Madras Legislative Assembly election, 1967

Madras Legislative Assembly election, 1967
India
5-21, February 1967

All 234 seats in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
  First party Second party
 
Leader C.N. Annadurai M. Bhaktavatsalam
Party DMK INC
Leader's seat Nominated[1] Sriperumbudur
(lost)
Seats won 179 51
Seat change +123 -88
Popular vote 8,051,437 6,293,378
Percentage 52.59% 41.10%
Swing +15.69% -5.04%

Chief Minister before election

M. Bakthavatsalam
INC

Chief Minister

C.N. Annadurai
DMK

The fourth legislative assembly election of Madras State (later renamed as Tamil Nadu) was held in February 1967. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) led coalition under the leadership of C.N. Annadurai won the election defeating the Indian National Congress (Congress). Anti-Hindi agitations, the rising prices of essential commodities and a shortage of rice were the dominant issues. K. Kamaraj's resignation as the Chief Minister in 1963, to concentrate on party affairs, along with persistent rumours of corruption had weakened the incumbent Congress Government. This was the second time after Communist Party of India winning Kerala assembly elections in 1957, for a non-Congress party to gain majority in a state in India, and the last time that Congress held power in Tamil Nadu. It marked the beginning of Dravidian dominance in the politics of Tamil Nadu. Annadurai, who became the first non-Congress chief minister of post-independence Tamil Nadu, died in office in 1969 and V.R. Nedunchezhiyan took over as acting chief minister.

Background

The Congress party began to show weakness in the years after the 1962 election.[2] In the summer of 1962, DMK conducted demonstrations against rising prices. These demonstrations turned violent throughout the state leading to the arrest of 6500 DMK volunteers, 14 members of the assembly and four members of the Lok Sabha, including Annadurai.[2]

Kamaraj resigned the Chief Ministership in 1963 to assume the presidency of the All India Congress Committee and was replaced by M. Bakthavatsalam. Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. (Temple Professor Emeritus in the Humanities, Government and Asian Studies from the University of Texas) wrote in an article published in the journal Pacific Affairs, that M. Bhaktavatsalam did not have the personal charisma or political acumen of Kamaraj. Persistent rumours of corruption tarnished the image of the Government. In October 1964, the food crisis brought the popularity of the Congress Government to an all time low.[2]

Issues

The major issues at play in the election were the official language issue, the rise in essential commodity prices and the shortage of rice. The central Government led by the Indian National Congress had implemented an act replacing English with Hindi as an official language of India while retaining a possible "associate" status to English. The switchover came into effect on 26 January 1965. In protest to the vague wording of the act, fearing a possible elimination of English and imposition of Hindi, DMK had launched an agitation opposing the switchover and that agitation turned violent. The 1967 election was held in the aftermath of this violence.[3]

The acute rice shortage prevailing in the state became an election issue with the DMK promising to supply three padis (approx. 4.5 kg) of rice for 1 Rupee in its election manifesto.[4][5] The DMK capitalised on the rice shortage as well as widespread discontent with the Bhaktavatsalam administration. Slogans like Kamarajar Annachi kadalaiparuppu vilai ennachu (Elder Brother (Annachi is a title historically been used to refer to a person of Kamaraj's caste) Kamaraj, what happened to the price of chana dal?), Bhaktavatsalam annachi arisi vilai ennachu (lit. Brother Bhatavatsalam, what happened to the price of rice?) were used effectively by the DMK to stir public anger against the Congress.[6]

This election was noted for popular actor, DMK candidate and future Chief Minister M.G. Ramachandran (MGR) being shot in the throat by actor M.R. Radha. He survived the shooting, but the incident created a huge popularity wave for MGR. This eventually helped to increase the popularity of not only MGR, but also the DMK in the election, and is attributed as one of the reasons for the victory of the DMK.[7]

