List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans

This is a list of Consorts of the Ottoman sultans, the wives and concubines of the monarchs of the Ottoman Empire who ruled over the transcontinental empire from its inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. The imperial consorts held the titles of Hatun, Sultan (including Valide Sultan and Haseki Sultan), Kadınefendi, and Hanımefendi.

Honorific and titles

Hatun

Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: خاتون) was used as an honorific for women in the Ottoman period, roughly equivalent to the English term Lady. The term was being used for the Ottoman sultan's consorts. When the son of one of the consort ascended the throne she became Valide Hatun.

Sultan

Sultan (سلطان) is a word of Arabic origin, originally meaning "authority" or "dominion". By the beginning of the 16th century, the title of sultan, carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty, were replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably hatun for women and bey for men), with imperial women carrying the title of "Sultan" after their given names. Consequently, the title "Valide Hatun" also turned into "Valide Sultan". In this time, the title "Haseki Sultan" was created and used for the legal wife or Chief Consort of the Ottoman Sultan. For example, Ayşe Hafsa Sultan, Suleiman’s mother and first Valide Sultan, Hürrem Sultan, Suleiman’s chief consort and first Haseki Sultan, and Mihrimah Sultan, Suleiman's daughter and the most powerful princess in Ottoman history. This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative.[1] Towards the end of the seventeenth century the title hatun and sultan for imperial consorts was replaced by Kadınefendi and Hanımefendi.

Kadınefendi

Kadınefendi (Ottoman Turkish: قادين افندی) was the title given to the official wives of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The title first came in use during the reign of Sultan Suleiman II. The Sultan could have up to four and some times five women i.e. wives with the imperial rank of Kadınefendi and unlimited number of wives with the rank of Hanımefendi.

Hanımefendi

Hanımefendi (Ottoman Turkish: خانم آفندی) was the title given to the official consorts of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who came below the rank of Kadınefendi. The title was given to the Ikbals and Gözdes of the Sultan, which appeared for the first time in the reign of Sultan Mustafa II, the end of the seventeenth century, the start of the Ottoman Decline

