Outline of history

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to history:

History – discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented (the beginning of recorded history).

Nature of history

History can be described as all of the following:

• Academic discipline – body of knowledge given to - or received by - a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialise in.
  • one of the humanities – academic discipline that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences.
• Field of science – widely-recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer reviewed research is published. There are many sociology-related scientific journals.
  • Social science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society.

Essence of history

• Chronology – science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time, such as in historical timelines.
• Past – totality of events which occurred before a given point in time. The past is contrasted with and defined by the present and the future. The concept of the past is derived from the linear fashion in which human observers experience time, and is accessed through memory and recollection. The past is the domain of history.
• Time – measure in which events can be ordered from the past through the present into the future, and also the measure of durations of events and the intervals between them. Time is often referred to as the fourth dimension, along with the three spatial dimensions. History describes what happened where, but also when (in time) those events took place.

Historical disciplines

• Archaeology – study of past human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data
• Archontology – study of historical offices and important positions in state, international, political, religious and other organizations and societies
• Art history – study of changes in and social context of art
• Chronology – locating events in time
• Cultural history – study of culture in the past
  • History of science – study of the emergence and development of scientific inquiry
• Economic history – the study of economics in the past
• Environmental history – study of natural history and the human relationship with the natural world
• Futurology – study of the future: researches the medium to long-term future of societies and of the physical world
• Historiography – both the study of the methodology of historians and development of history as a discipline, and also to a body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiography of a specific topic covers how historians have studied that topic using particular sources, techniques, and theoretical approaches.
  • Intellectual history
• History painting – painting of works of art having historical motifs or depicting great events
• Military history – study of warfare and wars in history
• Natural history – history of the natural world, now usually referred to as science
• Naval history – branch of military history devoted to warfare at sea or in bodies of water
• Paleography – study of ancient texts
• Philosophy of history –
• Political history – study of past political events, ideas, movements, and leaders
• Public history – presentation of history to public audiences and other areas typically outside academia
• Psychohistory – study of the psychological motivations of historical events
• Social history – study of societies and social trends in the past
• Universal history – study of trends and dynamics in world history
• Urban history – historical nature of cities and towns, and the process of urbanization
• Women's history – study of the roles of women throughout history
• World history – study of global or transnational historical patterns

Auxiliary sciences of history

Auxiliary sciences of history – scholarly disciplines which help evaluate and use historical sources and are seen as auxiliary for historical research.^[1] Auxiliary sciences of history include, but are not limited to:

• Archeology – study of ancient and historic sites and artifacts
• Chronology – study of the sequence of past events
• Cliometrics – systematic application of economic theory, econometric techniques, and other formal or mathematical methods to the study of history
• Codicology – study of books as physical objects
• Diplomatics – study and textual analysis of historical documents
• Epigraphy – study of ancient inscriptions
• Faleristics – study of military orders, decorations and medals
• Genealogy – study of family relationships
• Heraldry – study of armorial devices
• Numismatics – study of coins
• Onomastics – study of proper names
• Paleography – study of old handwriting
• Philately – study of postage stamps
• Philology – study of the language of historical sources
• Prosopography – investigation of a historical group of individuals through a collective study of their lives
• Radiocarbon dating – assignation of dates to artefacts from the distant past^[2]
• Sigillography – study of seals
• Statistics – study of the collection, organization, and interpretation of (historical) data
• Toponymy – study of place-names

History by period

History by period

• History of Earth
• History of the world
• News

History by chronology

• Timeline of the Big Bang
• Formation and evolution of the Solar System
• Geologic time scale
• History of the world (see also: World history)
• Universal history
  • Ancient history
    • Prehistory
    • Classical antiquity
  • Post-classical history
  • Modern history
• Pre-Columbian
  • Mesoamerican chronology
• Renaissance
• Future history

Ages of history

Prehistoric Ages

• Stone Age
  • Paleolithic
    • Lower Paleolithic
      • (Homo)
      • (Stone tools, spread of Homo Erectus to Eurasia, control of fire, and later spears, pigments, constructed shelter)
    • Middle Paleolithic
      • (Recent African origin of modern humans - Homo sapiens, Homo neanderthalensis)
      • (clothing, beads, burial, bedding, bone tools)
    • Upper Paleolithic
      • (behavioral modernity, atlatl, domestication of dogs)
  • Mesolithic
    • (microliths, bow, canoes)
  • Neolithic
    • (domestication, nomadic pastoralism, agriculture, proto-cities)
    • Stone Age Levant
      • Tell Halaf
      • Ubaid period
    • Neolithic Europe
      • (Linear Pottery)
      • (Vinča culture)
    • Neolithic China
    • Neolithic South Asia
      • Mehrgarh
    • Paleo-Indians (Americas)
  • Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
    • Uruk period
    • (Yamna culture)
    • (Corded Ware)
    • Europe
    • (Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica)

Historic Ages

• Ancient Age
  • Bronze Age
  • Iron Age
• Postclassical Age (Middle Ages)
  • Early Middle Ages
  • High Middle Ages
  • Late Middle Ages
• Modern Age
  • Early modern Age
  • Late Modern Age
  • Contemporary Age

Other Ages

• Axial Age
• Dark Age
• Viking Age
• Age of Discovery
• Age of Reason
• Age of Enlightenment
• Industrial Age
• Atomic Age
• Information Age
• Space Age

Regional histories

Regional history

• Ancient Egypt
• Babylonia
• India
• Classics
  • Ancient Greece
  • Ancient Rome
• Ancient China
• Mesoamerica

History by continent and country

• Timeline of country and capital changes since 1001 CE
• Timeline of ancient country changes before 1001 CE