Coalitions

There were two major political coalitions running in the elections. The Indian National Congress contested[8] alone, while the Dravidar Kazhagam (DK) under Periyar E. V. Ramasamy supported and campaigned for the incumbent Congress against his protege Annadurai.[9][10][11] The DMK-led United Front comprised the Swatantra Party, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Praja Socialist Party, Samyukta Socialist Party, Tamil Nadu Toilers Party, Republican Party of India and the Indian Union Muslim League. The Tamil Arasu Kazhagam and the We Tamils party campaigned using the DMK election symbol.[3][12] This opposition coalition was forged by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) with the sole purpose of defeating the Kamaraj led Congress. Rajaji's personal hostility to Kamaraj and his opposition to the Congress party were the main reasons behind Swatantra's alliance with DMK.[13] The Communist Party of India campaigned alone without joining either of the two coalitions.[14][15]

The electoral alliance between DMK, Swatantra Party and Muslim League had emerged in the years before the 1964 civic elections throughout Madras state. During the 1964 election campaign Rajagopalachari had said, "The DMK and Muslim League are my children and I am duty bound to nurse them to strength and stature."[2]

Campaigning


Both Congress and DMK used films and actors for campaigning. Gemini Studios produced a political film for the Congress Vazhga Nam Thayagam starring Shivaji Ganesan and Nagesh. Sivaji and Padmini worked for the Congress party. Despite its efforts, Congress could not counter the DMK's propaganda, which had a long history of using films for political campaigns since its founding.[16]

DMK's long term association with the Tamil Film industry was put to good use in the campaign. MGR's films were used to attack Congress policies and to popularise DMK's positions. Similar to the tactics employed in the elections of 1957 and 1962, film songs and dialogues from Kaanji Thalaivan (1963), Aayirathil Oruvan (1965), Enga Veettu Pillai (1965), Anbe Vaa (1966), Naan Aanaiyittal (1966), Vivasayee (1967) and Arasakattalai (1967) were used for political messaging. Lesser known film stars like Ravichandran and Jaishankar used their films for praising DMK and Annadurai. The DMK put up posters of MGR recuperating in a hospital bed with a neck cast (from his gunshot wounds) all over Tamil Nadu to garner public sympathy and support.[6][17][18]

Election

The election was held for a total of 234 constituencies, including 43 Scheduled Caste and 2 Scheduled Tribe reserved constituencies. 778 candidates, including 11 women were in the fray, of whom 231 men and 3 women were elected to the assembly. The election saw a turnout of 76.57 percent of all eligible voters, with 79.19% men and 73.99% women casting their votes. The polling for the assembly election took place along with the polling for the 1967 parliamentary elections. It took place in three phases between 5 and 21 February (5, 18 and 21 February).[19][20]

Results

DMK and its coalition allies won 179 seats (76.5%). The Indian National Congress won 51 seats (21.8%).[21] Four candidates of the Naam Thamizhar Party led by S. P. Adithanar and two candidates of Tamil Arasu Kazhagam led by M. P. Sivagnanam contested[8] under DMK's "Rising Sun" Symbol. The Indian Union Muslim League candidates contested[8] as independents.[22]

Alliances Party Popular Vote Vote % Seats contested Seats won Change
United Front[23]


Seats: 179
Seat Change: +123
Popular Vote: 8,051,437
Popular Vote %: 52.59%

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 6,230,556 40.69% 174 137 +87
Swatantra Party 811,232 5.30% 27 20 +14
Communist Party of India (Marxist) 623,114 4.07% 22 11 +11
Praja Socialist Party 136,188 0.89% 4 4 +4
Indian Union Muslim League 95,494 0.62% 3 3 +3
Sanghata Socialist Party 84,188 0.55% 3 2 +2
DMK Backed Independents 70,665 0.46% 2 2 +2
Indian National Congress
Seats: 51
Seat Change: -88
Popular Vote: 6,293,378
Popular Vote %: 41.10%
Indian National Congress 6,293,378 41.10% 232 51 -88
Others
Seats: 4
Seat Change: -5
Independents 591,214 3.86% 246 1 -4
Communist Party of India 275,932 1.80% 32 2
Forward Bloc 44,714 0.29% 1 1 -2
Republican Party of India 31,286 0.20% 13 0
Bharatiya Jana Sangh 22,745 0.15% 24 0
Total 11 Political Parties 15,310,702 100% 234

