Royal and noble ranks

Royal and noble ranks in Persia, Turkey, Caucasus, India and Afghanistan

High King : Padishah

King : Sultan, Sultana, Shah

Royal Prince : Shahzada (Şehzade), Mirza
Noble Prince : Sahibzada
Nobleman: Nawab, Baig, Begzada
Royal house : Damat,
Governmental : Lala, Agha, Hazinedar

Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Although they vary over time and between geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke), the following is a reasonably comprehensive list that provides information on both general ranks and specific differences.

Ranks and titles

Sovereign

Main articles: Monarch and Sovereign
Common titles for European and Near Eastern monarchs

Note that many titles listed may also be used by lesser nobles – non-sovereigns – depending on the historical period and state. The sovereign titles listed below are grouped together into categories roughly according to their degree of dignity; these being: imperial (Emperor, Empress, etc), high royal (King of Kings etc), royal (King/Queen, sovereign Grand Duke or Grand Prince, etc), others (sovereign Prince, sovereign Duke, etc), and religious.

Imperial titles

High royal titles

Royal titles

Princely, ducal, and other sovereign titles

Religious titles

Other sovereigns, royals, peerage, and major nobility

Several ranks were widely used (for more than a thousand years in Europe alone) for both sovereign rulers and non-sovereigns. Additional knowledge about the territory and historic period is required to know whether the rank holder was a sovereign or non-sovereign. However, joint precedence among rank holders often greatly depended on whether a rank holder was sovereign, whether of the same rank or not. This situation was most widely exemplified by the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) in Europe. Almost all of the following ranks were commonly both sovereign and non-sovereign within the HRE. Outside of the HRE, the most common sovereign rank of these below was that of Prince. Within the HRE, those holding the following ranks who were also sovereigns had (enjoyed) what was known as an immediate relationship with the Emperor. Those holding non-sovereign ranks held only a mediate relationship (meaning that the civil hierarchy upwards was mediated by one or more intermediaries between the rank holder and the Emperor).

TITLES

Regarding the titles of Grand Duke, Duke and Prince:

In all European countries the sovereign Grand Duke (or Grand Prince in some eastern European languages) is considered to be the third highest monarchic title in precedence, after Emperor and King.

In Germany, a sovereign Duke (Herzog) outranks a sovereign prince (Fürst). A cadet prince (Prinz) who belongs to an imperial or royal dynasty, however, may outrank a duke who is the cadet of a reigning house e.g. Wurttemberg, Bavaria, Mecklenburg or Oldenburg.

The children of a sovereign Grand Duke may be titled "Prince" (Luxembourg, Tuscany, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Saxe-Weimar) or "Duke" (Oldenburg) in accordance with the customs of the dynasty. The heir of the throne of a Grand Duchy is titled "Hereditary Grand Duke", as soon as he reaches the full legal age (majority).

Children of a sovereign (i.e. ruling) Duke and of a ruling Prince (Fürst) were, however, all titled prince (Prinz).

The heir apparent to a ruling or mediatised title would usually prepend the prefix Erb- (hereditary) to his or her title, e.g. Erbherzog, Erbprinz, Erbgraf, to distinguish their status from that of their junior siblings.

Children of a mediatised Fürst were either Prinzen or Grafen (counts), depending upon whether the princely title was limited to descent by masculine primogeniture or not. In the German non-sovereign nobility, a Duke (Herzog) still ranked higher than a Prince (Fürst).

Minor nobility, gentry, and other aristocracy

Main articles: Aristocracy (class) and Gentry

The distinction between the ranks of the major nobility (listed above) and the minor nobility, listed here, was not always a sharp one in all nations. But the precedence of the ranks of a Baronet or a Knight is quite generally accepted for where this distinction exists for most nations. Here the rank of Baronet (ranking above a Knight) is taken as the highest rank among the ranks of the minor nobility or gentry that are listed below.

