List of placoderm genera

Various placoderm species, including the famous Dunkleosteus

This list of placoderms is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera from the fossil record that have ever been considered to be members of the class Placodermi. This list excludes purely vernacular terms. It includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomina dubia), or were not formally published (nomina nuda), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered placoderms.

This list includes 333 generic names.

Naming conventions and terminology

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

• Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
• Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.
• Nomen oblitum (Latin for "forgotten name"): A name that has not been used in the scientific community for more than fifty years after its original proposal.
• Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
• Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.

List of Genera

Genus Authors Year Status Age Location Notes Acanthaspis[1] Newberry 1875 Preocc. Preoccupied by hemiptere genus Acanthaspis Amyot & Serville, 1843, valid species synonymized with Kujdanowiaspis Acantholepis[1] Krøyer 1846 Valid. Acantholepis Newberry 1875 Preocc. Preoccupied by Acantholepis Krøyer, 1846 Actinolepis[1] Agassiz 1845 Valid. Aethaspis[1] Denison 1958 Valid. Africanaspis Long Anderson Gess Hiller 1997 Valid. Aggeraspis[1] Gross 1962 Valid. Ailuracantha[1] White 1969 Valid. Aleosteus[1] Johnson Elliott Wittke 2000 Valid. Anarthraspis[1] Bryant 1934 Valid. Angarichthys[1] Obruchev 1927 Valid. Antarctaspis[1] White 1968 Valid. Antarctolepis White 1968 Valid. Antineosteus Lelièvre 1984 Valid. Arctaspis[1] Heintz 1929 Valid. Arctolepis[1] Eastman 1908 Valid. Arctonema Orvig 1969 Valid. Arenipiscis Young 1981 Valid. Asiacanthus[1] Liu 1948 Valid. Placodermi incertae sedis Aspidichthys Newberry 1873 Valid. Arthrodire incertae sedis Asterolepis Eichwald 1840 Valid. Asterosteus Newberry 1875 Valid. Atlantidosteus Lelièvre 1984 Valid. Australoptyctodus[1] Lelièvre 1984 Valid. Austrophyllolepis[1] Long 1984 Valid. Baringaspis[1] Miles 1973 Valid. Batteraspis[1] Pageau 1969 Valid. Belemnacanthus Eastman 1898 Valid. Belgiosteus[1] Lehman 1973 Valid. Belosteus Jaekel 1927 Valid. Bimbianga[2] Young 2005 Valid. Bolivosteus Goujet Janvier Suarez-Riglos 1985 Valid. Bollandaspis[1] Schultze 1976 Valid. Boomeraspis[1] Long 1995 Valid. Bothriolepis[3] Eichwald 1840 Valid. Brachydeirus Koenen 1880 Valid. Brachygnathus[1] Agassiz 1844 Valid. Brachygnathus Hussakof 1909 Preocc. Preoccupied by placoderm genus Brachygnathus Agassiz, 1844 Brachyosteus Jaekel 1927 Valid. Braunosteus Stensiö 1959 Valid. Breizosteus Goujet 1980 Valid. Brindabellaspis Young 1980 Valid. Brontichthys[1] Claypole 1894 Invalid. Junior synonym of Titanichthys Bruntonichthys Dennis Miles 1980 Valid. Bryantaspis[1] White Moy-Thomas 1940 Valid. Replacement name for Cryptaspis Bryant, 1934 Bryantolepis[1] Denison 1958 Valid. Buchanosteus Stensiö 1945 Valid. Bullerichthys Dennis Miles 1980 Valid. Bungartius Dunkle 1947 Valid. Burrinjucosteus Valid. Callognathus Newberry 1890 Valid. Campbellodus Miles Young 1977 Valid. Camuropiscis Dennis Miles 1979 Valid. Carolowilhelmina Mark-Kurik Carls 2002 Valid. Cartieraspis[1] Pageau 1969 Valid. Cathlesichthys[1] Young 2004 Valid. Ceraspis Schultze 1887 Preocc. Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Ceraspis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 Ceratolepichthys Whitley 1940 Valid. Replacement name for Ceratolepis Gross, 1933 Ceratolepis Gross 1933 Preocc. Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Ceratolepis Chapuis, 1873 Changyonophyton[1] Valid. Cheliophorus[1] Lapsus calami. Misspelling of Chelyophorus Chelyophorus Agassiz 1844 Valid. Chuchinolepis Chang 1978 Valid. Clarkeosteus[1] Obruchev 1964 Valid. Cobandrahlepis[1] Young 2005 Valid. Coccosteus[1] Miller 1841 Valid. Coelosteichthys[1] Whitley 1940 Valid. Replacement name for Coelosteus Gross, 1930 Coelosteus Gross 1930 Preocc. Preoccupied by fish genus Coelosteus Newberry, 1887 Compagopiscis Gardiner & Miles 1994 Valid. Companognathus Valid. Cosmacanthus Agassiz 1845 Valid. Cryptaspidisca Strand 1942 Syn. Replacement name for Cryptaspis Bryant, 1934 Cryptaspis Bryant 1934 Preocc. Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Cryptaspis Pascoe, 1842 Ctenurella Orvig 1960 Valid. Cyrtosteus Gross 1932 Valid. Deinodus[1] Hussakof Bryant 1919 Valid. Deirosteus Wells 1942 Valid. Denisonodus Johnson Elliott 1996 Valid. Desmoporella Orvig 1971 Valid. Destnoporella[1] Valid. Deveonema Kulczycki 1957 Valid. Dhanguura[1] Young 2004 Valid. Diandongpetalichthys Pan Wang 1978 Valid. Diadsomaspis[1] Gross 1937 Valid. Dicksonosteus[1] Goujet 1975 Valid. Dinichthys Newberry 1873 Originally regarded as a synonym for Dunkleosteus, now according to Carr and Hlavin 2010, it is a distinct genus.[4] Dinomylostoma Eastman 1906 Valid. Diplognathus Newberry 1878 Valid. Dobrowlania Stensiö 1944 Valid. Dunkleosteus Lehman 1956 Valid. Eastmanosteus Obruchev 1964 Valid. Eczematolepis Miller 1892 Valid. Replacement name for Acantholepis Newberry, 1875 Eldenosteus Miles 1964 Valid. Elegantaspis[1] Heintz 1929 Valid. Ellopetalichthys Ørvig 1957 Valid. Enseosteus Jaekel 1919 Valid. Epipetalichthys Stensiö 1925 Valid. Erikaspis Dupret Goujet Mark-Kurik 2007 Valid. Errolosteus Young 1981 Valid. Erromenosteus Jaekel 1919 Valid. Eskimaspis Dineley Liu Yuhai 1984 Valid. Euleptaspis[1] White Moy-Thomas 1940 Valid. Euptychaspis White Moy-Thomas 1941 Preocc. Replacement name for Ptychaspis Bryant, 1935. Preoccupied by trilobite genus Euptychaspis Ulrich, 1931 Euryaspidichthys[1] Whitley 1950 Valid. Replacement name for Euryaspis Bryant, 1932 Euraspis[1] Liu 1991 Valid. Euryaspis Bryant 1932 Preocc. Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Euryaspis Blanchard, 1851 Eurycaraspis Li 1991 Valid. Fallacosteus Long 1990 Valid. Gaspeaspis[1] Pageau 1969 Valid. Gavinaspis[5] Dupret Zhu 2008 Valid. Gemuendenaspis Miles 1962 Valid. Gemuendina Traquair 1903 Valid. Glyptaspis Newberry 1890 Valid. Golshanichthys[6] Lelièvre Janvier Goujet 1981 Valid. Goniosteus Gross 1933 Valid. Goodradigbeeon White 1978 Valid. Gorgonichthys Claypole 1892 Valid. Grazosteus Gross 1958 Valid. Arthrodire incertae sedis, known only from a medial dorsal plate with a pair of prominent, posterior-pointing prongs. Groenlandaspis Heintz 1932 Valid. Grossaspis White Moy-Thomas 1940 Valid. Replacement name for Ceraspis Schlueter, 1887 Grossilepis[7] Stensiö 1949 Valid. Grossosteus[1] White Moy-Thomas 1940 Valid. Replacement name for Coelosteus Gross, 1930 Gymnotrachelus Dunkle Bungart 1939 Valid. Gyracanthus[1] Agassiz 1835 Valid. Gyroplacosteus Obruschev 1930 Valid. Hadrosteus Gross 1932 Valid. Harrytoombsia Miles Dennis 1979 Valid. Heintzaspis Strand 1932 Valid. Replacement name for Acanthapsis Newberry, 1975 Heintzichthys Whitley 1933 Valid. Replacement name for Stenognathus Newberry, 1898 Heightingtonaspis[1] White 1969 Valid. Heintzosteus[1] Goujet 1984 Valid. Heterogaspis[1] Strand 1932 Valid. Heterosteus Asmuss 1856 Valid. Heteroyunnanolepis Wang 1944 Valid. Holdenius Dunkle Bungart 1942 Valid. Hollardosteus Lehman 1956 Valid. Holonema Newberry 1890 Valid. Homosteus[1] Asmuss 1856 Valid. Huginaspis[1] Heintz 1929 Valid. Hussakofia Cossmann 1910 Valid. Replacement name for Brachygnathus Hussakof, 1909 Hybosteus[1] Gross 1933 Valid. Replacement name for Coelosteus Gross, 1930 Incisoscutum Dennis Miles 1981 Valid. Jagorina Jaekel 1921 Valid. Jaekelaspis[1] Heintz 1929 Valid. Janiosteus[6] Ivanov 1988 Valid. Jerulalepis[1] Burrow 1996 Valid. Jiangxilepis Valid. Jiuchengia[1] Valid. Kendrichthys Valid. Kiangyousteus Valid. Kiangyosteus[1] Valid. Kimaspis Mark-Kurik 1973 Valid. Kimberia Dennis-Bryan Miles 1983 Preocc. Preoccupied by mollusc genus Kimberia Cotton & Woods, 1935 Kimberleyichthyes Dennis-Bryan Miles 1983 Valid. Replacement name for genus Kimberia Dennis-Bryan & Miles, 1983 Kolpaspis[1] Pageau 1969 Valid. Kolymaspis Bystrow 1956 Valid. Kosoraspis Gross 1959 Valid. Kueichowlepis[1] P'an Wang 1975 Valid. Kujdanowiaspis[1] Stensiö 1942 Valid. Kweichowlepis Valid. Lataspis[1] Strand 1932 Valid. Replacement name for Plataspis Heintz 1929 Latocamurus Long 1988 Valid. Lanrentaspis Pageau 1969 Valid. Laurentaspis Lapsus Calami. Lepadolepis White Moy-Thomas 1940 Valid. Replacement name for Ceratolepis Gross, 1933 Lehmanosteus[1] Goujet 1984 Valid. Leptosteus Jaekel 1919 Valid. Liognathus[1] Agassiz 1846 Valid. Liognathus[1] Newberry 1873 Preocc. Preoccupied by fish genus Liognathus Agassiz, 1846 Lispognathus[1] Miller 1892 Valid. Replacement name for Liognathus Newberry, 1873 Litilpetalichthyes Valid. Liujiangolepis Wang 1987 Valid. Livosteus[1] Obruchev 1962 Valid. Lophostracon[1] Lankester 1884 Valid. Luetkeichthys[1] Bystrow 1957 Valid. Lunaspis Broili 1929 Valid. Lyhoalepis[8] Tong-Dzuy Janvier Doan-Nhat 1994 