Analysis

After the election, many analysts concluded that it was the unity of the opposition parties against Congress, missing in the 1962 elections, that made the difference. The victory is attributed to the electoral alliance between DMK and Rajaji.[24] Even though Congress had done an effective job of managing the state of Madras, the effective grass roots campaigning by the DMK and the political acumen of Annadurai, defeated the Congress and its leader M. Bhaktavatsalam. The popularity of the United Front was so large that they were able to win an absolute majority in ten out of the 14 districts in the state, while Congress could not accomplish that in a single district. This was largely due to the fact that the United Front was able to capitalize on its growing support in large towns and cities, combined with the decline in Congress support in its traditional Schedule Caste constituencies.[23]

Margin of Victory

The following table shows the number of seats won by corresponding parties, by the margin of votes.[23]

Party Less than 500 500-1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 5000-10000 10000-20000 20000+
DMK 3 1 10 9 42 56 17
SWA 5 1 5 8 1
INC 5 5 20 10 5 3 1
CPM 1 1 4 4 1

Notable losses

The former chief minister and popular leader of the Indian National Congress, K. Kamaraj lost his seat in Virudunagar by 1285 votes to the student leader P. Seenivasan from the DMK. A few days before the election, Kamaraj had an accident and could not campaign. This led to his famous declaration that he would win lying down (Tamil: படுத்துக் கொண்டே ஜெயிப்பேன்).[6] He lost the election along with the incumbent Chief Minister M. Bakthavatsalam, who lost his seat in Sriperumbudur to D. Rajarathinam from the DMK by 8926 votes. Except for G. Bhuvaraghan (the minister for Information and Publicity), all ministers of the outgoing Bakthavatsalam cabinet were defeated in this election.[25][26]

Government formation

The election results were announced on 23 February 1967 and the DMK won an absolute majority on its own. It had increased its vote share to 40.6% from 27.1% in 1962 election. Annadurai resigned as the Member of Parliament from the Madras South Lok Sabha constituency, which was later won by Murasoli Maran in the following by-election. Annadurai was nominated as Chief Minister of Madras State and staked a claim to form a Government on 2 March 1967.[27] He was sworn in by Governor Ujjal Singh on 6 March 1967 in Rajaji Hall.[12] He was later elected to the Madras Legislative Council on 22 April 1967.[28][29]

Annadurai's Cabinet

The council of ministers in C. N. Annadurai's cabinet (6 March 1967 – 10 February 1969) were all from the DMK and they are listed in the following table.[30]

Minister Portfolios
C.N. Annadurai Chief Minister, General Administration, Finance, Civil services, Planning, Police, Prohibition, Overseas Indians, Refugees and Evacuees
V. R. Nedunchezhiyan Education, Industries, Official Language, Textiles, Yarn, Handlooms, Mines and Minerals, Electricity, Iron and Steel, Companies and Religious Endowments
M. Karunanidhi Public Works, Highways, Transport, Ports and Minor Irrigation
K. A. Mathialagan Food, Revenue and Commercial Taxes
A. Govindasamy Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Forests and Chinchona
S. J. Sadiq Pasha Public Health
Satyavani Muthu Harijan Welfare and Information
M. Muthuswamy Local Administration, Community Development, Khadi and Village Industries, Bhoodan and Gramdhan, Ex-servicemen
S. Madhavan Law, Co-operation and Housing
N. V. Natarajan Labour