Economic history by region

Military history by region

Eras by region

• Chinese Eras
• Japanese Eras
• Korean Eras
• Vietnamese Eras

History by field

History of Art

• History of art
  • History of the performing arts
    • History of dance
    • History of film
    • History of music
    • History of opera
    • History of theatre
  • History of visual arts
    • History of architecture (timeline)
    • History of design
    • History of drawing
    • History of film
    • History of painting
    • History of photography
    • History of sculpture

History of Culture

• Cultural history
  • History of archaeology (timeline)
  • History of banking
  • History of cooking
  • History of games
    • History of chess
  • History of literature
  • History of money
  • History of poetry
  • History of sport

History of Mathematics

• History of mathematics (timeline)
  • History of algebra
  • History of arithmetic
  • History of calculus
  • History of geometry
  • History of trigonometry
  • History of logic
  • History of statistics

History of Philosophy

• History of philosophy (timeline)
  • History of ethics
    • History of normative ethics
    • History of meta-ethics
  • History of humanism
  • History of logic
  • History of metaphysics
  • History of transhumanism
  • History of Western philosophy

History of Religions

• History of religions (timeline)
  • Axial Age
  • Evolutionary origin of religions
  • The Bible and history
  • History of Ayyavazhi
  • History of Buddhism (timeline)
  • History of Christianity (timeline)
    • Historical Jesus
    • History of the Catholic Church
    • History of Protestantism
      • History of the Puritans
  • History of creationism
  • History of Hinduism
  • History of Islam (timeline)
  • History of Judaism
  • History of Taoism
  • History of Wicca

History of Science

• History of science
  • History of science in general
    • History of scientific method
    • Theories/sociology of science
    • Historiography
    • History of pseudoscience
  • By era
    • History of science in early cultures
    • History of science in Classical Antiquity
    • History of science in the Middle Ages
    • History of science in the Renaissance
    • Scientific revolution
  • History of natural science
    • History of biology
      • History of biochemistry
    • History of physical science
      • History of nature
      • History of astronomy (timeline)
      • History of chemistry
      • History of ecology
      • History of geography
      • History of geology (timeline)
      • History of meteorology (timeline)
      • History of oceanography
      • History of physics

History of Social sciences

• History of the social sciences
  • Business history
  • Historiography
  • History of anthropology
  • History of archaeology (timeline)
  • History of criminal justice
  • History of economic thought
  • History of education
  • History of geography
  • History of linguistics
  • History of management
  • History of marketing
  • History of political science
  • History of psychology (timeline)
  • History of science and technology
  • History of scientific method
  • History of sociology (timeline)
  • Legal history (history of law)

History of Technology

• History of technology
  • Aviation history
  • History of agricultural science
  • History of agriculture
  • History of architecture (timeline)
  • History of artificial intelligence
  • History of biotechnology
  • History of cartography
  • History of communication
  • History of computer science
    • History of programming languages (timeline)
    • History of software engineering
  • History of electromagnetism
  • History of engineering
    • History of chemical engineering
    • History of electrical engineering
  • History of materials science
  • History of measurement
  • History of medicine
  • History of transport
  • Industrial history
  • Military history
    • List of battles
    • List of wars
  • Timeline of historic inventions

History of interdisciplinary fields

• Classics
• History of ideas

Methods and tools

• Prosopography – a methodological tool for the collection of all known information about individuals within a given period
• Historical revisionism – traditionally used in a completely neutral sense to describe the work or ideas of a historian who has revised a previously accepted view of a particular topic
• Historiography – study of historical methodology

General concepts

• Annals
• Big History
• Centuries
• Chronicle
• Chronology
• Family history
• Future
• Future history
• Genealogy
• Historian
• Historical classification
• Historical revisionism – reinterpretation of orthodox views on evidence, motivations, and decision-making processes surrounding a historical event. Though the word revisionism is sometimes used in a negative way, constant revision of history is part of the normal scholarly process of writing history.
• Historical thinking – scholastic reasoning skills applied to historical content, including chronological thinking, historical comprehension, historical analysis and interpretation, historical research capabilities, and historical issues analysis and decision making.
• History is written by the victors
• History of science and technology
  • Timeline of historic inventions
  • Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics
  • Timeline of mathematics
  • Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics
• Identity
• Intellectual history of time
• Landscape history
• List of time periods
• Marxist historiography
• Mythology
• Narrative
• Oral history
• Palaeography
• Past
• Periodization
• Prehistory
• Present
• Pseudohistory
• Social history
• Social change
• Virtual history

Historians

Historian

• Herodotus
• Dio Cassius
• Livy
• Appian
• Jean Froissart
• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
• Voltaire
• Edward Gibbon
• Thomas Macaulay
• Alexis de Tocqueville
• Arnold J. Toynbee
• J. B. Bury
• Will Durant
• Samuel Eliot Morison
• Francis Parkman

Lists

• Outline of archaeology
• Outline of classical studies
• Outline of medieval history
• Outline of the Renaissance
• List of historians
• List of timelines

References

1. Drake, Miriam A. (2003). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. Dekker Encyclopedias Series 3. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-2079-2.
2. Weart, Spencer (2004). "Uses of Radiocarbon Dating". American Institute of Physics. Retrieved 21 March 2015.

Further reading

• Williams, H. S. (1907). The historians' history of the world. (ed., This is Book 1 of 25 Volumes; PDF version is available)
• Wells, H. G. (1921). The outline of history, being a plain history of life and mankind. (ed., This is Book 1 of multi-volume set.)

External links

• Internet History Sourcebooks Project See also Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Collections of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use.
• WWW-VL: History Central Catalogue first history on the WWW, located at European University Institute
• BBC History Site
• History of things provides quality historical information about countries, sports, brands, music and many other facts and stuff.