Valid. Machaerognathus Hussakof Bryant 1919 Valid. Macropetalichthys Norwood Owen 1846 Valid. Macropetalichthys Broili 1933 Preocc. Preoccupied by fish genus Macropetalichthys Norwood & Owen, 1846 Maideria[1] Lelièvre 1995 Valid. Malerosteus Kulczycki 1957 Valid. Materpiscis[9] Long Trinajstic Young Senden 2008 Valid. Mcnamaraspis Long 1995 Valid. Mediaspis[1] Heintz 1929 Valid. Megaloplax Obruchev 1933 Valid. Melanosteus Lelièvre Goujet 1987 Valid. Microbrachius Traquair 1888 Valid. Microsteus Gross 1932 Valid. Millerosteus[1] Stensiö 1959 Valid. Mithakaspis Young Goujet 2003 Valid. Mizia Zhu 1996 Valid. Monaspis[1] Heintz 1929 Valid. Murmur Whitley 1951 Valid. Replacement name for Euptychaspis White & Moy-Thomas 1941 Murrindalaspis Long 1984 Valid. Mylostoma Newberry 1883 Valid. Neopetalichthys Liu 1973 Valid. Neophlyctaenius[1] Denison 1950 Valid. Nessariostoma Broili 1933 Valid. Notopetalichthys Woodward 1941 Valid. Oestophorus Miller 1892 Valid. Replacement name for Spenophorus Newberry, 1890 Ohioaspis Wells 1944 Valid. Ohiodorulites Whitley 1933 Valid. Replacement name for Acanthapsis Newberry, 1975 Omalosteus[10] Zakharenko 2006 Valid. Operchaliosteus Valid. Operchallosteus[1] Kulczycki 1957 Valid. Oracanthus[1] Agassiz 1837 Valid. Ottanosteus[1] Valid. Overtonaspis White 1961 Valid. Oxyosteus Jaekel 1911 Valid. Pachyosteus Jaekel 1903 Valid. Pageauaspis[1] Denison 1978 Valid. Replacement name for Quebecaspis Pageau, 1969 Palaeacanthaspis Brotzen 1934 Valid. Palaeomylus Woodward 1891 Valid. Panxiosteus Wang 1979 Valid. Parabelosteus Valid. Parabuchanosteus White Toombs 1972 Valid. Paramylostoma Dunkle Bungart 1945 Valid. Parapetalichthys[1] Kuhn 1949 Valid. Replacement name for Macropetalichthys Broili, 1933 Paraplesiobatis Broili 1933 Valid. Paraptyctodus[1] Valid. Parawalterosteus[1] Stensiö 1963 Valid. Pelycophorus[1] Valid. Phlyctaenacanthus[1] Eastman 1898 Valid. Phlyctaenaspis[1] Traquair 1890 Valid. Replacement name for Phlyctaenius Traquair, 1890 Phlyctaenius[1] Traquair 1890 Preocc. nec Phlyctaenium Zittel 1879 Pholidosteus Jaekel 1907 Valid. Phyllolepis[1] Agassiz 1844 Valid. Phymolepis Chang 1978 Valid. Phymosteus[1] Wang Zhu 2004 Valid. Pinguosteus Long 1990 Valid. Placolepis[1] Ritchie 1984 Valid. Plataspis[1] Heintz 1929 Preocc. Preoccupied by hemiptere genus Plataspis Hope, 1837 Platyaspis Koenen 1896 Valid. Plourdosteus Ørvig 1951 Valid. Ponerichthys[1] Miller 1892 Invalid, declared a junior synonym of Dunkleosteus. Prescottaspis Valid. Proaethaspis[1] Denison 1978 Valid. Procondylolepis[11] Zhang 1984 Valid. Prosphymaspis[1] Gross 1937 Valid. Protitanichthys[1] Valid. Pseudopetalichthys Moy-Thomas 1939 Valid. Pterichthyodes Bleeker 1859 Valid. Ptychaspis Bryant 1935 Preocc. Preoccupied by trilobite genus Ptychaspis Hall, 1863 Ptyctodopsis Denison 1985 Valid. Ptyctodus Pander 1858 Valid. Qataraspis White 1969 Valid. Quasipetalichthys Liu 1973 Valid. Quebecaspis[1] Pageau 1969 Preocc. Preoccupied by trilobite genus Quebecaspis