List of elected members

** Muslim League Candidates contesting as independents[31]
* DMK backed Independents[32]
No. Assembly Constituency Winner Party Runner-up Party Margin
(votes)
1AcharapakkamP. S. EllappanSWAP. SaradambalINC14,901
2AduthuraiA. MarimuthuINCM. G. ManiDMK4,572
3AlangudiK. V. SubbiahDMKT. A. S. ThangaveluINC836
4AlangulamV. ArunachalamDMKA. B. BalaganINC2,571
5AmbasamudramG. G. S. DikshidarINCA. NallasivanCPM2,513
6AmburM. PanneerselvamDMKP. RajagopalINC10,607
7AndhiyurE. M. NatarajanDMKGurumurthiINC7,468
8AndimadamK. N. RamachandranDMKM. S. T. PadayachiINC5,683
9AndipattiS. ParamasivamSWAA. ThiruvenkidasamyINC6,260
10ArakkonamS. J. RamasamyDMKB. NaiduINC7,608
11ArantangiA. ThurairasanDMKK. B. DervaikararINC6,421
12AravakurichiS. K. GounderSWAV. P. GounderINC24,132
13ArcotArcot N. VeeraswamiDMKA. G. R. NaickerINC14,330
14AriyalurR. KaruppiamINCG. SepperumalDMK1,423
15ArniA. C. NarasimhanDMKT. B. J. ChettiarINC20,718
16AruppukottaiS. S. BharathiSWAT. K. SundarmINC9,141
17AthoorV. S. S. ManichettiarDMKR. R. ReddiarINC1,755
18AtturK. N. SivaperumalDMKM. P. SubramaniamINC10,204
19AvanashiR. K. GounderSWAK. M. GounderINC5,119
20Basin BridgeM. R. KannanDMKK. RamdasINC9,352
21BhavaniA. M. RajaDMKP. K. MudaliarINC21,353
22BhavanisagarRamarasanDMKM. VelusamyINC4,793
23BhuvanagiriA. GovindarasanDMKD. RamachandranINC10,561
24BodinayakkanurN. SrinivasanINCP. V. DurairajCPM766
25ChengalpattuC. G. ViswanathanDMKT. NaickerINC23,549
26ChengamP. S. SanthanamDMKA. ArumughamINC11,055
27CheranmadeviD. S. AdhimoolamSWAS. ChellapandianINC6,375
28CheyyarK. GovindanDMKK. M. KanganINC19,673
29ChidambaramR. Kanagasabai PillaiINCP. PonchockalingamDMK1,555
30Coimbatore EastM. BhupathyCPMG. R. DamodaranINC5,645
31Coimbatore WestJ. GovindarajuluDMKS. R. P. P. ChettiarINC17,808
32ColachelA. Chidambaranatha NadarINCS. RetnarajSWA1,446
33CoonoorB. GowderDMKM. K. N. GowderINC9,475
34CuddaloreE. Re. ElamvazhuthiDMKP. R. S. PadayachiINC7,248
35CumbumRajangamDMKN. S. K. S. PandiarajINC13,415
36DharapuramPalaniammalDMKP. VelusamyINC20,633
37DharmapuriM. S. GounderDMKD. N. VadivelINC6,691
38DindigulA. BalasubramanyamCPMO. C. PillaiINC12,844
39EdapadiA. ArumugamINCK. S. S. GounderINC6,342
40EgmoreA. V. P. AsaithambiDMKJ. VencatachellumINC6,946
41ErodeM. ChinnasamyDMKP. ArjunanINC19,663
42GandarvakottaiR. R. DuraiINCD. G. KalingararDMK4,231
43GangaikondanA. KaruppiahDMKM. ChellappaINC13,221
44GingeeV. MunusamiDMKG. RajaramINC11,612
45GobichettipalayamK. M. R. GounderSWAM. GounderINC4,571
46GudalurC. NanjamINCBommanSWA628
47GudiyathamV. K. KothandaramanCPMB. R. NaiduINC16,924
48GummidipundiK. VezhavendanDMKKamalambujammalINC4,360
49HarbourHabibullah BaigINDK. S. G. H. ShereefINC3,850
50HarurN. TheerthagiriINCN. ArumugamDMK548
51HosurB. VenkataswamiSWAK. A. PillaiINC2,201
52IlayangudiV. MalaikannanDMKS. RamachandranINC10,483
53JayankondamK. A. A. K. MoorthyDMKS. RamasamiINC5,960
54KadaladiM. AlangaramDMKK. ParamalaiINC18,125
55KadambatturC. V. M. AnnamalaiDMKC. C. NaiduINC21,758
56KadavurK. K. MuthiahINCAnbil P. DharmalingamDMK6,314
57KadayanallurA. R. S. MudaliarINDS. M. A. MajidINC446
