Local Interconnect Network

LIN (Local Interconnect Network) is a serial network protocol used for communication between components in vehicles. The need for a cheap serial network arose as the technologies and the facilities implemented in the car grew, while the CAN bus was too expensive to implement for every component in the car. European car manufacturers started using different serial communication topologies, which led to compatibility problems.

In the late 1990s, the LIN Consortium was founded by five automakers (BMW, Volkswagen Group, Audi Group, Volvo Cars, Mercedes-Benz), with the technologies supplied (networking and hardware expertise) from Volcano Automotive Group and Motorola. The first fully implemented version of the new LIN specification (LIN version 1.3) was published in November 2002. In September 2003, version 2.0 was introduced to expand capabilities and make provisions for additional diagnostics features. LIN may be used also over the vehicle's battery power-line with a special DC-LIN transceiver.

Network topology

LIN is a broadcast serial network comprising 16 nodes (one master and typically up to 15 slaves). All messages are initiated by the master with at most one slave replying to a given message identifier. The master node can also act as a slave by replying to its own messages. Because all communications are initiated by the master it is not necessary to implement a collision detection.[1]

The master and slaves are typically microcontrollers, but may be implemented in specialized hardware or ASICs in order to save cost, space, or power.

Current uses combine the low-cost efficiency of LIN and simple sensors to create small networks. These sub-systems can be connected by back-bone-network (i.e. CAN in cars).[2]

Overview

The LIN bus is an inexpensive serial communications protocol, which effectively supports remote application within a car’s network. It is particularly intended for mechatronic nodes in distributed automotive applications, but is equally suited to industrial applications. It is intended to complement the existing CAN network leading to hierarchical networks within cars.

In the late 1990s the Local Interconnect Network (LIN) Consortium was founded by five European automakers, Volcano Automotive Group and Freescale. The first fully implemented version of the new LIN specification was published in November 2002 as LIN version 1.3. In September 2003 version 2.0 was introduced to expand configuration capabilities and make provisions for significant additional diagnostics features and tool interfaces.

The protocol’s main features are listed below:

Data is transferred across the bus in fixed form messages of selectable lengths. The master task transmits a header that consists of a break signal followed by synchronization and identifier fields. The slaves respond with a data frame that consists of between 2, 4 and 8 data bytes plus 3 bytes of control information.[4]

LIN message frame

A message contains the following fields:[4]

Frame types

  1. Unconditional Frame. These always carry signals and their identifiers are in the range 0 to 59 (0x00 to 0x3b). All subscribers of the unconditional frame shall receive the frame and make it available to the application (assuming no errors were detected).
  2. Event-triggered Frame. The purpose of this is to increase the responsiveness of the LIN cluster without assigning too much of the bus bandwidth to the polling of multiple slave nodes with seldom occurring events. The first data byte of the carried unconditional frame shall be equal to a protected identifier assigned to an event-triggered frame. A slave shall reply with an associated unconditional frame only if its data value has changed. If none of the slave tasks responds to the header the rest of the frame slot is silent and the header is ignored. If more than one slave task responds to the header in the same frame slot a collision will occur, and the master has to resolve the collision by requesting all associated unconditional frames before requesting the event-triggered frame again.
  3. Sporadic Frame. This frame is transmitted by the master as required, so a collision cannot occur. The header of a sporadic frame shall only be sent in its associated frame slot when the master task knows that a signal carried in the frame has been updated. The publisher of the sporadic frame shall always provide the response to the header.
  4. Diagnostic Frame. These always carry diagnostic or configuration data and they always contain eight data bytes. The identifier is either 60 (0x3C), called master request frame, or 61(0x3D), called slave response frame. Before generating the header of a diagnostic frame, the master task asks its diagnostic module if it shall be sent or if the bus shall be silent. The slave tasks publish and subscribe to the response according to their diagnostic module.
  5. User-Defined Frame. These can carry any kind of information. Their identifier is 62 (0x3E). The header of a user-defined frame is always transmitted when a frame slot allocated to the frame is processed
  6. Reserved Frame. These shall not be used in a LIN 2.0 cluster. Their identifier is 63 (0x3F).

