List of nuclear power accidents by country

The abandoned city of Pripyat, Ukraine with the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the distance.

Worldwide, many nuclear accidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. Two thirds of these mishaps occurred in the US.^[1] The French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) has concluded that technical innovation cannot eliminate the risk of human errors in nuclear plant operation.

An interdisciplinary team from MIT has estimated that given the expected growth of nuclear power from 2005–2055, at least four serious nuclear power accidents would be expected in that period.^[1]

Nuclear safety

The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new safer (but generally untested) reactor designs but there is no guarantee that the reactors will be designed, built and operated correctly.^[2] Mistakes do occur and the designers of reactors at Fukushima in Japan did not anticipate that a tsunami generated by an earthquake would disable the backup systems that were supposed to stabilize the reactor after the earthquake.^[3] According to UBS AG, the Fukushima I nuclear accidents have cast doubt on whether even an advanced economy like Japan can master nuclear safety.^[4] Catastrophic scenarios involving terrorist attacks are also conceivable.^[2] An interdisciplinary team from MIT has estimated that given the expected growth of nuclear power from 2005–2055, at least four serious nuclear accidents would be expected in that period.^[1][5] To date, there have been five serious accidents (core damage) in the world since 1970 (one at Three Mile Island in 1979; one at Chernobyl in 1986; and three at Fukushima-Daiichi in 2011), corresponding to the beginning of the operation of generation II reactors. This is an average of one serious accident every eight years.

Overview

Globally, there have been at least 99 (civilian and military) recorded nuclear power plant accidents from 1952 to 2009 (defined as incidents that either resulted in the loss of human life or more than US$50,000 of property damage, the amount the US federal government uses to define nuclear energy accidents that must be reported), totaling US$20.5 billion in property damages. Property damage costs include destruction of property, emergency response, environmental remediation, evacuation, lost product, fines, and court claims.^[6] Because nuclear power plants are large and complex, accidents on site tend to be relatively expensive.^[7]

The 1979 Three Mile Island accident in Pennsylvania was caused by a series of failures in secondary systems at the reactor, which allowed radioactive steam to escape and resulted in the partial core meltdown of one of two reactors at the site, making it the most significant accident in U.S. history.^[8]

The world's worst nuclear accident has been the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the Ukraine, one of two accidents that has been rated as a level 7 (the highest) event on the International Nuclear Event Scale.^[9] Note that the Chernobyl disaster may have scored an 8 or 9, if the scale continued. The accident occurred at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant after an unsafe systems test led to a rupture of the reactor vessel and a series of steam explosions that destroyed reactor number four. The radioactivity plume spread to the surrounding city of Pripyat and covered extensive portions of Europe with traces of radioactivity, leaving reindeer in Northern Europe and sheep in portions of England unfit for human consumption. A 30 kilometres (19 mi) "Zone of alienation" has been formed around the reactor.^[10]

At least 57 accidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster, and over 56 nuclear accidents have occurred in the USA. Relatively few accidents have involved fatalities.^[6]

Note that not all ratings are final as Cancer and Uncounted/Hidden results may have/will occur.