Rasetti, 1944 Qujinolepis Zhang 1978 Valid. Rachiosteus Gross 1938 Valid. Radotina Gross 1950 Valid. Ramphodus[1] Davis 1883 Valid. Remigolepis[11] Stensiö 1931 Valid. Rhachiosteus Gross 1938 Valid. Rhamphodontus[1] Valid. Rhamphodopsis[1] Watson 1934 Valid. Rhampodus[1] Valid. Rhenonema Obruchev 1964 Valid. Rhinosteus Jaekel 1911 Valid. Rhynchodontus[1] Jaekel 1919 Valid. Rhynchodus Newberry 1873 Valid. Rhynchognathus[1] Jaekel 1929 Valid. Rhynchosteus[1] Jaekel 1925 Valid. Ringinia[1] Whitley 1950 Valid. Rinodus[1] Newberry Worthen 1866 Valid. Rolfosteus Dennis Miles 1979 Valid. Romundina Orvig 1975 Valid. Sedowichthys[1] Bystrow 1957 Valid. Selenosteus Dean 1901 Valid. Shearsbyaspis Young 1984 Valid. Sigaspis[1] Goujet 1973 Valid. Simblaspis[1] Denison 1958 Valid. Simosteus[1] Dennis Miles 1982 Valid. Sinolepis Liu Pan 1958 Valid. Squamatognathus Hanke Stewart Lammers 1996 Valid. Stenognathus[1] Newberry 1898 Preocc. Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Stenognathus Chaudoir, 1843 Stenosteus Dean 1901 Valid. Stensioella Broili 1933 Valid. Steurtzaspis[1] Valid. Stuertzaspis Westoll Miles 1963 Valid. Svalbardaspis[1] Heintz 1929 Valid. Synauchenia Jaekel 1919 Valid. Szeaspis[1] Liu 1979 Preocc. Preoccupied by trilobite genus Szeaspis Chang, 1969 Taemasosteus White 1978 Valid. Taeniolepis Gross 1932 Valid. Tafilalichthys Lehman 1956 Valid. Tapinosteus Stensiö 1963 Valid. Taunaspis Schmidt 1933 Valid. Tiaraspis Gross 1962 Valid. Timanosteus Obruchev 1962 Valid. Titanichthys Newberry 1885 Valid. Tityosteus[1] Gross 1960 Valid. Tollichthys[1] Bystrow 1957 Valid. Tollodus Mark-Kurik 1977 Valid. Tomaiosteus[1] Kulczycki 1957 Valid. Tongdzuylepis[1] Janvier Phuong 1999 Valid. Toombsosteus White 1978 Valid. Torosteus Gardiner Miles 1990 Valid. Trachosteus Newberry 1890 Valid. Trematosteus Jaekel 1927 Valid. Tropidosteus Gross 1933 Valid. Tubalepis[12] Panteleyev 2003 Valid. Tubonasus Dennis Miles 1979 Valid. Uralosteus[1] Mark-Kurik Young 2003 Valid. Vukhuclepis[8] Janvier Thanh Phuong Truong 1997 Valid. Walterosteus[1] Stensiö 1959 Valid. Watsonosteus Miles Westoll 1963 Valid. Weejasperaspis White 1978 Valid. Westralichthys[6] Long 1987 Valid. Wheathillaspis White 1961 Valid. Wijdeaspis Obruchev 1964 Valid. Wijeaspis[1] Valid. Williamsaspis White 1952 Valid. Woodwardosteus[1] White Moy-Thomas 1940 Valid. Wuttagoonaspis[1] Ritchie 1973 Valid. Xichonolepis Pan Wang 1978 Valid. Xinanpetalichthyes Valid. Yiminaspis Dupret 2008 Valid. Yinosteus Valid. Yunnanocanthus[1] Valid. Yunnanolepis Liu 1963 Valid. Yurammia[1] Young 2005 Valid. Zhanjilepis Zhang 1978 Valid.		Austrophyllolepis Brindabellaspis Bothriolepis Bothriolepis Bothriolepis Bothriolepis Coccosteus Dunkleosteus Dunkleosteus Dunkleosteus Dunkleosteus Gemuendina Gemuendina Groenlandaspis Homosteus Jagorina Lunaspis Lunaspis Materpiscis Materpiscis Materpiscis Murrindalaspis Phyllolepis Pseudopetalichthys Quasipetalichthys Rhamphodopsis Rolfosteus Stensioella Titanichthys agassizi Yunnanolepis