58KalasapakkamS. MurugaiyanINCM. SundarasanDMK12,143
59KallakurichiD. K. NaiduDMKV. T. ElayapillaiINC10,533
60KamiyambadiL. BalaramanINCT. ThiruvengadamDMK1,412
61KancheepuramN. KrishnanDMKV. C. S. NayagarINC11,550
62KandamangalamM. RamanDMKM. S. SaraswathiINC7,437
63KangayamA. S. GounderINCVelusamiDMK146
64KanyakumariB. M. PillaiINCS. M. PillaiSWA9,738
65KapilamalaiC. V. VelappanDMKR. S. GounderINC8,293
66KaraikudiS. MeiyappanSWAC. V. C. V. V. ChettiarINC16,318
67KariapattiA. R. perumalSWAP. M. BaskaranINC1,118
68KarurT. M. NallasamyINCS. NallaswamyCPM4,875
69KatpadiG. NatarajanDMKP. S. R. NaiduINC7,920
70KattumannarkoilS. SivasubramanianINCC. GovindarasuDMK134
71KaveripattinamP. NaiduINCP. V. SeeramuluDMK3,421
72KilliyoorWilliamINCPaniadimaiSWA5,656
73KinathukadavuM. KannappanDMKS. GounderINC19,954
74KodavasalC. KrishnamoorthiDMKM. D. T. PillaiINC6,295
75KotturA. K. SubbiahCPIC. M. AmbikapathyINC5,529
76KovilpattiS. AlagarsamyCPIV. O. C. A. PillaiINC10,426
77KrishnagiriP. M. M. GounderINCC. ManniappanDMK185
78KrishnarajapuramP. SoundarapandianDMKT. V. SannasiINC2,541
79KulittalaiM. KandaswamyDMKP. E. S. ReddiarINC3,815
80KumbakonamN. KasiramanINCK. S. ManiDMK1,193
81KunnathurM. GopalDMKP. AppavooINC27,209
82KurinjipadiN. RajangamDMKM. JayaramanINC7,252
83KuttalamG. B. MohanCPMM. SivakadakshamINC6,736
84LalgudiD. NatarajanDMKD. R. UdaiyarINC2,640
85MadhuranthakamKothandamDMKG. ReddyINC13,182
86Madurai CentralC. GovindarajanDMKV. SankaranINC16,779
87Madurai EastK. P. JanakiammalCPMA. G. SubburamanINC8,244
88Madurai WestN. SankaraiahCPMM. ChelliahINC23,870
89ManamaduraiK. CheemaichamySWAC. B. RenaINC453
90MangaloreA. KrishnanDMKP. VedamanickamINC12,869
91MannargudiT. S. S. OdayarINCS. NarayanaswamyDMK923
92MayuramN. KittappaDMKG. N. NaiduINC3,342
93MelapalayamM. M. Peer MohammedINDS. R. ReddiarINC8,124
94MelmalayanurR. R. MunusamyDMKK. G. GounderINC15,820
95Melur NorthP. MalaichamyDMKM. A. AmbalamINC8,519
96Melur SouthO. P. RamanDMKP. KakkanINC21,537
97MettupalayamT. T. S. ThippiahINCThooyamaniDMK2,973
98MetturM. SurendaranPSPK. K. GounderINC6,038
99ModakkurichiK. R. NallasivamSSPC. KulandiammalINC19,859
100MudukulathurR. R. ThevarSWAS. A. ServaiINC11,290
101MugaiyurA. GovindasamyDMKN. K GanapathyINC12,043
102MusiriP. S. MuthuselvanDMKK. V. K. ReddiarINC4,865
103MylaporeArangannalDMKV. R. RadhakrishnanINC9,228
104NagapattinamK. R. GnanasambandanCPMR. R. V. NaiduINC10,134
105NagercoilM. C. BalanDMKT. NadarINC6,692
106NamakkalM. MuthuswamyDMKV. R. K. GounderINC7,859
107NanguneriN. DuraipandianINCT. G. NadarDMK4,172
108NannilamP. JayarajINCT. P. RamachandranCPM6,482
109NatrampalliT. C. T. GounderDMKR. C. S. GounderINC2,439
110NellikuppamC. GovindarajanCPMA. LakshminarayananINC4,973
111NilakkottaiA. MuniyandiDMKA. S. PonnammalINC12,486
112YercaudV. ChinnasamyDMKPonnuduraiINC5,587
113OddanchatramN. GounderDMKA. P. PalaniappanINC8,864
114OmalurC. PalaniDMKC. GovindanINC10,245
115OrathanadL. GanesanDMKM. D. PillaiINC16,093
116OttapidaramM. MuthiahSWAS. DhanushkodiINC5,123
117PadmanabhapuramV. GeorgeINCM. M. AliCPM6,923
118PalacodeK. MurugesanINCM. B. MunusamyDMK3,090