Canada

Nuclear power accidents in Canada^{[11][12][13][14]}

Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)
3:07 p.m. Friday, December 12, 1952	CRL, Ontario, Canada	The NRX accident. A hydrogen explosion occurred in the reactor core due to a cascade of malfunctions and operator errors. The world's first major nuclear reactor accident.[15]	0	See NRX accident
May 24, 1958	CRL, Ontario, Canada	The NRU accident. A fuel rod caught fire and broke when removed, then dispersed fission products and alpha-emitting particles in the reactor building.	0	See NRU accident.
November 1978	WR-1 Reactor at Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada	LOCA loss of coolant accident. 2,739 litres of coolant oil leaked, most of it into the Winnipeg River. The repair took several weeks for workers to complete.[16]	0	Unknown.
August 1, 1983	Pickering nuclear Reactor 2, Pickering, Ontario, Canada	LOCA loss of coolant accident. Pressure tube, that holds the fuel bundles, ruptured due to hydriding. All four reactors re-tubed with new materials (Zr-2.5%Nb) over ten years.[17]	0	1 Billion dollars.[18]
March 1986	Bruce nuclear Reactor 2, Bruce County, Ontario, Canada	LOCA Loss of coolant accident. Pressure tube rupture during pressurizing test (reactor shut down). Pressure tube holds the fuel bundles.[19]	0	Unknown.
August 2, 1992	Pickering nuclear Reactor 1, Pickering, Ontario, Canada	A Heavy water leak of 2300 trillion becquerels of radioactive tritium into Lake Ontario, resulting in increased levels of tritium in Toronto drinking water .[20]	0	Unknown.
December 10, 1994	Pickering nuclear Reactor 2, Pickering, Ontario, Canada	LOCA loss of coolant accident. A spill of 185 tonnes of heavy water. The Emergency Core Cooling System was used to prevent a meltdown.[21]	0	Unknown.
June 11, 2002	Bruce nuclear Reactor 6, Bruce B station. Bruce County, Ontario, Canada	Pressure tube and calandria tube damage during a channel maintenance procedure, required replacement of the 2 tubes.[19]	0	Unknown.
December 21, 2009	Darlington nuclear station. Clarington, Ontario, Canada	Around 200,000 litres of water with trace amounts of radioactive isotope tritium coming from a storage tank mistakenly released by workers into Lake Ontario, representing 0.1% of the monthly allowed amounts of tritium for this power plant. .[22]	0	Unknown.
March 14, 2011	Pickering nuclear Plant A Pickering, Ontario, Canada	A leak of 73 cubic metres (73,000 litres) of demineralized water into Lake Ontario from a failed pump seal. There was negligible risk to the public according to the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission.[23]	0	Unknown.

France

Nuclear power accidents in France^[7][24]

Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)	INES rating
17 Oct 1969	Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux, France	50 kg of uranium dioxide melted inside of the A1 nuclear reactor of Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux, during a refueling operation	0	Unknown (likely far less than the 13 Mar 1980 accident)	4
25 Jul 1979	Saclay, France	Radioactive fluids escape into drains designed for ordinary wastes, seeping into the local watershed at the Saclay BL3 Reactor	0	5
13 Mar 1980	Loir-et-Cher, France	A malfunctioning cooling system fuses fuel elements together at the Saint Laurent A2 reactor, ruining the fuel assembly and forcing an extended shutdown	0	22	4
14 Apr 1984	Bugey, France	Electrical cables fail at the command center of the Bugey Nuclear Power Plant and force a complete shutdown of one reactor	0	2
21 May 1986	Normandy, France	Pipe maintenance at a fuel reprocessing plant at La Hague released a radioactive solution to which three welders and two plant workers were exposed.[25]	0	5
12 Apr 1987	Tricastin, France	Tricastin fast breeder reactor leaks coolant, sodium and uranium hexachloride, injuring seven workers and contaminating water supplies	0	50
27 Dec 1999	Blayais, France	An unexpectedly strong storm floods the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant, forcing an emergency shutdown after injection pumps and containment safety systems fail from water damage	0	55	2
21 Jan 2002	Manche, France	Control systems and safety valves fail after improper installation of condensers, forcing a two-month shutdown	0	102
16 May 2004	Cattenom-2, Lorraine, France	Sub-standard electrical cables at the Cattenom-2 nuclear reactor cause a fire in an electricity funnel, damaging safety systems [26]	0	12	1
13 Jul 2008	Tricastin, France	Dozens of litres of wastewater contaminated with uranium are accidentally poured on the ground and runoff into a nearby river	0	7	1
9 Aug 2009	Gravelines, France	Assembly system fails to properly eject spent fuel rods from the Gravelines Nuclear Power Plant, causing the fuel rods to jam and the defueling operation to be suspended	0	2	1
5 Apr 2012	Penly, France	Fire on a primary pump of the second reactor, followed by a small radioactive leak inside the pump	0	?	1

Germany

Nuclear power accidents in Germany^[7][24]

Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$ million)
4 May 1986	Hamm-Uentrop, Germany	Operator actions to dislodge damaged fuel elements at the thorium high-temperature reactor release excessive radioactivity to 4 km^2 surrounding the facility	0	267
17 Dec 1987	Hessen, Germany	Stop valve fails at Biblis Nuclear Power Plant and contaminates local area	0	13
Nov 24, 1989	Greifswald, Germany	A near core meltdown occurs at Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant. Three out of six cooling water pumps were switched off for a test. A fourth pump broke down and control of the reactor was lost; 10 fuel elements were damaged	0	443

India

Nuclear power accidents in India^[7][24]

Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)
4 May 1987	Kalpakkam, India	Fast Breeder Test Reactor at Kalpakkam refuelling accident that ruptures the reactor core, resulting in a two-year shutdown	0	300
10 Sep 1989	Tarapur, Maharashtra, India	Operators at the Tarapur Atomic Power Station find that the reactor had been leaking radioactive iodine at more than 700 times normal levels. Repairs to the reactor take more than a year	0	78
13 May 1992	Tarapur, Maharashtra, India	A malfunctioning tube causes the Tarapur Atomic Power Station to release 12 curies of radioactivity	0	2
31 Mar 1993	Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, India	The Narora Atomic Power Station suffers a fire at two of its steam turbine blades, damaging the heavy water reactor and almost leading to a meltdown	0	220
2 Feb 1995	Kota, Rajasthan, India	The Rajasthan Atomic Power Station leaks radioactive helium and heavy water into the Rana Pratap Sagar River, necessitating a two-year shutdown for repairs	N/A	280
22 Oct 2002	Kalpakkam, India	Almost 100 kg radioactive sodium at a fast breeder reactor leaks into a purification cabin, ruining a number of valves and operating systems	0	30

Japan

Nuclear power accidents in Japan

Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)	INES rating
8 Jan 1975	Mihama, Japan	Radioactivity released from Mihama nuclear power plant.[27]
2 Nov 1978	Fukushima No1, Japan	Japan's first criticality accident at No 3 reactor, this accident was hidden for 29 years and reported on 22 Mar 2007
2 Apr 1979	Tokaimura, Japan	Two workers suffer radioactive contamination at the Tokaimura complex.[27]
24-28 Jan 1981	Tsuruga, Japan	29 workers were exposed to radiation.[28]
8 Mar 1981	Tsuruga, Japan	56 workers were exposed to about 45 tonnes of radioactive waste which spilled from storage tanks at the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant. The waste was cleaned up with buckets and mops,[29][30] and was also discharged into Tsuruga Bay via the town sewer.[28] At the time, the plant had recorded 30 malfunctions since it was commissioned in 1970.[31]
31 Aug 1985	Fukushima, Japan	Fire at Fukushima nuclear power plant during routine shutdown.[27]
23 Jun 1986	Tokaimura, Japan	Twelve people suffer "slight" plutonium contamination while inspecting a storeroom.[27]
8 Feb 1991	Fukui, Japan	Radioactivity was released from Fukui nuclear power plant after an emergency release valve failed.[27] Officials said the release "did not pose a threat to humans or the environment."[32]
22 Feb 1993	Fukushima, Japan	High-pressure steam accident kills one worker and injures two others.[27]	1
December 1995	Tsuruga, Japan	The fast breeder Monju Nuclear Power Plant sodium leak.[29] State-run operator Donen was found to have concealed videotape footage that showed extensive damage to the reactor.[33]
11 March 1997	Tokaimura, Japan	The Tokaimura nuclear reprocessing plant fire and explosion. 37 workers were exposed to low doses of radiation. Donen later acknowledged it had initially suppressed information about the fire.[29][33]
18 Jun 1999	Shiga, Japan	A fuel loading system malfunctioned and set off an uncontrolled nuclear reaction and explosion.[29]
30 Sept 1999	Tokaimura, Japan	The criticality accident at the Tokai fuel fabrication facility.[29] Hundreds of people were exposed to radiation and two workers later died. This is not a nuclear power plant accident, however.[33]	2		4
2002	Onagawa, Japan	Two workers were exposed to a small amount of radiation and suffered minor burns during a fire.[33]
9 Aug 2004	Mihama, Japan	A steam explosion at the Mihama-3 station; the subsequent investigation revealed a serious lack in systematic inspection in Japanese nuclear plants, which led to a massive inspection program.[34]	5		1
2006	Fukushima No1, Japan	A small amount of radioactive steam was released at the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant and it escaped the compound.[33]
16 Jul 2007	Kashiwazaki, Japan	a severe earthquake (measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale) hit the region where Tokyo Electric's Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant is located and radioactive water spilled into the Sea of Japan; as of March 2009, all of the reactors remain shut down for damage verification and repairs; the plant with seven units was the largest single nuclear power station in the world.[34]
Dec 2009	Hamaoka, Japan	Leakage accident of radioactive water. 34 workers were exposed to radiation
11 Mar 2011	Fukushima No1, Japan	The world's second INES 7 accident. A magnitude 9.0 earthquake and associated tsunami triggered cooling problems at Fukushima 1 & 2 stations with several reactors. Hydrogen explosions cause structural damage, and loss of coolant results in meltdowns in three units. Radioactive steam was released into the atmosphere, and highly radioactive water spilled into the ocean through utility trenches. Some immediate injuries resulted. 117 workers received committed effective doses above 100 mSv, and 6 workers received doses above the emergency dose limit of 250 mSv.[35]			7