See also

• List of acanthodians
• List of prehistoric bony fish
• List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish
• List of prehistoric jawless fish
• Placodermi
• Prehistoric fish

References

1. Haraamo, Mikko (2005-11-15). "Mikko's Phylogeny Archive entries on "†Acanthothoraci" "†Actinolepidae" "†Antiarcha" "†Arthrodira" "†Coccosteoidea" "†Coccosteina" "†Dinichthyloidea" "†Groelandaspididae" "†Holonematidae" "†Macropetalichthyidae" "†Phlyctaeniidae" †Phyllolepida "†Placodermi" "†Ptyctodontidae" "†Rhenanida"". Retrieved 2008-01-13.
2. Young, Gavin C. (2005). "Early Devonian arthrodire remains (Placodermi, ?Holonematidae) from the Burrinjuck area, New South Wales, Australia" (PDF). Geodiversitas 27 (2): 201. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
3. Denison, Robert H. (1941). "The soft anatomy of Bothriolepis". Journal of Paleontology 15 (5): 553–561. JSTOR 1298812.
4. Carr R. K., Hlavin V. J. (2010). "Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159 (1): 195–222. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00578.x.
5. Dupret, Vincent; M. Zhu (2007-11-30). "The earliest phyllolepid (Placodermi, Arthrodira) from the Late Lochkovian (Early Devonian) of Yunnan (South China)". Geological Magazine 145 (2): 257. doi:10.1017/S0016756807004207.
6. Carr, Robert K.; William J. Hlavin (2005-04-28). "Dinichthyidae (Placodermi):A paleontological fiction?". Geobios 28 (2): 85–87. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(95)80092-1. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
7. Luksevics, Erwin (2001). "Bothriolepid antiarchs (Vertebrata, Placodermi) from the Devonian of the north-western part of the East European Platform" (PDF). Geodiversitas 23 (4): 489. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
8. Janvier, Phillippe; Thanh, Tong-Dzuy; Phuong, Ta Hoa; Truong, Doan Nhât (August–October 1997). "The Devonian vertebrates (Placodermi, Sarcopterygii) from Central Vietnam and their bearing on the Devonian palaeogeography of Southeast Asia". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 15 (4-5): 393–406. doi:10.1016/S0743-9547(97)00020-2. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
9. Long, J. A.; Trinajstic, K.; Young, G. C.; Senden, T. (2008). "Live birth in the Devonian period". Nature 453 (7195): 650–652. doi:10.1038/nature06966. PMID 18509443.
10. Zakharenko, G. V. (2007-11-20). "A new pachyosteomorph arthrodire (Pisces: Placodermi) from the Upper Frasnian of the Central Devonian Field, Russia". Paleontological Journal 41 (6): 642. doi:10.1134/S0031030107060081. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
11. Jiang, Pan; D. L. Dineley (Oct 22, 1988). "A Review of Early (Silurian and Devonian) Vertebrate Biogeography and Biostratigraphy of China". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 235 (1278): 29–61. doi:10.1098/rspb.1988.0062. JSTOR 36236.
12. Panteleyev, N. V. (2001). "Tubalepis gen. nov. (Placodermi, Antiarchi) from the Upper Devonian of the Minusa Depression". Paleontological Journal. Retrieved 2008-01-19.

Uncited genera can be attributed to:

• Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Placodermi entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. Retrieved 2011-05-20.

External links

• Devonian Times - More about Placoderms
• Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Entry on †Placodermi
• Berkely Introduction to the Placodermi
• Placodermi on Palaeos