Consorts of Ottoman Sultans

Name Parent(s) Birth name Origin Place of Origin Marriage Spouse
Malhun Hatun Ömer Abdülaziz Bey Mala Turkish 1280 Osman I
Rabia Bala Hatun Sheik Edebali Rabia Turkish 1289
Nilüfer (Bayalun) Hatun Porphyrogennetos of Yahisar Holofira Greek Bilecik, Byzantine Empire 1299 Orhan I
Asporça Hatun Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos Asporsha Palaiologina Greek Byzantine Empire 1316
Theodora Hatun Emperor Stefan IV Uroš
Empress Helena
Teodora Nemanjić Serb Serbian Empire 1345
Maria Hatun Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos
Empress Irene Asanina
Theodora Kantakouzene Greek Byzantine Empire May 1346
Eftandise Hatun Akbaşlu Mahmud Alp Effendi Turkish
Gülçiçek Hatun Maria Greek Byzantine Empire 1359 Murad I
Paşa Melîke Hâtûn Kızıl Murad Bey Pasha Turkish ?
........... Hâtûn Seyyid Sultan Ahi Turkish 1366
Maria Thamara Emperor Ivan Alexander
Empress Theodora[2]
Kera Tamara Bulgarian Bulgaria 1370
Fülane Hâtûn Prince Constantine Dragaš Serb Serbian Empire 1372
Fülane Hatun Prince Süleymanşah II Bey Turkish Kastamonu,
Isfendiyarid Principality
1383
........... Hâtûn Manuel Paleologus Greek Byzantine Empire 1386
Angelina Hâtûn Hungarian Count János [3] [4] Angelina Hungarian ? Bayezid I
.......... Hâtûn Byzantine Empire 1372
Devletşah Hatun Prince Süleymanşah II Bey
Mutahhare Abide Hatun
Devletşah Turkish Kütahya,
Germinayid Principality
1378
Maria Hâtûn Hungarian Count János Maria Hungarian ?
.......... Hâtûn Manuel II Palaiologos Byzantine Empire 1386
.......... Hâtûn John V Palaiologos Byzantine Empire 1389
Hafsa Hatun Amir Fakhr’ud-Dīn İsa Bey Hâfize Turkish Birgi, Aydinid Principality 1390
.......... Hâtûn Karamanoğlu .............. Karamanids ?
Sultan Hatun Prince Şaban Süli Bey Sultan Turkish Elbistan, Dulkadirid Principality ?
Olivera Despina Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović
Princess Nemanjić
Mileva Olivera Lazarević Serbian Kruševac, Serbia 1390
.......... Hâtûn ?
Şâh-Zâde Kumru Hatun Prince Hacı Şâd-Geldi Ahmed Paşa Şâh-Zâde Turkish Amasya,
Kutluşah Principality
Mehmed I
Şehzade Hatun Prince Dividdar Ahmed Bey Turkish Amasya,
Kutluşah Principality
Emine Hatun Prince Nasıreddin Mehmed Bey Emine Turkish Elbistan,
Dulkadirid Principality
1403
Alime Hatun Dulkadiroğlu .............. Alime Turkish Elbistan,
Dulkadirid Principality
1421 Murad II
Fülane Hatun Damad Karaca Paşa Balkan
Yeni Hatun Prince Amasyalı Mahmud-Şâh Bey Yeni-Şâh Turkish Amasya,
Tâceddin Principality
Tacünnisa Hatun Prince Izzeddin Isfendiyar Bey Hatice Halime Turkish Kastamonu,
Isfendiyarid Principality
1423
Hüma Valide Hatun Prince Taceddin Ibrahim II Bey Hatice Âlime Turkish Kastamonu,
Isfendiyarid Principality
1426
Meryem Hatun Despot Đurađ Branković
Princess Eirene Kantakouzene[5]
Mara Branković Serbian Serbia 4 September 1435
Hundi Hânim ?
Gülbahar Valide Hatun Abdullah Arnavud Emine Albanian 1446 Mehmed II
Gülşah Hatun Prince Damat Ibrahim II Bey Turkish Mut,
Karamanid Principality
1451
Sittişah Hatun Prince Süleyman Bey Mükrime Turkish Elbistan,
Dulkadirid Principality
15 December 1449
Hatice Hatun Damat Zağanos Paşa Hatice Balkan 1451
? Enez Ağabeyi Dorino I Gatteluzio 1454
Çiçek Hatun Türkmen Kardeşi Ali Bey Turkish 1458
Helene Hâtûn Mora Despotu Demetrios Paleologus Helene Mora ?