Titles

In Germany, the constitution of the Weimar Republic in 1919 ceased to accord privileges to members of dynastic and noble families. Their titles henceforth became legal parts of the family name, and traditional forms of address (e.g., "Hoheit" or "Durchlaucht") ceased to be accorded to them by governmental entities. The last title was conferred on 12 November 1918 to Kurt von Klefeld. The actual rank of a title-holder in Germany depended not only on the nominal rank of the title, but also the degree of sovereignty exercised, the rank of the title-holder's suzerain, and the length of time the family possessed its status within the nobility (Uradel, Briefadel, altfürstliche, neufürstliche, see: German nobility). Thus, any reigning sovereign ranks higher than any deposed or mediatized sovereign (e.g., the Fürst of Waldeck, sovereign until 1918, was higher than the Duke of Arenberg, head of a mediatized family, although Herzog is nominally a higher title than Fürst). However, former holders of higher titles in extant monarchies retained their relative rank, i.e., a queen dowager of Belgium outranks the reigning Prince of Liechtenstein. Members of a formerly sovereign or mediatized house rank higher than the nobility. Among the nobility, those whose titles derive from the Holy Roman Empire rank higher than the holder of an equivalent title granted by one of the German monarchs after 1806.

In Austria, nobility titles may no longer be used since 1918.[12]

In Switzerland, nobility titles are prohibited and are not recognized as part of the family name.

Corresponding titles of nobility between languages

Below is a comparative table of corresponding royal and noble titles in various European countries. Quite often, a Latin 3rd declension noun formed a distinctive feminine title by adding -issa to its base, but usually the 3rd declension noun was used for both male and female nobles, except for Imperator and Rex. 3rd declension nouns are italicized in this chart. See Royal and noble styles to learn how to address holders of these titles properly.