119PalaniKrishnamoorthyDMKA. RajagopalINC22,891
120PalladamK. N. K. GounderPSPR. SengaliappanINC7,556
121PanamarathupattiT. PonnumalaiDMKC. SepperumalDMK7,727
122PanrutiS. RamachandranDMKV. V. PadayachiINC15,566
123PapanasamR. S. MoopanarINCA. M. SaliIND10,246
124ParamakudiT. K. SiraimeetanDMKR. ThavasiINC14,466
125Park townH. V. HandeSWAT. N. AnandanayakiINC2,679
126PattukkottaiA. R. MarimuthuPSPN. RamasamyINC7,142
127PennagaramP. K. C. MuthusamyINCN. ManickamDMK1,343
128PerambalurJ. S. RasuDMKM. AyyakannuINC4,793
129PeramburSatyavani MuthuDMKD. SulochanaINC6,687
130PeravuraniM. KrishnamurthyDMKA. V. ServaiINC9,118
131PeriyakulamM. MethaDMKR. S. SubramaniamINC6,375
132PernambattuP. JayaramanDMKT. ManavalanINC8,911
133PernamallurV. D. A. MudalyDMKP. RamachandranINC9,188
134PerunduraiS. BalasubramanianSSPN. Nallasenapathi Sarkarai MandradiarINC3134
135PerurN. MarudachalamCPMR. RayappanINC17,192
136PollachiA. P. S. GounderDMKE. GounderINC11,792
137PolurS. KuppammalDMKS. M. AnnamalaiINC13,068
138PongalurP. N. P. GounderDMKP.S. RangaswamyINC15,957
139PonneriP. NagalingamDMKT. P. ElumalaiINC9,995
140PudukkottaiR. V. ThondaimanINCThiagarajanDMK20,087
141PurasawalkamV. S. GovindarajanDMKDamodaranINC12,226
142RadhapuramN. SoundrapandianINCV. KartheesanDMK548
143RajapalayamA. A. S. RajaINDP. A. A. RajaINC13,261
144RamanathapuramT. ThangappanDMKR. Shanmuga Rajeshwara SethupathiINC8,610
145RanipetM. Abdul Gaffoor SahibINDS. K. SheriffINC1,058
146RasipuramP. PeriasamyDMKK. Muthuswamy GounderINC7,529
147RishivandiyamM. AnandanDMKL. AnandanINC318
148SaidapetM. KarunanidhiDMKS. G. VinayagamurthyINC20,482
149St. Thomas MountM. G. RamachandranDMKT. L. RagupathyINC27,674
150Salem - IK. JayaramanDMKP. ThiagarajanINC14,066
151Salem - IIE. R. KrishnanDMKA. R. GounderINC11,496
152SankarapuramS. P. PachaiyappanDMKD. MuthusamiINC5,518
153SankarankoilP. DurairajDMKP. UrkavalanINC17,962
154SankariR. NallamuthuDMKA. RajendranINC12,928
155SatturS. Ramaswamy NaiduSWAR. Krishnasamy NaiduINC19,910
156SathankulamMartinINCAdithanDMK4,297
157SatyamangalamP. G. KaruthirumanINCS. M. MarappanCPM1,206
158SedapattiV. T. ThevarSWAT. A. NadarINC19,614
159SembanarkoilS. GanesanDMKS. RamalingamINC18,947
160SendamangalamA. S. GounderINCS. T. DoraiswamyCPM771
161SholavandanP. S. ManiyanDMKR. S. ServaiINC16,493
162SholinghurAranganathanDMKA. M. P. MudaliarINC7,024
163SinganallurP. VelusamyPSPV. K. L. GounderINC13,263
164SivagangaS. SethuramanDMKR. V. SwaminathanINC12,950
165SivakasiS. A. ThevarSWAR. R. ThevarINC11,498
166SirkazhiK. B. S. ManiINDR. ThangaveluINC12,814
167SrirangamS. RamalingamINCM. ArunaINC1,118
168SriperumbudurD. RajarathinamDMKM. BakthavatsalamINC8926
169SrivaikuntamS. P. AdithanarDMKR. NadarINC19,061
170SrivilliputhurK. A. A. GurusamyDMKS. P. DharmarajINC8,941
171TalavasalMoo. MarimuthuDMKA. DoraisamyINC8,841
172TaramangalamGovindanDMKM. S. KrishnanINC8,963
173TenkasiI. A. C. PillaiINCK. M. K. SamsudinDMK743
174ThandrambattuK. S. KandarINCR. DharmalingamDMK1,339
175ThanjavurA. Y. S. Parisutha NadarINCS. NatarajanDMK4,511
176TheniP. T. R. Palanivel RajanDMKM. MalaichamiINC12,514