Anna Hâtûn David of Trebizond Anna Empire of Trebizond 1461
Alexias Hâtûn David of Trebizond Alexias Empire of Trebizond 1463
? Muhammed bin İbrahim Bey Karamanids 1471
Nigar Hatun Abdullah Vehbi ? Bayezid II
Şirin Hatun 1464
Bülbül Hatun 1465
Gülbahar Hatun Abd'üs-Samed[6]
or Prince Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey
Ayşe Turkish Elbistan,
Dulkadirid Principality
1469
Gülruh Hatun Abd'ül-Hay 1476
Hüsnüşah Hatun Prince Nasuh Bey Turkish Mut,
Karamanid Principality
?
Gül-Fem Hatun ?
Ferahşad Hatun Muhammed Bey ?
Fülane Hatun Damat Güveği Sinan Paşa Balkan ?
Muhterem Hatun Abd'ül-Hay[6] ?
Ayşe Hatun Meñli I Giray Ayşe Crimean Tartar Bakhchisaray, Giray dynasty ? Selim I
Hafsa Valide Sultan Abd'ûl-Muin[6] Ayşe ? Trabzon 1494
Mükerrem Hatun[7] Iskender Bey Suleiman I
Fülane Hatun Greek/African 1511
Gülfem Hatun 1511
Mahidevran Gülbahar Sultan Idar of Kabardia (?) Albanian or Circassian[8] 5 January 1512 / 1514
Hürrem Haseki Sultan (Roxelana) Ukrainian Priest Havrylo Lisowski
Leksandra Lisowska
Alexandra Lisowska Ukrainian Rohatyn, Kingdom of Poland June 1531
Gülşah Hatun Rachel Gradyana Hungarian Baja, Kingdom of Hungary 1523/1526
Afife Nurbanu Valide Sultan[9] Yosef de Nasi/Nicolò Venier
Violanta Baffo
Rachel Olivia de Nasi/Cecilia Venier-Baffo Italian Páros, Cyclades Islands, Republic of Venice ? Selim II
Selimiye Sultan Italian Venice, Italy ?
Safiye Valide Sultan Governor of Corfu Sofia Bellicui Baffo Albania Principality of Dukagjini Kosovo Murad III
Şahihuban Hatun
Şemsiruhsar Hatun Prince Pşeapşoko Kaytuk Bey Rohan Kaytukina Circassian Caucasus
Nazperver Hatun
Mihriban Hatun
Fahriye Hatun
Fülane Hatun Prince Mircea Ciobanul
Princess Doamna Chiajna
Wallachian Wallachia 1575
Fülane Sultan 1579 Mehmed III
Fülane Sultan
Handan Valide Sultan Helena Greek Greece 1589
Halime Valide Sultan Akuc Şolokhov Lakerbia Altunşah Şolokhov Lakerbia Abazin Caucasus 1589
Mahfiruz Hatice Sultan Prince Mirza Alkas Bey
Feride Şolokhov Lakerbia
Hatice Alkasovna Circassian North Caucasus 1603 Ahmed I
Fatma Sultan[10] Kuyucu Murat Pasha Fatma Ottoman Empire
Kösem Valide Sultan Greek Orthodox Priest Anastasia Greek Tinos, Greece
Ayşe Haseki Sultan Ahmed Bey Efendi Ayşe Turkish Istanbul, Ottoman Empire January 1620 Osman II
Akile Sultan Şeyhülislam Esad Efendi Rukiye Albanian Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 7 February 1622
Meylişah Hatun Mariça Serbian Serbia 20 October 1621
Ayşe Haseki Sultan Circassian Murad IV
Turhan Hatice Valide Sultan Nadia Ruthenian Ibrahim I
Saliha Dilaşub Valide Sultan Katarina Serb Rumelia 1641
Hatice Muazzez Sultan Eva Jewish Poland 1642
Ayşe Hatun Ayşe Crimean Tartar Crimea 1643
Mahienver Hatun Circassian 1644
Saçıbağlı Hatun Leyla Circassian North Caucasus 1645
Şivekar Hatun Meryem Armenian Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 1646
Hümaşah Sultan Hümaşah Circassian Caucasus 1647
Gülnûş Valide Sultan Greek Orthodox Priest Evmania Voria Greek Rethymno, Crete, Republic of Venice Mehmed IV
Hatice Kadınefendi Suleiman II
Behzat Kadınefendi
İvaz Kadınefendi
Sülün Kadınefendi
Şehsuvar Kadınefendi
Zeyneb Kadınefendi
Rabia Kadınefendi Unknown Rum Millet Ahmed II
Alicenab Kadınefendi Mustafa II
Bahtiyar Kadınefendi
Saliha Sebkati Valide Sultan Alexandra Greek
Hafise Kadınefendi
Ivaz Kadınefendi
Şehsuvar Valide Sultan Serbian nobility Marija Serb Rumelia