  Emperor,
Empress		 King,
Queen		 Grand Duke/
Grand Prince,
Grand Duchess/
Grand Princess		 Archduke,
Archduchess		 Duke,
Duchess		 (Prince)-Elector,
Electress		 Prince,[13]
Princess		 Viceroy,
Vicereine		 Marquess/
Margrave,
Marchioness/
Margravine		 Earl / Count,
Countess		 Viscount,
Viscountess		 Baron,
Baroness		 Baronet[14]
Baronetess		 Knight[15] / Dame Esquire, Gentleman
Latin[16] Imperator/
Caesar,
Imperatrix/
Caesarina		 Rex,
Regina		 Magnus Dux/
Magnus Princeps,
Magna Ducissa,
 Magna Principissa		 Archidux,
Archiducissa		 Dux,
Ducissa		 Princeps Elector Princeps,
Principissa		 Prorex,
Proregina		 Marchio,
Marchionissa		 Comes,
Comitissa		 Vicecomes,
Vicecomitissa		 Baro,
Baronissa		   Eques Nobilis Homo (N.H.)
Bulgarian Цар,
Царица		 Крал,
Кралица		 Велик Княз,
Велика Княгиня		 Ерцхерцог,
Ерцхерцогиня		 Херцог,
Херцогиня		 Курфюрст,
Курфюрстина		 Княз,
Княгиня		 Вице-крал,
Вице-кралица		 Маркиз,
Маркиза		 Граф,
Графиня		 Виконт,
Виконтеса		 Барон,
Баронеса		 Баронет,
Дама		 Рицар,
Дама		 Господин
Czech Císař,
Císařovna		 Král,
Královna		 Velkovévoda,
Velkovévodkyně		 Arcivévoda,
Arcivévodkyně		 Vévoda,
Vévodkyně		 Kurfiřt,
Kurfiřtka		 Kníže,
Kněžna10		 Místokrál/Vicekrál
Místokrálovna/Vicekrálovna		 Markýz/Markrabě[17]
Markýza/Markraběnka		 Hrabě,
Hraběnka		 Vikomt,
Vikomtka/Vikomtesa		 Baron,
Baronka		 Baronet Rytíř Pán,
Paní
Danish Kejser,
Kejserinde		 Konge
Dronning		 Storhertug,
Storhertuginde		 Ærkehertug,
Ærkehertuginde		 Hertug,
Hertuginde		 Kurfyrste,
Kurfystinde		 Prins/Fyrste
Prinsesse/Fyrstinde		 Vicekonge,
Vicedronning		 Markis,
Markise		 Greve
Grevinde, Komtesse		 Vicegreve,
Vicegrevinde/
Vicekomtesse		 Baron, Friherre,
Baronesse, Friherreinde		 Baronet,
Baronetesse		 Ridder Junker
Dutch Keizer,
Keizerin		 Koning,
Koningin		 Groothertog,
Groothertogin		 Aartshertog,
Aartshertogin 		 Hertog,
Hertogin		 Keurvorst,
Keurvorstin		 Prins/Vorst,
Prinses/Vorstin		 Onderkoning,
Onderkoningin		 Markies/Markgraaf,
Markiezin/Markgravin		 Graaf,
Gravin		 Burggraaf,
Burggravin		 Baron,
Barones(se)		 Erfridder Ridder Jonkheer
Finnish[18] Keisari,
Keisarinna (or Keisaritar, obsolete)		 Kuningas,
Kuningatar		 Suurherttua/Suuriruhtinas,
Suurherttuatar/Suuriruhtinatar		 Arkkiherttua,
Arkkiherttuatar		 Herttua,
Herttuatar		 Vaaliruhtinas,
Vaaliruhtinatar		 Prinssi/Ruhtinas,
Prinsessa/Ruhtinatar[19]		 Varakuningas,
Varakuningatar		 Markiisi/Rajakreivi,
Markiisitar/Rajakreivitär		 Jaarli/Kreivi,
Kreivitär[19]		 Varakreivi,
Varakreivitär		 Paroni, Vapaaherra,
Paronitar, Rouva/ Vapaaherratar[19]		 Baronetti, "Herra" (=fiefholder),
Herratar		 Aatelinen/Ritari[19]
style of wife: Rouva		  
French Empereur,
Impératrice		 Roi,
Reine		 Grand-Duc,
Grande-Duchesse		 Archiduc, Archiduchesse Duc,
Duchesse		 Prince-électeur,
Princesse-électrice		 Prince,[13]
Princesse		 Viceroi,
Vicereine		 Marquis,
Marquise		 Comte,
Comtesse		 Vicomte,
Vicomtesse		 Baron,
Baronne		 Baronnet Chevalier Ecuyer,
Gentilhomme
German Kaiser,
Kaiserin		 König,
Königin		 Großherzog/
Großfürst,
Großherzogin/