177ThirumangalamN. S. V. ChithanINCM. P. RajanSWA3,257
178ThirupparangundramS. AgnirajuDMKS. SonaimuthuINC22,377
179ThiruvattarJ. JamesINCD. GnanasigamaniCPM8,092
180ThondamuthurR. ManickavasakamDMKV. E. NaiduINC15,419
181ThottiyamVadivelDMKT. VeerappanINC10,031
182Thousand lightsK. A. MathialaganDMKM. SivarajINC14,148
183T. NagarM. P. SivagnanamDMKK. M. SubramaniamIND9,993
184ThirumayamPonnambalamDMKV. RamiahINC20,221
185ThiruthuraipundiN. DharmalingamDMKK. C. ManaliCPI1,502
186ThiruvaiyaruG. M. SethurarDMKK. B. PalaniINC3,528
187ThiruvaramburV. SwaminathanINCK. KamakshiDMK4,629
188ThiruvarurDhanushkodiCPMVedaiyanINC2,554
189TindivanamK. RamamoorthyINCA. ThangaveluDMK2098
190TiruchendurE. FernandoDMKS. NadarINC10,648
191TiruchengodeT. A. RajaveluDMKT. P. NatesanINC20,348
192Tiruchy - IM. S. ManiDMKA. S. G. L. PillaiINC3,305
193Tiruchy - IIR. NagasundaramDMKM. K. M. A. SalamINC7,206
194TirukoilurE. M. SubramaniamINCA. S. KumarasamyDMK1,673
195TirunelveliA. L. SubramanianDMKM. S. M. PillaiINC16,225
196Tiruppattur (41)C. GounderDMKShanmugmamINC2,077
197Tiruppattur (194)S. MadhavanDMKV. S. S. ChettiarINC13,638
198TirupporurMunu AdhiDMKN. M. ManivarmaINC16,416
199TiruppurS. DuraisamyDMKK. N. P. GounderINC14,145
200TiruttaniK. VinayakamINCV. K. KuppuswamyDMK1,786
201TiruvadanaiK. AmbalamSWAM. ArunachalamINC3,969
202TiruvallurS. M. DorairajDMKV. S. ArunachalamINC21,657
203TiruvannamalaiD. VijayarajINCP. U. ShanmugamDMK3,185
204TiruvottiyurA. P. ArasuDMKV. VenkateswaraluINC18,873
205TriplicaneV. R. NedunchezhiyanDMKM. S. SammandappaINC12,694
206TuticorinM. S. SivasamiDMKS. P. NadarINC14,658
207UdagamandalamK. BojanSWAT. K. GowderINC19,889
208UddanapalleK. S. KothandaramiahSWAD. C. VijendriahINC14,078
209UdumalpetS. J. S. PashaDMKK. RamasamiINC14,018
210UppiliyapuramT. P. AlagamuthuDMKA. V. MudaliarINC12,037
211UsilambattiP. K. M. ThevarFBLA. M. N. ThevarINC28,489
212UlundurpetM. K. PadayachiINCV. S. PadayachiDMK1,560
213UthangaraiT. T. GownderINCK. R. KrishnanDMK2,040
214UthiramerurK. M. RajagopalDMKO. S. ReddiarINC20,875
215VadamaduraiP. T. NaickerINCV. S. LakshmananDMK1,856
216ValangimanN. SomasundaramDMKR. SubramaniamINC4,018
217ValparaiE. RamaswamyDMKN. NachimuthuINC20,077
218VanurA. G. BalakrishnanDMKVelayudhamINC70
219VandavasiMuthulingamDMKA. AdineelamINC17,326
220VaniyambadiRajamannarINCVadivelDMK1,638
221VarahurR. NarayananDMKM. V. PerumalINC12,313
222VasudevanallurA. VelladuraiDMKM. P. SwamyINC6,980
223VedaranyamP. V. ThevarINCP. V. ThevarDMK264
224VedasandurN. VaradarajCPMS. N. RaoINC691
225VeerapandyS. ArumugamDMKN. S. SundararajanINC20,805
226VellakoilK. N. S. GounderDMKD. P. GounderINC19,431
227VelloreM. P. SarathiDMKJ. MudaliarINC14,414
228VilathikulamM. RathinasabapathyDMKM. P. S. ReddiarIND3,555
229VilavancodeR. Ponnappan NadarINCP. M. N. PillaiIND11,327
230VillupuramM. ShanmugamDMKV. P. S. GounderINC5,931
231ViralimalaiS. S. ThethuvandarDMKP. P. GounderINC3,934
232VirudunagarP. SeenivasanDMKK. KamarajINC1,285
233VridhachalamG. BhuvaraghanINCM. SelvarajDMK8,867
234WashermanpetM. VedachalamDMKM. Mayandi NadarINC7,242