Afife Kadınefendi
Fatma Şahin Hanımefendi
Hanife Hanımefendi
Emetullah Kadınefendi Banu Ahmed III
Rukiye Kadınefendi
Emine Mihrişah Kadınefendi Jeanette French
Hatice Kadınefendi
Rabia Şermi Kadınefendi Ida Unclear
Zeyneb Kadınefendi
Emine Musall Kadınefendi Emine
Hanife Kadınefendi
Gülşen Kadınefendi
Ümmügülsüm Kadınefendi
Hürrem Kadınefendi
Meyli Kadınefendi
Fatma Hümaşah Kadınefendi Fatma
Nijad Kadınefendi
Nazife Kadınefendi
Şayeste Hanımefendi
Bahri Hanımefendi Ayşe
Hatem Hanımefendi
Hace Alicenab Kadınefendi Mahmud I
Hace Ayşe Kadınefendi Ayşe
Hace Verdinaz Kadınefendi
Hatice Rami Kadınefendi Hatice
Hatem Kadınefendi
Raziye Kadınefendi
Meyyase Hanımefendi
Fehmi Hanımefendi
Habbabe Hanımefendi
Sırrı Hanımefendi
Leyla Kadınefendi Osman III
Zevki Kadınefendi
Ferhunde Emine Kadınefendi Emine
Aynülhayat Kadınefendi Mustafa III
Fehmi Kadınefendi
Mihrişah Valide Sultan Agnes Georgian Caucasus 1760
Rif’at Kadınefendi 1759
Ayşe Adilşah Kadınefendi Ayşe 1765
Binnaz Kadınefendi
Ayşe Kadınefendi Ayşe Abdul Hamid I
Hümaşah Kadın Efendi 1775
Haciye Hatice Ruhşah Kadınefendi Hatice
Binnaz Kadınefendi
Müteber Kadınefendi
Mislinayab Kadınefendi
Nevres Kadınefendi
Mihriban Kadınefendi
Fatma Şebsafa Kadınefendi Fatma
Mehtabe Kadınefendi
Ayşe Seniyeperver Valide Sultan Sonja Bulgarian 1776
Dilpezir Kadınefendi
Nakşıdil Valide Sultan French Martinique 1783
Nükhetsezâ Hanımefendi[11][12] Caucasus
Nefizar Kadınefendi Selim III
Hüsnümah Kadınefendi
Zibifer Kadınefendi
Afitab Kadınefendi
Re’fet Kadınefendi
Nurişems Kadınefendi
Gonca Nigar Kadınefendi Fatma
Demhoş Kadınefendi
Tabısafa Kadınefendi
Mahbube Kadınefendi
Pakize Hanımefendi
Aynısafa Hanımefendi
Meryem Hanımefendi
Mihriban Hanımefendi Egyptian
Fatma Fericihan Hanımefendi Fatma
Şevrinur Kadınefendi Mustafa IV
Dilpezir Kadınefendi
Seyyare Kadınefendi
Peykidil Kadınefendi
Fatma Kadınefendi Fatma Mahmud II
Alicenab Kadınefendi 1810
Haciye Pertevpiyale Nevifidan Kadınefendi 1808
Mislinayab Kadınefendi
Ebrireftar Kadınefendi
Zernigar Kadınefendi 1825
Bezmiâlem Valide Sultan Abkhazian Georgia 1822
Aşubican Kadınefendi Tariel Dadiani Kethevan (Ekaterina) Dadiani Georgian Zugdidi, Georgia 1808
Vuzlat Kadınefendi
Nuritab Kadınefendi
Haciye Hoşyar Kadınefendi 1811
Pervizifelek Kadınefendi 1823
Lebrizifelek Hanımefendi
Hüsnimelek Hanımefendi
Zeynifelek Hanımefendi
Tiryal Hanımefendi 1826
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Hasna Circassian Caucasus 1829
Hüsnicenan Hanımefendi Shapsug Circassia 1835 Abdülmecid I
Servetsezâ Kadınefendi Prince Mansur Temruko
Princess Fülane Dadeşkeliani
Temruko Circassian Maykop, Russia 1837
Hoşyar Kadınefendi Zurab Tuskia Tuskia Georgian Zugdidi, Georgia 1839
Şevkefza Valide Sultan Mehmed Zaurum
Cemile Hanım
Zaurum Abkhazian Poti, Georgia 1 August 1839
Tirimüjgan Kadınefendi Bekhan Bey
Almaş Hanım
Shapsug North Caucasus 1840
Gülcemal Kadınefendi Hatice Bosnian Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1840
Verdicenan Kadınefendi Prince Kaytuk Giorgi Açba
Princess Yelizaveta Hanım
Saliha Açba Abkhazian Sukhumi, Abkhazia 17 December 1840
Zerrin Melek Hanımefendi Prince Aslan Klıç
Princess Şaşa Loo
Klıç Abkhazian North Caucasus 1841
Nükhetsezâ Hanımefendi Hatuğ Baras
Ferhunde Hanım
Hatice Baras Abkhazian Abkhazia 21 October 1841
Nesrin Hanımefendi Manuçar Asemiani