Großfürstin		 Erzherzog,
Erzherzogin		 Herzog,
Herzogin		 Kurfürst,
Kurfürstin		 Prinz/Fürst,
Prinzessin/Fürstin[20]		 Vizekönig,
Vizekönigin		 Markgraf,[21]
Markgräfin		 Graf,
Gräfin		 Vizegraf, Burggraf
Vizegräfin, Burggräfin		 Baron, Herr, Freiherr
Baronin, Frau, Freifrau, Freiin		   Ritter Junker (Prussia), Edler (Austria),
Junkerin, Edle
Greek domestic Αυτοκράτωρ,
Αυτοκράτειρα		 Βασιλεύς,
Βασίλισσα		 Μέγας Δούκας,
Μεγάλη Δούκισσα		 Aρχιδούκας,
Aρχιδούκισσα		 Δούκας,
Δούκισσα		 Eκλέκτορας Δεσπότης,
Δέσποινα		 Aντιβασιλέας,
Αντιβασίλησσα		 Μαρκήσιος,
Μαρκησία		 Κόμης,
Κόμισσα		 Υποκόμης,
Υποκόμισσα		 Bαρώνος Βαρωνίσκος Ιππότης,
Ντάμα		 Νωβελίσσιμος,
Νωβελίσσιμα;
Hungarian Császár,
császárnő		 Király,
királynő		 Nagyherceg, fejedelem, vajda
nagyhercegnő, fejedelemasszony, -		 Főherceg,
főhercegnő		 Herceg,
hercegnő		 Választófejedelem,
(választófejedelemnő)		 Királyi herceg,
királyi hercegnő		 Alkirály,
alkirálynő		 Márki, őrgróf
márkinő, őrgrófnő		 Gróf
grófnő		 Várgróf, vikomt
Várgrófnő (vikomtnő)		 Báró,
bárónő		 Baronet,
baronetnő		 Lovag (vitéz[22]) Nemes,
nemesasszony
Icelandic Keisari,
keisarynja		 Konungur, kóngur,
drottning		 Stórhertogi,
stórhertogaynja		 Hertogi,
hertogaynja		 Kjörfursti,
kjörfurstynja		 Prins/fursti,
prinsessa/furstynja		 Vísikonungur,
vísidrottning		 Markgreifi,
markgreifynja		 Greifi, jarl
greifynja, jarlkona		 Vísigreifi,
vísigreifynja		 Barón, fríherra,
barónessa		 Riddari Aðalsmaður,
aðalskona
Italian Imperatore,
Imperatrice		 Re,
Regina		 Granduca,
Granduchessa		 Arciduca,
Arciduchessa		 Duca,
Duchessa		 Principe Elettore,
Principessa Elettrice		 Principe,[13]
Principessa		 Viceré,
Viceregina		 Marchese,
Marchesa		 Conte,
Contessa		 Visconte,
Viscontessa		 Barone,
Baronessa		 Baronetto Cavaliere Nobile, Nobiluomo
Luxembourgish Keeser,
Keeserin		 Kinnek,
Kinnigin		 Groussherzog,
Groussherzogin		 Erzherzog,
Erzherzogin		 Herzog,
Herzogin		 Kuerfierscht,
Kuerfierschtin		 Prënz/Fierscht,
Prënzessin/Fierschtin		 Vizekinnek,
Vizekinnigin		 Markgrof/Marquis,
Markgrofin/Marquise		 Grof,
Grofin/Comtesse		 Vizegrof/Vicomte,
Vizegrofin/Vicomtesse		 Baron,
Baroness(e)		 Ritter
Maltese Imperatur,
Imperatriċi		 Re/Sultan,
Reġina/Sultana		 Gran Duka,
Gran Dukessa		 Arċiduka,
Arċidukessa		 Duka,
Dukessa		 Prinċep Elettur,
Prinċipessa Elettriċi		 Prinċep,
Prinċipessa		 Viċirè,
Viċireġina		 Markiż,
Markiża		 Konti,
Kontessa		 Viskonti,
Viskontessa		 Baruni,
Barunessa		 Barunett Kavallier  
Norwegian Keiser,
Keiserinne		 Konge,
Dronning		 Storhertug,
Storhertuginne		 Erkehertug,
Erkehertuginne		 Hertug,
Hertuginne		 Kurfyrste,
Kurfyrstinne		 Prins/Fyrste,
Prinsesse/Fyrstinne		 Visekonge,
Visedronning		 Marki,
Markise		 Jarl / Greve,
Grevinne		 Vikomte/Visegreve,
Visegrevinne		 Baron, Friherre,
Baronesse, Friherreinde		   Ridder Adelsmann,
Adelskvinne
Polish[23] Cesarz,
Cesarzowa		 Król,
Królowa		 Wielki Książę,
Wielka Księżna		 Arcyksiążę
Arcyksiężna		 Diuk (Książę),
(Księżna)		 Książę Elektor,
Księżna Elektorowa		 Książę,
Księżna		 Wicekról,
