Mediterranean Lingua Franca

Mediterranean Lingua Franca
sabir
Region	Mediterranean Basin (esp. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Greece, Cyprus)
Extinct	19th century
Language family	Pidgin, Romance based Mediterranean Lingua Franca
Official status
Official language in	none
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pml
Glottolog	ling1242[1]
Linguasphere	51-AAB-c

Map of Europe and the Mediterranean from the Catalan Atlas of 1375

The Mediterranean Lingua Franca or Sabir was a pidgin language used as a lingua franca in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th century.^[2]

History

Lingua franca means "language of the Franks" in Late Latin, and originally referred specifically to the language that was used around the eastern Mediterranean Sea as the main language of commerce.^[3] However, the terms "Franks" and "Frankish" were actually applied to all Western Europeans during the late Byzantine Period.^[4][5] Later, lingua franca came to mean any contact language. Its other name in the Mediterranean area was Sabir, deriving from a Romance base meaning "to know".

Based mostly on Northern Italian languages and Occitano-Romance languages in the eastern Mediterranean area at first, it later came to have more Spanish and Portuguese elements, especially on the Barbary coast (today referred to as the Maghreb). Sabir also borrowed from Berber, Turkish, French, Greek and Arabic. This mixed language was used widely for commerce and diplomacy and was also current among slaves of the bagnio, Barbary pirates and European renegades in pre-colonial Algiers. Historically the first to use it were the Genoese and Venetian trading colonies in the eastern Mediterranean after the year 1000.

As the use of Lingua Franca spread in the Mediterranean, dialectal fragmentation emerged, the main difference being more use of Italian and Provençal vocabulary in the Middle East, while Ibero-Romance lexical material dominated in the Maghreb. After France became the dominant power in the latter area in the 19th century, Algerian Lingua Franca was heavily gallicised (to the extent that locals are reported having believed that they spoke French when conversing in Lingua Franca with the Frenchmen, who in turn thought they were speaking Arabic), and this version of the language was spoken into the nineteen hundreds, witness Schuchardt. Holm's suggestion that it was this variety of Lingua Franca which through relexification developed into Algerian French seems somewhat far-fetched – as can be seen from Lanly's study, Algerian French was indeed a dialect of French, although Lingua Franca certainly had had an influence on it. Lingua Franca also seems to have had an impact on other languages. Eritrean Pidgin Italian, for instance, displayed some remarkable similarities with it, in particular the use of Italian participles as past or perfective markers. It seems reasonable to assume that these similarities have been transmitted through Italian foreigner talk stereotypes.^[6]

Hugo Schuchardt (1842–1927) was the first scholar to investigate the Lingua franca systematically. According to the monogenetic theory of the origin of pidgins he developed, Lingua Franca was known by Mediterranean sailors including the Portuguese. When Portuguese started exploring the seas of Africa, America, Asia and Oceania, they tried to communicate with the natives by mixing a Portuguese-influenced version of Lingua Franca with the local languages. When English or French ships came to compete with the Portuguese, the crews tried to learn this "broken Portuguese". Through a process of relexification, the Lingua Franca and Portuguese lexicon was substituted by the languages of the peoples in contact.

This theory is one way of explaining the similarities between most of the European-based pidgins and creole languages, like Tok Pisin, Papiamento, Sranan Tongo, Krio, and Chinese Pidgin English. These languages use forms similar to sabir for "to know" and piquenho for "children".

Lingua Franca left traces in present Algerian slang and Polari. There are traces even in geographical names, like Cape Guardafui (that literally means cape "look and escape" in Lingua Franca and ancient Italian).

Example of "Sabir"

An example of Sabir is found in Molière's comedy Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.^[7] At the start of the "Turkish ceremony", the Mufti enters singing the following words:

Sabir	Lombard		Italian		Spanish		Galician		Portuguese		Occitan (Provençal)		French		Latin		English
Se ti saber Ti responder Se non saber Tazir, tazir	Se ti savè Ti respond Se non savè Taz, Taz	Se te sè Respund Se te sè no Tas, Tas	Se tu sapere Tu rispondere Se non sapere Tacere, tacere	Se sai Rispondi Se non sai Taci, taci	Si tú saber Tú responder Si no saber Callar, callar	Si sabes Responde Si no sabes Cállate	Se ti saber Ti responder Se non saber Calar, calar	Se sabes Responde Se non sabes Cala	Se tu saber Tu responder Se não saber Calar-se, calar-se	Se sabes Responde Se não sabes Cala-te	Se tu saber Tu respondre Se non saber Tàiser, tàiser	Se sabes Responde Se non sabes Taise-ti, taise-ti	Si tu savoir Tu répondre Si tu ne savoir Se taire, se taire	Si tu sais Réponds Si tu ne sais pas Tais-toi, tais-toi	Si tu sapere Tu respondere Si non sapere Tacere, tacere	Si sapis Respondes Si non sapis Tace, tace	If you know You answer If you do not know Be silent

The Lombard, Italian, Spanish, Galician, Portuguese, Provençal, French, and Latin versions are not correct grammatically, as they use the infinitive rather than inflected verb forms, but the Sabir form is obviously derived from the infinitive in those languages. The correct version for each language is given in italics.

See also

• African Romance
• Mozarabic language

Notes

1. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Lingua Franca". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
2. Lingua franca del Mediterraneo or sabir (in Italian), article of Francesco Bruni
3. Definition of "Lingua franca" from the Oxford English Dictionary (subscription based); translation is direct from Italian
4. Lexico Triantaphyllide online dictionary , Greek Language Center (Kentro Hellenikes Glossas), lemma Franc ( Φράγκος Phrankos) , Lexico tes Neas Hellenikes Glossas, G.Babiniotes, Kentro Lexikologias(Legicology Center) LTD Publications. Komvos.edu.gr. ISBN 960-86190-1-7. Retrieved 2015-06-18. Franc and (prefix) franco- (Φράγκος Phrankos and φράγκο- phranko-
5. "An etymological dictionary of modern English : Weekley, Ernest, 1865-1954 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Archive.org. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
6. Parkvall, Mikael (2005). Alan D. Corré, ed. "Foreword to A Glossary of Lingua Franca" (5th ed.). Milwaukee, WI, United States. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
7. IV.sc.5; there is a translation here

Bibliography

• Dakhlia, Jocelyne, Lingua Franca – Histoire d'une langue métisse en Méditerranée, Actes Sud, 2008, ISBN 2-7427-8077-7
• John A. Holm, Pidgins and Creoles, Cambridge University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-521-35940-6, p. 607
• Henry Romanos Kahane, The Lingua Franca in the Levant: Turkish Nautical Terms of Italian and Greek Origin, University of Illinois, 1958
• Hugo Schuchardt, Pidgin and Creole languages : selected essays by Hugo Schuchardt (edited and translated by Glenn G. Gilbert), Cambridge University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-521-22789-5.

External links

• Dictionnaire de la Langue Franque ou Petit Mauresque, 1830. In French.
• A Glossary of Lingua Franca, fifth edition, 2005, Alan D. Corré. It includes articles about the language from various authors.
• Sample texts from Juan del Encina, Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, Carlo Goldoni's The Impresario from Smyrna, Diego de Haedo and other sources.
• The glossary itself
• Tales in Sabir from Algeria
• Lingua franca in the Mediterranean (Google book)
• An introduction to Lingua Franca