%)   Lim (6.6%)   Lee (4.5%)   Ng (4.2%)   Ong (2.7%)   Wong (2.6%)   Goh (2.2%)

Chua (2.2%)   Chan (1.9%)   Koh (1.9%)   Teo (1.9%)   Ang (1.7%)   Yeo (1.5%)   Tay (1.4%)

Chong (0.9%)   Chia/Seah (0.9%)   Other (48.8%)

Ethnic Chinese make up almost three-fourths (2009) of Singapore's resident population of nearly four million (2011).

According to Statistics Singapore, as of the year 2000, the most common Chinese Singaporean names were:^[24]

Rank	Name	Origin	Total Number (2000)	% (Chinese population)	Character(s)		Pinyin
					Trad.	Simp.
1	Tan	Hokkien Teochew Hainanese	237,800	9.5	陳	陈	Chén
2	Lim	Hokkien Teochew Hainanese Hakka	166,000	6.6	林		Lín
3	Lee	Hokkien Teochew Cantonese Hainanese Hakka	112,600	4.5	李		Lǐ
4	Ng	Hokkien Teochew	106,200	4.2	黃	진	Huáng
		Hakka Cantonese			吳	吴	Wú
					伍		Wǔ
5	Ong	Hokkien	66,700	2.7	王		Wáng
					汪		Wāng
6	Wong	Cantonese Hainanese Hakka	65,000	2.6	王		Wáng
					汪		Wāng
					黃	진	Huáng
7	Goh	Hokkien Teochew	56,200	2.2	吳	吴	Wú
8	Chua	Hokkien Teochew	54,600	2.2	蔡		Cài
9	Chan	Cantonese Hokkien Teochew	48,400	1.9	陳	陈	Chén
					曾		Zēng
10	Koh	Hokkien Teochew	48,100	1.9	朱	许	Xǔ
11	Teo	Hokkien Teochew	46,800	1.9	張	张	Zhāng
12	Ang	Hokkien Teochew	43,600	1.7	洪		Hóng
13	Yeo	Hokkien Teochew	36,600	1.5	楊	杨	Yáng
14	Tay	Teochew	35,800	1.4	鄭	郑	Zhèng
15	Ho	Hokkien Teochew Cantonese Hakka Hainanese	35,000	1.4	왕		Hé
16	Low	Teochew Hokkien	31,600	1.3	劉	刘	Liú
17	Toh	Teochew Hokkien	25,300	1.0	한		Dù
					卓		Zhuó
18	Sim	Teochew Hokkien	23,800	0.9	沈		Shěn
19	Chong	Hakka	23,100	0.9	임		Zhuāng
					張	张	Zhāng
20	Chia Seah	Teochew Hokkien	22,600	0.9	謝	谢	Xiè

• Do take note that the 7th most common surname in China, 趙/赵, is extremely rare in Singapore.
• The surname list is not accurate, as the English surnames may actually have many variants not listed above. E.g. The 16th surname 'Low' can be 劉/刘, 廖，卢，or 羅/罗 in Chinese. The 1st surname Tan (陳/陈）is also a pinyin romanisation for the rare surname 谈。

Thailand

The largest Chinese diaspora community in the world are the Chinese Thais (or Sino-Thais), who make up 12–14%^[25][26] of the total Thai population. However, very few of the Chinese Thais have Chinese surnames, after the 1913 Surname Act that required the adoption of Thai surnames in order to enjoy Thai citizenship. Moreover, the same law requires that those possessing the same surname be related, meaning that immigrant Chinese may not adopt the surname of their clansmen unless they can show actual kinship.

United States

The 2010 US Census found 3,794,673 self-identified Chinese Americans and 230,382 self-identified Taiwanese Americans,^[27] up from 2,734,841 Chinese Americans and 144,795 Taiwanese Americans in 2000.^[28]

Although the Chinese make up the largest segment of America's Asian and Pacific Islander population,^[29] the most common Chinese-derived surname during the 2000 census was not itself Chinese but the Vietnamese Nguyễn (Chinese: 阮, Ruǎn).^[2]

During the 2000 census, the 10 most common Chinese American names were:^[30]

Rank		Name	Ethnicity [31]	Total Number (2000 census; API only)	Character(s)		Pinyin
Among API	Across All Names				Trad.	Simp.
2	24	Lee	Chinese	229,200	李		Lǐ
			Korean		黎		Lí
6	262	Chen	Chinese	100,700	陳	陈	Chén
7	279	Wong	Chinese (Cantonese)	88,000	王		Wáng
					黃	진	Huáng
					汪		Wāng
9	399	Yang	Chinese (Mandarin)	69,000	楊	杨	Yáng
10	440	Wang	Chinese	63,800	王		Wáng
					汪		Wāng
11	426	Chang	Chinese	62,900	張	张	Zhāng
					호		Cháng
12	461	Chan	Chinese (Cantonese)	59,800	陳	陈	Chén
14	521	Li	Chinese	55,700	李		Lǐ
					黎		Lí
17	626	Lin	Chinese	47,000	林		Lín
18	652	Liu	Chinese	45,500	劉	刘	Liú
					廖		Liào

Other surveys

• 2002: study by Matthew Falkenstein, data-mining the 2000 US Census for a particularly Asian & Pacific Islander name list,^[32] omitting those like Lee that are common among other ethnicities
• 2000: study by Diane Lauderdale, et al., data-mining Social Security card applications by persons born abroad before 1941 for a particularly Chinese-American name list^[31]