LIN hardware

The LIN specification was designed to allow very cheap hardware-nodes being used within a network. It is a low-cost, single-wire network based on ISO 9141.[6] In today’s car networking topologies, microcontrollers with either UART capability or dedicated LIN hardware are used. The microcontroller generates all needed LIN data (protocol ...) (partly) by software and is connected to the LIN network via a LIN transceiver (simply speaking, a level shifter with some add-ons). Working as a LIN node is only part of the possible functionality. The LIN hardware may include this transceiver and works as a pure LIN node without added functionality.

As LIN Slave nodes should be as cheap as possible, they may generate their internal clocks by using RC oscillators instead of crystal oscillators (quartz or a ceramic). To ensure the baud rate-stability within one LIN frame, the SYNC field within the header is used.

LIN protocol

The LIN-Master uses one or more predefined scheduling tables to start the sending and receiving to the LIN bus. These scheduling tables contain at least the relative timing, where the message sending is initiated. One LIN Frame consists of the two parts header and response. The header is always sent by the LIN Master, while the response is sent by either one dedicated LIN-Slave or the LIN master itself.

Transmitted data within the LIN is transmitted serially as eight bit data bytes with one start & stop-bit and no parity. Bit rates vary within the range of 1 kbit/s to 20 kbit/s. Data on the bus is divided into recessive (logical HIGH) and dominant (logical LOW). The time normal is considered by the LIN Masters stable clock source, the smallest entity is one bit time (52 µs @ 19.2 kbit/s).

Two bus states — Sleep-mode and active — are used within the LIN protocol. While data is on the bus, all LIN-nodes are requested to be in active state. After a specified timeout, the nodes enter Sleep mode and will be released back to active state by a WAKEUP frame. This frame may be sent by any node requesting activity on the bus, either the LIN Master following its internal schedule, or one of the attached LIN Slaves being activated by its internal software application. After all nodes are awakened, the Master continues to schedule the next Identifier.

Header

The header consists of five parts:

BREAK: The BREAK field is used to activate all attached LIN slaves to listen to the following parts of the header. It consists of one start bit and several dominant bits. The length is at least 11-bit times; standard use as of today are 13-bit times, and therefore differs from the basic data format. This is used to ensure that listening LIN nodes with a main-clock differing from the set bus baud rate in specified ranges will detect the BREAK as the frame starting the communication and not as a standard data byte with all values zero (hexadecimal 0x00).

SYNC: The SYNC is a standard data format byte with a value of hexadecimal 0x55. LIN slaves running on RC oscillator will use the distance between a fixed amount of rising and falling edges to measure the current bit time on the bus (the master's time normal) and to recalculate the internal baud rate.

INTER BYTE SPACE: Inter Byte Space is used to adjust for bus jitter. It is an optional component within the LIN specification. If enabled, then all LIN nodes must be prepared to deal with it.

There is an Inter Byte Space between the BREAK and SYNC field, one between the SYNC and IDENTIFIER, and one between every Data byte in the payload.

IDENTIFIER: The IDENTIFIER defines one action to be fulfilled by one or several of the attached LIN slave nodes. The network designer has to ensure the fault-free functionality in the design phase (one slave is allowed to send data to the bus in one frame time).

If the identifier causes one physical LIN slave to send the response, the identifier may be called a Rx-identifier. If the master's slave task sends data to the bus, it may be called Tx-identifier.

RESPONSE SPACE: Response Space is the time between the IDENTIFIER field and the first Data byte which starts the LIN RESPONSE part of the LIN frame. When a particular LIN frame is transmitted completely, Header + Response, by the LIN MASTER, the LIN MASTER will use the full RESPONSE SPACE TIME to calculate when to send the response after sending the header. If the response part of the LIN frame is coming from a physically different SLAVE NODE, then each node (master & slave) will utilize 50% of the Response Space time in their timeout calculations.

Response

The response is sent by one of the attached LIN slave tasks and is divided into data and checksum.[4]

DATA: The responding slave may send zero to eight data bytes to the bus. The amount of data is fixed by the application designer and mirrors data relevant for the application which the LIN slave runs in.

CHECKSUM: There are two checksum-models available within LIN - The first is the checksum including the data bytes only (specification up to Version 1.3), the second one includes the identifier in addition (Version 2.0+). The used checksum model is pre-defined by the application designer.

Slave node position detection (SNPD), that is, autoaddressing

These methods allow the detection of the position of slave nodes on the LIN bus and allow the assignment of a unique node address.