Pakistan

Nuclear power accidents in Pakistan^[36]

Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)
18 October 2011	Karachi, Pakistan	The KANUPP Karachi nuclear power plant imposed a seven-hour emergency after heavy water leaked from a feeder pipe to the reactor. The leakage took place during a routine maintenance shut down, and the emergency was lifted seven hours later, after the affected area was isolated.[36]	0	N/A

Russia

Nuclear power accidents in the Russian Federation

Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)
1992	Leningrad, Russian Federation	An RBMK reactor released a radioactive cloud which traveled over north-eastern Europe. Russian officials declared that they saw no immediate danger posed by the event.[37]
1997	Leningrad, Russian Federation	Worker Sergei Kharitonov revealed photographs of cracked walls and groundwater seepage at a nuclear power plant waste storage facility. He also revealed that the plant has been dumping 300 litres of contaminated water into the Gulf of Finland annually "for years".[37]	0	N/A
April 1998	Leningrad, Russian Federation	An RBMK reactor was shut down following the discovery of a radiation leak.[37]

South Korea

Nuclear power accidents in South Korea^[38]

Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)
4 October 1999	Wolsung, South Korea	22 workers employed by the Korea Electric Power Corp were exposed to radioactive liquid and gas at the Wolsung-3 reactor. Two workers were initially exposed when approximately 12 gallons of heavy water leaked during pipe maintenance. A further 20 workers were exposed during clean-up operations.[38]

Ukraine

Nuclear power accidents in Ukraine^[7][24]

Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)
26 Apr 1986	Pripyat, Ukraine	Steam explosion and meltdown (see Chernobyl disaster) necessitating the evacuation of 300,000 people from Pripyat and dispersing radioactive material across Europe (see Chernobyl disaster effects)	Fewer than 50 directly, eventually as many as 4000[39]	6700
October 1999	Pripyat, Ukraine	Metal structures broke, causing a gamma ray source to fall out of its container and expose two workers to "high" levels of radiation. The reactor was subsequently shut down until November.[37]

United Kingdom

Nuclear accidents in the UK^[7][24]

Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)	INES rating
Spring, 1957	Windscale, UK	Radioactivity release contaminated about 800 farms and introduced Strontium 90 to domestic milk supply. Milk was sold to the public without any warnings.[40]
8 Oct 1957	Windscale, UK	Fire ignites plutonium piles, contaminating surrounding dairy farms.[40]	0	78	5
May 1967	Scotland, United Kingdom	Partial meltdown at Dumfries and Galloway. Graphite debris partially blocked a fuel channel causing a fuel element to melt and catch fire at the Chapelcross nuclear power station. Contamination was confined to the reactor core. The core was repaired and restarted in 1969, operating until the plant's shutdown in 2004.[41][42]
Sep 1996	Dounreay, Scotland, UK	A fuel reprocessing plant was shut down after elevated radiation levels were detected in waste-water discharged to the sea.[43]
Feb 1998	Sellafield, UK	Two workers exposed to radiation due to a leak from a damaged bag containing a nuclear filter.[44]
19 Apr 2005	Sellafield, UK	20 tonnes uranium and 160 kg plutonium leak from a cracked pipe at the Thorp nuclear fuel reprocessing plant	0	65	3[45]

United States

Nuclear power accidents in USA

Date	Location	Description	Fatalities	Cost (in millions 2006 US$)
November 29, 1955	Idaho Falls, Idaho, US	Power excursion with partial core meltdown at National Reactor Testing Station's EBR-1 Experimental Breeder Reactor I	0	5
July 26, 1959	Simi Valley, California, USA	Partial core meltdown at Santa Susana Field Laboratory’s Sodium Reactor Experiment	0	32
January 3, 1961	Idaho Falls, Idaho, US	Explosion at National Reactor Testing Station's SL-1 Stationary Low-Power Reactor Number One	3	22
October 5, 1966	Monroe, Michigan, USA	Sodium cooling system malfunctions at Enrico Fermi demonstration breeder reactor causing partial core meltdown	0	19
August 11, 1973	Palisades, Michigan, USA	Steam generator leak causes manual shutdown of pressurized water reactor	0	10
March 22, 1975	Browns Ferry, Alabama, USA	Fire burns for seven hours and damages more than 1600 control cables for three nuclear reactors at Browns Ferry, disabling core cooling systems	0	240
November 5, 1975	Brownsville, Nebraska, USA	Hydrogen gas explosion damages the Cooper Nuclear Facility’s Boiling Water Reactor and an auxiliary building	0	13
June 10, 1977	Waterford, Connecticut, USA	Hydrogen gas explosion damages three buildings and forces shutdown of Millstone-1 Pressurized Water Reactor	0	15
February 4, 1979	Surry, Virginia, USA	Surry Unit 2 shut down in response to failing tube bundles in steam generators	0	12
March 28, 1979	Middletown, Pennsylvania, US	Loss of coolant and partial core meltdown, see Three Mile Island accident and Three Mile Island accident health effects	0	2,400
October 17, 1981	Buchanan, New York, USA	100,000 gallons of Hudson River water leaked into the Indian Point Energy Center Unit 2 containment building from the fan cooling unit, undetected by a safety device designed to detect hot water. The flooding, covering the first 9 feet of the reactor vessel, was discovered when technicians entered the building. Two pumps which should have removed the water were found to be inoperative. NRC proposed a $210,000 fine for the incident.[46]	0	-
March 20, 1982	Lycoming, New York, USA	Recirculation system piping fails at Nine Mile Point Unit 1, forcing two year shutdown	0	45
March 25, 1982	Buchanan, New York, USA	Damage to steam generator tubes and main generator resulting in a shut down Indian Point Energy Center Unit 3 for more than a year	0	56
June 18, 1982	Senaca, South Carolina, USA	Feedwater heat extraction line fails at Oconee 2 Pressurised Water Reactor, damaging thermal cooling system	0	10
February 12, 1983	Fork River, New Jersey, USA	Oyster Creek Nuclear Power Plant fails safety inspection, forced to shut down for repairs	0	32
February 26, 1983	Fort Pierce, Florida, USA	Damaged thermal shield and core barrel support at St Lucie Unit 1, necessitating 13-month shutdown	0	54
September 15, 1984	Athens, Alabama, US	Safety violations, operator error, and design problems force six year outage at Browns Ferry Unit 2	0	110
March 9, 1985	Athens, Alabama, US	Instrumentation systems malfunction during start-up, which led to suspension of operations at all three Browns Ferry Units	0	1,830
April 11, 1986	Plymouth, Massachusetts, US	Recurring equipment problems force emergency shutdown of Boston Edison’s Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant	0	1,001