Wicekrólowa		 Markiz/Margrabia,
Markiza/Margrabina		 Hrabia,
Hrabina		 Wicehrabia,
Wicehrabina		 Baron,
Baronowa		 Baronet Rycerz/ Kawaler Szlachcic
Portuguese Imperador,
Imperatriz		 Rei,
Rainha		 Grão-Duque,
Grã-Duquesa		 Arquiduque,
Arquiduquesa;		 Duque,
Duquesa		 Príncipe-Eleitor,
Princesa-Eleitora;		 Príncipe,
Princesa		 Vice-rei,
Vice-rainha		 Marquês,
Marquesa		 Conde,
Condessa[24]		 Visconde,
Viscondessa		 Barão,
Baronesa		 Baronete,
Baronetesa;		 Cavaleiro Fidalgo
Russian Imperator/Tsar,
Imperatritsa/Tsaritsa		 Koról/Tsar,
Koroléva/Tsaritsa		 Velikiy Knyaz,
Velikaya Kniagina		 Ertsgertsog,
Ertsgertsoginya		 Gertsog,
Gertsoginya		 Kurfyurst,
Kurfyurstina		 Kniaz,
Kniagina[25]		 Vitse-koról,
Vitse-koroléva		 Markiz,
Markiza,
Boyar,
Boyarina[25]		 Graf,
Grafinya[25]		 Vikont,
Vikontessa		 Baron,
Baronessa		 Baronet Rytsar  
Serbian Car,
Carica		 Kralj,
Kraljica		 Veliki vojvoda,
Velika vojvodkinja		 Nadvojvoda/
Herceg,
Nadvojvodkinja/
Hercoginja		 Vojvoda,
Vojvodkinja		 Princ,
Princeza		 Knez,
Kneginja		 Ban,
Vicereine		 Markiz,
Markiza		 Grof,
Grofica		 Vikont,
Vikontica		 Baron,
Baronica/
Baronesa		 Barunet,
Baruneta		 Vitez Gospodin
Spanish Emperador,
Emperatriz		 Rey,
Reina		 Gran Duque,
Gran Duquesa		 Archiduque,
Archiduquesa		 Duque,
Duquesa		 Príncipe Elector,
Princesa Electora;		 Príncipe,[13]
Princesa		 Virrey,
Virreina		 Marqués,
Marquesa		 Conde,
Condesa		 Vizconde,
Vizcondesa		 Barón,
Baronesa		 Baronet Caballero Escudero, Hidalgo
Slovak Cisár,
Cisárovná		 Kráľ,
Kráľovná		 Veľkovojvoda,
Veľkovojvodkyňa		 Arcivojvoda,
Arcivojvodkyňa		 Vojvoda,
Vojvodkyňa		 Kurfirst/
Knieža voliteľ/
Knieža volič		 Knieža,
Kňažná		 Miestokráľ/Vicekráľ Markíz,
Markíza		 Gróf,
Grófka		 Vikomt,
Vikontesa		 Barón,
Barónka		 Baronet Rytier  
Slovene Cesar,
Cesarica		 Kralj,
Kraljica		 Veliki vojvoda,
Velika vojvodinja		 Nadvojvoda,
Nadvojvodinja		 Vojvoda,
Vojvodinja		 Volilni knez,
Volilna kneginja		 Knez,
Kneginja		 Podkralj,
Podkraljica		 Markiz,
Markiza		 Grof,
Grofica		 Vikont,
Vikontinja		 Baron,
Baronica		 Baronet,
Baronetinja		 Vitez Oproda
Swedish Kejsare,
Kejsarinna		 Kung,
Drottning		 Storhertig/Storfurste,
Storhertiginna/Storfurstinna		 Ärkehertig,
ärkehertiginna		 Hertig,
hertiginna		 Kurfurste
Kurfurstinna		 Prins/Furste,
Prinsessa/Furstinna[19]		 Vicekung,
Vicedrottning		 Markis/markgreve,
markisinna/markgrevinna[19]		 Greve,
Grevinna		 Vicomte,
Vicomtessa		 Baron, Herre, Friherre,
Baronessa, Fru, Friherreinde		   Riddare/Frälseman,
Fru[19]		  
Turkish İmparator,
İmparatoriçe		 Kral,
Kraliçe		 Grandük,
Grandüşes		 Arşidük,
Arşidüşes		 Dük,
Düşes		 Veliaht Prens,
Veliaht Prenses		 Prens,
Prenses		 Vezir; Marki,
Markiz		 Kont,
Kontes		 Vikont,
Vikontes		 Baron,
Barones		 Baronet,
Baronetes		 Şövalye Bey, Efendi
Welsh Ymerawdwr,
Ymerodres		 Brenin,
Brenhines		 Archddug,
Archdduges		 Archddug,
Archdduges		 Dug,
Duges		   Tywysog,
Tywysoges		 Marcwis/Ardalydd,
Ardalyddes		 Iarll/Cownt,
Iarlles/Cowntes		 Iarll,
Iarlles		 Barwn,
Barwnes		 Barwnig,
Barwniges		 Marchog  