Restrictions:

SNPD Method SNPD Method ID Company
Extra wire daisy chain 0x01 NXP (formerly Philips)
Bus shunt method 0x02 Elmos Semiconductor
Reserved 0x03 TBD
Reserved ... TBD
Reserved 0xFF TBD

Extra wire daisy chain (XWDC)

Each slave node has to provide two extra pins, one input, D1, and one output, D2.

Each configuration pin Dx (x=1-2) has additional circuitry to aid in the position detection.

  1. Switchable resistive pull-up to Vbat
  2. Pull-down to GND
  3. Comparator referenced to Vbat/2

XWDC auto-addressing procedure

At the start of the procedure no SNPD devices have a NAD assigned

1 First auto-addressing LIN message

1.1 All outputs (D2) are set to a high level, all pull-downs are turned off
1.2 The first SNPD node is selected. It is identified by having the input D1 low (hardwired).
1.3 The selected node takes the address from the LIN configuration message
1.4 The detected node turns on the pull-down at the output D2

2 Subsequent auto-addressing LIN messages

2.1 The first non addressed SNPD node is selected. It is identified by having the input D1 low (D2 of previous node).
2.2 The selected node takes the address from the LIN configuration message
2.3 The detected node turns on the pull-down at the output D2
2.4 Steps 2.1-2.4 are repeated until all slave nodes are assigned an address

3 All pull-ups and pull-downs are turned off completing the addressing procedure

Bus shunt method (BSM)

Each slave node has two LIN pins

  1. bus_in
  2. bus_out

Each slave node needs some additional circuitry compared to the standard LIN circuitry to aid in the position detection.

  1. The standard pull-up must be switchable
  2. Switchable 2 mA current source from Vbat
  3. Shunt resistor
  4. Differential amplifier
  5. Analog to digital converter

BSM auto-addressing procedure

At the start of the procedure, none of the SNPD devices have a NAD assigned. The autoaddressing routine is performed during the sync field. The sync field is broken into three phases:

1 Offset current measurement

1.1 All outputs pull-ups and current sources are switched off
1.2 The bus current is measured, Ioffset

2 Pull-up mode

2.1 Pull-ups are turned on and current sources remain off
2.2 The bus current is measured, IPU
2.3 Nodes with ΔI = IPU-Ioffset < 1 mA are "selected"

3 Current source mode

3.1 Selected nodes switch current source on and others switch pull-ups off
3.2 Bus current is measured, ICS
3.3 Node with ΔI = ICS-Ioffset < 1 mA is detected as the last node
3.4 Current sources are switched off and pull-ups are switched on
3.5 The last node will accept the address contained in the LIN configuration message

This technique is covered by the patents EP 1490772 B1 and US 7091876.

LIN advantages

LIN is not a full replacement of the CAN bus. But the LIN bus is a good alternative wherever low costs are essential and speed/bandwidth is not important.

Applications

Application Segments Specific LIN Application Examples
Roof Sensor, light sensor, light control, sun roof
Steering Wheel Cruise control, wiper, turning light, climate control, radio
Seat Seat position motors, occupant sensors, control panel
Engine Sensors, small motors, cooling fan motors
Grille Grille shutter
Climate Small motors, control panel
Door Mirror, central ECU, mirror switch, window lift, seat control switch, door lock
Illumination Vehicle Trim Enhancement, sill plates illuminated with RGB LED

LIN API

The LIN application programming interface (API) provides a given set of function calls (base is the programming language C) which have to be implemented within each LIN software driver. Using this pre-defined set of driver routines, all LIN functions may be accessed.

The usage of API-compliant functions eases the implementation of standard software drivers and speeds up testing.

Development tools

When developing and/or troubleshooting the LIN bus, examination of hardware signals can be very important. Logic analyzers and bus analyzers are tools which collect, analyze, decode, store signals so people can view the high-speed waveforms at their leisure.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Lin Concept". LIN Overview. LIN Administration. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  2. ↑ "Target Applications". LIN Overview. LIN Administration. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 "Clemson Vehicular Electronics Laboratory: AUTOMOTIVE BUSES". 090114 cvel.clemson.edu
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 LIN Specification Package Rev. 2.2a
  5. ↑ "LIN Bus Description, Automotive Bus, Local Interconnect Network". 090114 interfacebus.com
  6. ↑ LIN Technical Overview

External links

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