March 31, 1987	Delta, Pennsylvania, US	Peach Bottom units 2 and 3 shutdown due to cooling malfunctions and unexplained equipment problems	0	400
December 19, 1987	Lycoming, New York, US	Malfunctions force Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation to shut down Nine Mile Point Unit 1	0	150
September 10, 1988	Surry, Virginia, USA	Refuelling cavity seal fails and destroys internal pipe system at Surry Unit 2, forcing 12-month outage	0	9
March 5, 1989	Tonopah, Arizona, USA	Atmospheric dump valves fail at Palo Verde Unit 1, leading to main transformer fire and emergency shutdown	0	14
March 17, 1989	Lusby, Maryland, US	Inspections at Calvert Cliff Units 1 and 2 reveal cracks at pressurized heater sleeves, forcing extended shutdowns	0	120
November 17, 1991	Scriba, New York, USA	Safety and fire problems force shut down of the FitzPatrick nuclear reactor for 13 months	0	5
April 21, 1992	Southport, North Carolina, USA	NRC forces shut down of Brunswick Units 1 and 2 after emergency diesel generators fail	0	2
February 3, 1993	Bay City, Texas, USA	Auxiliary feed-water pumps fail at South Texas Project Units 1 and 2, prompting rapid shutdown of both reactors	0	3
February 27, 1993	Buchanan, New York, USA	New York Power Authority shuts down Indian Point Energy Center Unit 3 after AMSAC system fails	0	2
March 2, 1993	Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee, USA	Equipment failures and broken pipes cause shut down of Sequoyah Unit 1	0	3
December 25, 1993	Newport, Michigan, USA	Shut down of Fermi Unit 2 after main turbine experienced major failure due to improper maintenance	0	67
14 January 1995	Wiscasset, Maine, USA	Steam generator tubes unexpectedly crack at Maine Yankee nuclear reactor; shut down of the facility for a year	0	62
May 16, 1995	Salem, New Jersey, USA	Ventilation systems fail at Salem Units 1 and 2	0	34
February 20, 1996	, Connecticut, US	Leaking valve forces shutdown Millstone Nuclear Power Plant Units 1 and 2, multiple equipment failures found	0	254
September 2, 1996	Crystal River, Florida, US	Balance-of-plant equipment malfunction forces shutdown and extensive repairs at Crystal River Unit 3	0	384
September 5, 1996	Clinton, Illinois, USA	Reactor recirculation pump fails, prompting shut down of Clinton boiling water reactor	0	38
September 20, 1996	Senaca, Illinois, USA	Service water system fails and results in closure of LaSalle Units 1 and 2 for more than 2 years	0	71
September 9, 1997	Bridgman, Michigan, USA	Ice condenser containment systems fail at Cook Units 1 and 2	0	11
May 25, 1999	Waterford, Connecticut, USA	Steam leak in feed-water heater causes manual shutdown and damage to control board annunciator at the Millstone Nuclear Power Plant	0	7
September 29, 1999	Lower Alloways Creek, New Jersey, USA	Major Freon leak at Hope Creek Nuclear Facility causes ventilation train chiller to trip, releasing toxic gas and damaging the cooling system	0	2
February 16, 2002	Oak Harbor, Ohio, US	Severe corrosion of control rod forces 24-month outage of Davis-Besse reactor	0	143
January 15, 2003	Bridgman, Michigan, USA	A fault in the main transformer at the Donald C. Cook nuclear power plant causes a fire that damages the main generator and back-up turbines	0	10
June 16, 2005	Braidwood, Illinois, USA	Exelon’s Braidwood Nuclear Generating Station leaks tritium and contaminates local water supplies	0	41
August 4, 2005	Buchanan, New York, USA	Entergy’s Indian Point Energy Center Nuclear Plant leaks tritium and strontium into underground lakes from 1974 to 2005		30
March 6, 2006	Erwin, Tennessee, USA	Nuclear fuel services plant spills 35 litres of highly enriched uranium, necessitating 7-month shutdown	0	98
November 21, 2009	Harrisburg, Pennsylvania	Twelve workers were contaminated after radioactive dust was mobilized at the Three Mile Island plant during pipe maintenance works.[47]	0
January 7, 2010	Buchanan, New York, USA	NRC inspectors reported that an estimated 600,000 gallons of mildly radioactive steam was intentionally vented after an automatic shutdown of Indian Point Energy Center Unit 2. The levels of tritium in the steam were below those allowable by NRC safety standards.[48]	0	0
February 1, 2010	Montpelier, Vermont, US	Deteriorating underground pipes from the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant leak radioactive tritium into groundwater supplies	0	700
June 24, 2013	Hanford, Washington, US	Deteriorating storage tanks leak 1 million gallons of reactor byproducts into the Columbia River	0	0