Mahra Hanım
Adile Asemiani Georgian Poti, Georgia 1842
Düzdidil Hanımefendi Şıhım Dişan
Princess Fülane Çaçba
Ayşe Dişan Ubykh North Caucasus 2 October 1842
Şayan Kadınefendi Ahmed Vozden
Nurhan Kucha
Vozden Ubykh Sochi, Russia 1843
Mehtab Kadınefendi Hişam Bey
Malika Hanım
Nuriye Chechen Makhachkala, Russia 1845
Ceylanyar Hanımefendi Mustafa Berzeg
Princess Daruhan Dudaruk
Nafiye Berzeg Ubykh Sochi, Russia 1847
Nergizu Hanımefendi Albora Bey
Dadüse Hanım
Natukhai Anapa, Russia 1847
Nâvek-i Misâl Hanım Efendi Prince Rustem Bey Biberd
Princess Fatma Kızılbek
Biberd Abkhazian North Caucasus 1848
Bezmara Kadınefendi Circassian Circassia 1849 - 1852
Nalanıdil Hanımefendi Prince Natıkhu Çıpakue Çıpakue Natukhai Anapa, Russia 1850
Şayeste Hanımefendi Prince Tataş İnalipa
Sarey Hanım
İnalipa Abkhazian Sukhumi, Abkhazia 1851
Serfiraz Hanımefendi Prince Osman Liah
Zeliha Tapsın
Ayşe Liah Abkhazian Abkhazia 1852
Gülüstü Kadınefendi Prince Tahir Çaçba
Afişe Lakerba
Fatma Çaçba Abkhazian Sukhumi, Abkhazia August 1854
Perestu Valide Sultan Gök Gogen
Şah Hanım
Rahime Gogen Ubykh Sochi, Russia 20 January 1856
Ne'veser Hanımefendi Mısost Eşba
Tulu Svamba
Esma Eşba Abkhazian Abkhazia 1858
Yıldız Hanımefendi Selim Şermat
Princess Rebiye Hanım
Zijan Şermat Circassian North Caucasus 1858
Safderun Hanımefendi Battal Bey
Princess İmrethan Jantemir
Besleney North Caucasus 1859
Dürrünev Kadınefendi Prince Mahmud Dziapş-lpa
Princess Halime Çikotua
Melek Dziapş-İpa Abkhazian Batumi, Georgia 20 May 1856 Abdülaziz
Edadil Kadınefendi Prince Tandal Aredba
Aublaa Hanım
Aredba Abkhazian Adlersky, Sochi, Russia 1861
Hayranidil Kadınefendi Georgian Kars, Ottoman Empire 21 September 1865
Neşerek Kadınefendi Prince Ismail Zevş-Barakay Nesrin Zevş-Barakay Ubykh North Caucasus 1868
Gevheri Kadınefendi Salih Svatnba
Princess Şaziye Tsanba
Emine Svatnba Abkhazian Gudauta, Abkhazia 1872
Eleru Kadınefendi Ahmed Tarkanişvili Mevhibe Tarkanişvili Georgian Tbilisi, Georgia 21 January 1857 Murad V
Reftarıdil Kadınefendi Hatkoyuko Hatko Hatko Abkhazian North Caucasus 4 February 1859
Şayan Kadınefendi Batır Zan Safiye Zan Natukhai Anapa, Russia 5 February 1869
Meyliservet Kadınefendi Circassian Batumi, Georgia 8 June 1874
Resan Hanımefendi Ömer Bey
Fatma Hanım
Ayşe Georgian Artvin, Ottoman Empire 2 November 1877
Cevherriz Hanımefendi Halil Bey Ubykh Sochi, Russia 1879
Nevdür Hanımefendi Rüstem Nakaşvili
Fevziye Hanım
Şadiye Nakaşvili Georgian Batumi, Georgia 1880
Remişnaz Hanımefendi Hasan Topçu Fehitne Topçu Bzhedug North Caucasus 1884
Filizten Hanımefendi Prince Şahin Çaabalurhva
Princess Adilhan Loo
Naime Filiz Çaabalurhva Abkhazian Pitsunda, Georgia 1887
Nazikedâ Kadınefendi Prince Arzakan Tsanba
Princess Esma Klıç
Tsanba Abkhazian Abkhazia 1863 Abdul Hamid II
Safinaz Nurefzun Kadınefendi Selim Şermat
Princess Rebiye Hanım
Ayşe Şermat Circassian North Caucasus October 1868 -
26 June 1879
Bedrifelek Kadınefendi Prince Mehmed Karzeg
Princess Faruhan İnal-lpa
Karzeg Natukhai Anapa, Russia 15 November 1868
Biydâr Kadınefendi Prince Ibrahim Talustan
Princess Şahika İffet Lortkipanidze
Talustan Kabarday Kobuleti, Adjara, Georgia 2 September 1875
Dilpesend Kadınefendi Georgian Tbilisi, Georgia 10 April 1884
Mezide Mestan Kadınefendi Kaymat Mikanba
Princess Feryal Marşan
Kadriye Mikanba Abkhazian Gagra, Abkhazia 2 February 1885