See also

• Chinese given name
• Hundred Family Surnames
• Chinese Indonesian surname
• Est. sizes of the 20 largest Chinese families (2006)
• Chinese compound surname
• Surname stroke order
• Lists of common Asian surnames
• Japanese name
• Korean name
• List of common Korean surnames
• Vietnamese name

References

1. Xinhua Net. "我国汉族公民最长姓名达15字 公安部：起名不规范会有不便 [My Country's Han Citizens' Longest Name Reaches 15 Characters]". 12 Dec 2007. Accessed 16 Mar 2012. (Chinese)
2. United States Census Bureau. "Genealogy Data: Frequently Occurring Surnames from Census 2000". 27 Sept 2011. Accessed 29 Mar 2012.
3. Word, David L. & al. "Demographic Aspects of Surnames from Census 2000". 26 Jun 2001. Accessed 3 Feb 2012.
4. Prest, Kevin. "X三Y四: Similar Chinese Idioms (Chengyu)". 4 Mar 2011. Accessed 5 Apr 2012.
5. "公安部统计：'王'成中国第一大姓 有9288万人 [Public Security Bureau Statistics: 'Wang' Found China's #1 'Big Family', Includes 92.88m People]." 24 Apr 2007. Accessed 27 Mar 2012.(Chinese)
6. 中华百家姓-千字文-国学经典-文化经典. "中国台湾姓氏排行 [Taiwan (China) Surname Ranking]". 8 Jun 2010. Accessed 1 Apr 2012. (Chinese)
7. McFarlan, Donald. 1990 Guinness Book of World Records. Sterling Pub. Co., 2001. ISBN 189205101X.
8. Beijing News. "一个“张伟”找到29万人　[One Name 'Zhang Wei' Covers 290,000 People]". 26 Jul 2007. Accessed 16 Mar 2012. (Chinese)
9. People's Daily Online. "China issues first set of stamps of Chinese family names". 19 Nov 2004. Accessed 28 Mar 2012.
10. 挑灯看剑 踏雪寻梅. "新'百家姓'图腾，快来看看您的尊姓啥模样 [The New Hundred Family Surnames's Totems: Quick, Come Look at Your Honorable Surname's Picture]". 12 Dec 2011. Accessed 28 Mar 2012. (Chinese)
11. Badan Pusat Statistik. "Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995 , 2000 and 2010". 2009. Accessed 29 Mar 2012.
12. Lafraniere, Sharon (21 April 2009). "Name Not on Our List? Change It, China Says". The New York Times.
13. Baxter, Wm. H. & Sagart, Laurent. Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction PDF (1.93 MB). 2011. Accessed 17 March 2013.
14. 周长楫; 王建设; 陈荣翰; 林美治; 郭锦标, eds. (2006). Minnan Fangyan Da Cidian (in Chinese) (1st ed.). Fuzhou City: Fujian People's Publishing House. ISBN 7-211-03896-9.
15. Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan (in traditional Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. . Retrieved 19 September 2014.
16. Ministry of Education (Taiwan) (eds.). "教育部異體字字典" [Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants].
17. http://www.zdic.net/z/1b/js/675C.htm
18. The results of this survey were previously published at the National Citizen Identity Information Center's website at http://www.nciic.com.cn/yewufanwei-rksu-mfcp2.htm. However, the link is now dead.
19. Tsai, Chih-Hao. "Common Chinese Names". 8 Aug 2011. Accessed 30 Mar 2012.
20. Tsai, Chih-Hao. "A List of Chinese Names". 8 Aug 2011. Accessed 30 Mar 2012.
21. Shah, B. R.; Chiu, M.; Amin, S.; Ramani, M.; Sadry, S.; Tu, J. V. (2010). "Surname lists to identify South Asian and Chinese ethnicity from secondary data in Ontario, Canada: A validation study". BMC Medical Research Methodology 10: 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-10-42. PMC 2877682. PMID 20470433.
22. Statistics Indonesia. 2010 Census. In "Racism remains for Chinese – Indonesians". The Jakarta Post. 2012-01-22. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
23. "Population and Housing Census, Malaysia 2010 (2010 Census)". Malaysia: Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 2010. Retrieved 4 Apr 2011.
24. Statistics Singapore. "Popular Chinese Surnames in Singapore".
25. US State Department. "Background Note: Thailand". 3 Jan 2012. Accessed 4 Apr 2012.
26. US Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. "Thailand". 20 Mar 2012. Accessed 4 Apr 2012.
27. United States Census Bureau. "QT-P8. Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010 2010. Census Summary File 1". 2010. Accessed 3 Apr 2012.
28. United States Census Bureau. "The Asian Population: 2000". Feb 2002. Accessed 3 Apr 2012.
29. United States Census Bureau. "Census 2000: Chinese Largest Asian Group in the United States". 4 Mar 2002. Accessed 29 Mar 2012.
30. Other popular Asian & Pacific Islander names are the Vietnamese names Nguyen (#1), Tran (#5), Le (#8), and Pham (#13); the Korean names Kim (#3) and Park (#15); and the Indian names Patel (#4) and Singh (#16).
31. Lauderdale, Diane S.; et al. (2000). "Asian American ethnic identification by surname" (PDF). Population Research & Policy Review 19: 283–300..
32. Falkenstein, Matthew R. "The Asian & Pacific Islander surname list: as developed from Census 2000". Joint Statistical Meetings 2002. (New York), 2002.

External links

• Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage, hosted at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. (~700 surnames)
• Netor's Ten-Thousand Families (Chinese)
• 中國姓氏人口排序 [China's Surname Population Rankings], lists of the most popular surnames under the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties (Chinese)