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Loss of sovereignty or fief does not necessarily lead to loss of title. The position in the ranking table is however accordingly adjusted. The occurrence of fiefs has changed from time to time, and from country to country. For instance, dukes in England rarely had a duchy to rule.
  2. ↑ Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte 1982, vol 1, p21-22
  3. ↑ Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte 1982, vol 2, p106
  4. ↑ A duke who is not actually or formerly sovereign, or a member of a reigning or formerly reigning dynasty, such as British, French, Portuguese, Spanish and most Italian dukes, is a non-dynastic noble ranking above a marquis.
  5. ↑ Meyers Taschenlexikon Geschichte 1982, vol 1, p22 & vol 2, p198
  6. ↑ Ruling of the Court of the Lord Lyon (26/2/1948, Vol. IV, page 26): "With regard to the words 'untitled nobility' employed in certain recent birthbrieves in relation to the (Minor) Baronage of Scotland, Finds and Declares that the (Minor) Barons of Scotland are, and have been both in this nobiliary Court and in the Court of Session recognised as a 'titled nobility' and that the estait of the Baronage (i.e. Barones Minores) are of the ancient Feudal Nobility of Scotland".
  7. ↑ There are actually three Scottish dignities that are types of a Scottish Baron; these are (in descending order of rank): Scottish feudal Earl, Scottish Feudal Lord, and Scottish feudal Baron (the general name for the dignity listed above among the ranks of aristocratic gentry).
  8. ↑ Dodd, Charles R. (1843) A manual of dignities, privilege, and precedence: including lists of the great public functionaries, from the revolution to the present time, London: Whittaker & Co., p.248
  9. ↑ The meaning of the title Esquire became (and remains) quite diffuse, and may indicate anything from no aristocratic status, to some official government civil appointment, or (more historically) the son of a knight or noble who had no other title above just Gentleman.
  10. ↑ In the United States, where there is no nobility, the title esquire is sometimes arrogated (without any governmental authorization) by lawyers admitted to the state bar.
  11. ↑ Larence, Sir James Henry (1827) [first published 1824]. The nobility of the British Gentry or the political ranks and dignities of the British Empire compared with those on the continent (2nd ed.). London: T.Hookham -- Simpkin and Marshall. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
  12. ↑ "RIS Dokument". bka.gv.at.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Prince" (Prinz in German, Prins in Swedish, Prinssi in Finnish, "Principe" in Spanish) can also be a title of junior members of royal houses. In the British system, for example, prince is not a rank of nobility but a title held exclusively by members of the royal family.
  14. ↑ Does not confer nobility in the British system.
  15. ↑ Non-hereditary. Does not confer nobility in the British system. See also squire and esquire.
  16. ↑ Latin titles are for etymological comparisons. They do not accurately reflect their medieval counterparts.
  17. ↑ The title Markýz was not used in Bohemia and thus referred only to foreign nobility, while the title Markrabě (the same as the German Markgraf) is connected only to a few historical territories (including the former marches on the borders of the Holy Roman Empire, or Moravia).
  18. ↑ Finland accorded the noble ranks of Ruhtinas, Kreivi, Vapaaherra and Aatelinen. The titles Suurherttua, Arkkiherttua, Vaaliruhtinas, Prinssi, Markiisi, Jaarli, Varakreivi, Paroni, and Baronetti were not granted in Finland, though they are used of foreign titleholders. Keisari, Kuningas, Suuriruhtinas, Prinssi, and Herttua have been used as official titles of members of the dynasties that ruled Finland, though not granted as titles of nobility. Some feudally-based privileges in landowning, connected to nobily related lordship, existed into the nineteenth century; and fiefs were common in the late medieval and early modern eras. The title Ritari was not commonly used except in the context of knightly orders. The lowest, untitled level of hereditary nobility was that of the "Aatelinen" (i.e. "noble").
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 No noble titles were granted after 1906 when the unicameral legislatures (Eduskunta) were established, removing the constitutional status of the so-called First Estate. However, noble ranks were granted in Finland until 1917 (there, the lowest, untitled level of hereditary nobility was "Aatelinen", or "noble"; it was in essence a rank, not a title).
  20. ↑ In central Europe, the title of Fürst or kníže (e.g. Fürst von Liechtenstein) ranks below the title of a duke (e.g. Duke of Brunswick). The title of Vizegraf was not used in German-speaking countries, and the titles of Ritter and Edler were not commonly used.
  21. ↑ In the German system by rank approximately equal to Landgraf and Pfalzgraf.
  22. ↑ The "vitéz" title was introduced in Hungary after 1920. In preceding ages simply meant a warrior or a courageous man.
  23. ↑ In keeping with the principle of equality among noblemen, no noble titles (with few exceptions) below that of prince were allowed in Poland. The titles in italics are simply Polish translations of western titles which were granted to some Polish nobles by foreign monarchs, especially after the partitions. Instead of hereditary titles, the Polish nobility developed and used a set of titles based on offices held. See "szlachta" for more info on Polish nobility.
  24. ↑ In Portugal, a baron or viscount who was a "grandee of the kingdom" (Portuguese: Grandes do Reino) was called a "baron with grandness" (Portuguese: Barão com Grandeza) or "viscount with grandness" (Portuguese: Visconde com Grandeza); each of these grandees was ranked as equal to a count.
  25. 1 2 3 For domestic Russian nobility, only the titles Kniaz and Boyar were used before the 18th century, when Graf was added.

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