Emsalinur Kadınefendi Kaya Abkhazian Abkhazia 20 November 1885
Destizer Müşfikâ Kadınefendi Mahmud Ağır
Emine Hanım
Ayşe Ağırba Abkhazian Hopa, Caucasus 12 February 1886
Sazkâr Hanımefendi Bata Maan Atiye Maan Abkhazian Ayvacık, Çanakkale, Ottoman Empire 31 August 1890
Peyveste Hanımefendi Prince Osman Emuhvari
Princess Hesna Çaabalurhva
Rabia Emuhvari Abkhazian Pitsunda, Georgia 24 January 1893
Fatma Pesend Hanımefendi Prince Sami Açba
Princess Fatıma Ismailevna Mamleeva
Fatma Kadriye Açba Abkhazian Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 20 July 1896
Behice Hanımefendi Albus Maan
Nazli Kucba
Behiye Maan Abkhazian Beynevi, Adapazarı, Ottoman Empire 10 May 1900
Saliha Naciye Kadınefendi Arslan Ankuap
Canhız Hanım
Zeliha Ankuap Abkhazian Yukarı Ihsaniye, Bartın, Ottoman Empire 4 November 1904
Kamures Kadınefendi Ubykh 30 September 1872 Mehmed V
Dürriand Kadınefendi Mustafa Voçibe Hatice Voçibe Circassian Caucasus 10 October 1876
Mihrengiz Kadınefendi Fatma Ubykh Sochi, Russia 4 April 1887
Nazperver Kadınefendi Prince Ismail Çikotua
Princess Aliye Dziapş-lpa
Emine Çikotua Abkhazian Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 1888
Dilfirib Kadınefendi Circassian Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 1907
Nazikedâ Kadınefendi Prince Hasan Ali Marşania
Princess Fatma Horecan Aredba
Emine Marşan Abkhazian Tsebelda, Abkhazia 8 June 1885 Mehmed VI
Inşirah Hanımefendi Aziz Voçibe Seniye Voçibe Ubykh Maşukiye, Ottoman Empire 8 July 1905 -
7 November 1909
Müveddet Kadınefendi Kato Davut Çıhcı
Ayşe Hanım
Şadiye Çıhcı Abkhazian Derbent, Russia 24 April 1911
Nevvare Hanımefendi Mustafa Çıhcı
Hafize Kap
Ayşe Çıhcı Abkhazian Derbent, Russia 20 June 1918 -
20 May 1924
Nevzad Hanımefendi Bargu Şaban Efendi
Hatice Hanım
Nimet Bargu Turkish Istanbul, Ottoman Empire 1 September 1921

See also

Notes

  1. Peirce, Leslie P (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. ISBN 0-19-507673-7.
  2. Павлов, Пламен. Търновските царици. В.Т.:ДАР-РХ, 2006.
    Queens of Tarnovo, Plamen Pavlov, 2006
  3. https://books.google.es/books?id=HGQR7GKP-SIC&pg=PP5&hl=ca&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false
  4. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=sQUVAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PR3
  5. J. V. A. Fine, "The Late Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest" (1994), page 530
  6. 1 2 3 The Imperial House of Osman - 4
  7. Von Anrep, Natalia (2016). Mahidevran. Lychatz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-942929-36-3.
  8. Leslie P., Peirce (1993). "Wives and Concubines: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries". The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016-4314: Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-19-508677-5.
  9. Bernard Lewis, The Muslim discovery of Europe, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2001, p. 192.
  10. http://web.archive.org/web/20060502150953/http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Turkey/turkey5.htm
  11. Yavuz Bahadıroğlu, Resimli Osmanlı Tarihi, Nesil Yayınları (Ottoman History with Illustrations, Nesil Publications), 15th Ed., 2009, page 395, ISBN 978-975-269-299-2
  12. The Imperial House of Osman - 8

References

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