See also

References

  1. the Governors Committee has commented against the practice of appointing a non-member of the State legislature or a nominated member of the House as Chief Minister. For instance, in Uttar Pradesh Mr. CB Gupta in 1960; Mr. TN Singh in 1970; in Orissa Mr. Biswanath Das in 1971; Mrs. Nandini Satpathi in 1972; in Madhya Pradesh Mr. PC. Sethi in 1972; in Gujrat Mr. Balwatray Mehta and Mr. Ghansham Oza in 1972; in Madras Mr. CN Annadurai in 1967 ; in punjab giani gurmukh singh mussafir in 1966 and in Bihar Mr. Kedar Pandey in 1972. - HA Gani, Governor in the Indian Constitution: certain controversies and Sarkaria Commission, p.45
  2. 1 2 3 4 "The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism". Pacific Affairs (Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia) 37 (4): 410. Winter 1964–1965. JSTOR 2755132. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  3. 1 2 Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India. Cambridge University Press. 2007-02-15. p. 276. ISBN 0-521-89141-8. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
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  7. Velayutham, Selvaraj (2001). Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry. New York: Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 0-415-39680-8.
  8. 1 2 3 In India the term "Contest" is used to denote participation in an election. The Representation of People Act of 1951, the legislation which governs elections in India uses the term and so does the Election Commission of India."FAQs - Contesting for Elections". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  9. "Periyar Movement". periyar.org. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
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  11. Ariyapadavendiya Anna, Kalachuvadu Magazine (in Tamil)
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  14. "How the Communists Fared", Economic and Political Weekly, 18 March 1989, JSTOR 4394522
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  16. Selvaraj Velayudham (2008). Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 9780415396806.
  17. The politics of Bioscope - Part 11, Thinnai.com (in Tamil)
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  19. "DETAILS OF TERMS OF SUCCESSIVE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES CONSTITUTED UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA". Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
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  21. 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India accessed 19 April 2009
  22. Karunakaran, Kotta P. (1975). Coalition governments in India: problems and prospects. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 233.
  23. 1 2 3 "Voting Pattern in the Fourth General Election. I: D M K Success in Madras". Economic and Political Weekly (Economic and Political Weekly) 2 (24): 1083–88. 17 June 1967. JSTOR 4358065. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  24. Myron Weiner; Ergun Özbudun. Competitive elections in developing countries. American Enterprise Institute. p. 62. ISBN 0-8223-0685-9.
  25. Kandaswamy. P (2008). The political Career of K. Kamaraj. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 116–18. ASIN B00069WY4K.
  26. Election rewind (in Tamil)
  27. "The meeting that made Periyar blush". The Hindu. 15 September 2009.
  28. Pushpa Iyengar, Sugata Srinivasaraju, "Where The Family Heirs Loom", Outlook India, retrieved 16 November 2009
  29. Gopal K. Bharghava, Shankarlal C. Bhatt (2005). Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 25. Tamil Nadu. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. p. 525. ISBN 81-7835-356-3.
  30. India, a reference annual. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 1968. p. 447.
  31. India, a reference annual. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 1967. p. 437.
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External links

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