See also

• Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
• List of nuclear and radiation fatalities by country

References

1. Benjamin K. Sovacool (January 2011). "Second Thoughts About Nuclear Power" (PDF). National University of Singapore. p. 8.
2. Jacobson, Mark Z. and Delucchi, Mark A. (2010). "Providing all Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials" (PDF). Energy Policy. p. 6.
3. Hugh Gusterson (16 March 2011). "The lessons of Fukushima". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
4. James Paton (April 4, 2011). "Fukushima Crisis Worse for Atomic Power Than Chernobyl, UBS Says". Bloomberg Businessweek.
5. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2003). "The Future of Nuclear Power" (PDF). p. 48.
6. Benjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 379-380.
7. Benjamin K. Sovacool (2009). The Accidental Century - Prominent Energy Accidents in the Last 100 Years
8. Stencel, Mark. "A Nuclear Nightmare in Pennsylvania", The Washington Post, March 27, 1999. Accessed July 5, 2010.
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17. "Ontario’s Nuclear Generating Facilities: A History and Estimate of Unit Lifetimes and Refurbishment Costs. Page 8 and 24. Archived." (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 1, 2014.
18. "Canada's Nuclear Reactors: How much safety is enough?" Page 4(or page 11 of 51) "Tube rupture"
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21. "Pickering A Shutdown and Rehabilitation: A Brief History" page 4 (or page 11 of 51)
22. "Nuclear plant spills tritium into lake" The Toronto Star. Author Jesse McLean.
23. Pickering Nuclear plant reports water leak, CBC News, March 16 2011
24. Benjamin K. Sovacool. A Critical Evaluation of Nuclear Power and Renewable Electricity in Asia, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 40, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 393–400.
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30. "Nuclear accident in Japan may lead to indictment of executives". San Bernardino County Sun. 1981-02-22. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
31. "Japanese Nuke". Tyrone Daily Herald. 1981-04-21. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
32. "Faulty valve blamed in Japan nuclear leak". Santa Cruz Sentinel. 1991-02-13. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
33. Associated Press (March 17, 2011). "A look at Japan's history of nuclear power trouble". Bloomberg Businessweek.
34. The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007 p. 23.
35. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (October 2014), UNSCEAR 2013 Report - Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the nuclear accident after the 2011 great east-Japan earthquake and tsunami (PDF), New York: United Nations, ISBN 978-92-1-056501-1
36. Aziz, Faisal (October 20, 2011). "Leak at Pakistani nuclear plant, but no damage". reuters.com. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
37. Anderson, Jack; Kohn, Douglas (1999-10-11). "More nuclear disasters likely". Standard-Speaker. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
38. "Workers exposed to radiation at South Korean nuclear plant". The Kokomo Tribune. 1999-10-06. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
39. "The international experts have estimated that radiation could cause up to about 4000 eventual deaths among the higher-exposed Chernobyl populations, i.e., emergency workers from 1986-1987, evacuees and residents of the most contaminated areas". – World Health Organization. Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident 5 September 2005.
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External links

• The Worst Nuclear Disasters TIME magazine
• U.S. Nuclear Accidents Compiled by allen lutins
• "The world's worst nuclear power disasters". Power Technology. 7 October 2013.