Papal election, 1145

The papal election of 1145 followed the death of Pope Lucius II and resulted in the election of Pope Eugene III, the first pope of the Order of Cistercians.

San Cesareo in Palatio

Election of Eugene III

Pope Lucius II, during the whole of his pontificate, had to face the municipal commune at Rome, hostile towards the secular rule of the popes in the Eternal City. The republican faction elected Giordano Pierleoni, brother of the former Antipope Anacletus II, to the post of senator, and demanded that Lucius relinquish all temporal matters into his hands. The pope refused and led the small army against the seat of the commune on Capitol. He was defeated and seriously wounded in this attack, and died on 15 February 1145 in the church of S. Gregorio in clivo scauri.^[1] The cardinals present at Rome quickly assembled in the church of San Cesareo in Palatio and on the very same day unanimously elected to the papacy Bernardo da Pisa,^[2] pupil of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, who was abbot of the Cistercian monastery of S. Anastasio alle Tre Fontane near Rome and probably did not belong to the College of Cardinals.^[3] The elect took the name of Eugene III. Due to hostility of the Roman people, his consecration took place in the monastery of Farfa on 18 February 1145.^[4]

Cardinal-electors

There were probably 40 cardinals in the Sacred College of Cardinals in February 1145.^[5] Based on the examination of the subscriptions of the papal bulls in 1145^[6] and the available data about the external missions of the cardinals it is possible to establish that no more than 34 cardinals participated in the election:

Elector	Cardinalatial Title	Elevated	Elevator	Notes
Corrado Demetri della Suburra	Bishop of Sabina	1113/14	Paschalis II	Dean of the College of Cardinals; future Pope Anastasius IV (1153–1154)
Theodwin, O.S.B.	Bishop of Santa Rufina	ca. 1133	Innocent II
Pietro	Bishop of Albano	17 September 1143	Innocent II
Guarino Foscari, Can.Reg.	Bishop of Palestrina	22 December 1144	Lucius II
Rainiero	Priest of S. Prisca	22 December 1139	Innocent II
Gregorio della Suburra	Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere	1 March 1140	Innocent II
Tommaso	Priest of S. Vitale	1 March 1140	Innocent II
Gilberto	Priest of S. Marco	13 March 1142	Innocent II
Niccolo	Priest of S. Ciriaco	13 March 1142	Innocent II
Manfredo	Priest of S. Sabina	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Guido de Summa	Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Ariberto	Priest of S. Anastasia	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Ugo Novariensis	Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Giulio	Priest of S. Marcello	19 May 1144	Lucius II
Ubaldo Caccianemici, Can.Reg.	Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme	19 May 1144	Lucius II
Robert Pullen	Priest of S. Martino	22 December 1144	Lucius II	Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church
Guido Puella, Can.Reg.	Priest of S. Pudenziana	22 December 1144	Lucius II
Villano Gaetani	Priest of S. Stefano in Monte Celio	22 December 1144	Lucius II	Future archbishop of Pisa (1146–1175)
Gregorio Tarquini	Deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco	9 March 1123	Callixtus II	Protodeacon
Odone Bonecase	Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro	4 March 1132	Innocent II
Guido Pisano	Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano	4 March 1132	Innocent II
Ottaviano de Monticelli	Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere	25 February 1138	Innocent II	Future Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164)
Guido de Castro Ficeclo	Deacon of the Holy Roman Church	1139	Innocent II
Pietro	Deacon of S. Maria in Portico	19 September 1141	Innocent II
Gregorio	Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Astaldo degli Astalli	Deacon of S. Eustachio	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Giovanni Caccianemici, Can.Reg.	Deacon of S. Maria Nuova	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Giovanni Paparoni	Deacon of S. Adriano	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Rodolfo	Deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio	17 December 1143	Celestine II
Berardo	Deacon of the Holy Roman Church	19 May 1144	Lucius II
Giacinto Bobone	Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin	22 December 1144	Lucius II	Future Pope Celestine III (1191–1198)
Cinzio	Deacon of the Holy Roman Church	22 December 1144	Lucius II
Jordan, O.Carth.	Deacon of the Holy Roman Church	22 December 1144	Lucius II
Bernard, Can.Reg.	Deacon of the Holy Roman Church	22 December 1144	Lucius II

Thirteen electors were created by Pope Innocent II, nine by Celestine II, eleven by Lucius II, one by Pope Callixtus II and one by Pope Paschalis II.

Absentees

Elector	Cardinalatial Title	Elevated	Elevator	Notes
Alberic de Beauvais, O.S.B.Cluny	Bishop of Ostia	3 April 1138	Innocent II	Papal legate in France[7]
Imar, O.S.B.Cluny	Bishop of Tusculum	13 March 1142	Innocent II	Papal legate in England[8]
Guido Florentinus	Priest of S. Crisogono	1139	Innocent II	Protopriest; papal legate in Lombardy[9]
Rainaldo di Collemezzo, O.S.B.Cas.	Priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro	ca. 1139–1141	Innocent II	Abbot of Montecassino (external cardinal[10])
Ubaldo Allucingoli	Priest of S. Prassede	16 December 1138	Innocent II	Papal legate in Lombardy;[11] future Pope Lucius III (1181–1185)
Ubaldo	Priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo	19 December 1141	Innocent II	Papal legate in Poland and Denmark[12]

Notes

1. See Bernhardi, pp. 451–452; Robinson, p. 78; and The Catholic Encyclopedia
2. Robinson, p. 78
3. Bernardo's cardinalate is attested in some of the contemporary chronicles (cited by Bernhardi, p. 452 note 4); however, there are doubts concerning their factual accuracy due to lack of other documentary proofs of this affirmation, particularly the silence of Liber Pontificalis and the official papal documents. Bernhardi, pp. 451–452; Brixius, p. 41 no. 7; and Zenker, pp. 185–186 concluded that he was actually promoted to the cardinalate. Refutation by Horn, pp. 42–45.
4. Bernhardi, p. 453; Jaffé, p. 20
5. Reconstruction is based on Brixius, p. 22 note 6, and Horn, pp. 304–305, with the following correction: bishop Rodolfo of Orte (listed by Brixius) has been excluded because he was not a cardinal at that time (Zenker, pp. 52–53). Besides, the elect is not listed as cardinal, although Brixius indicates that he was.
6. Jaffé, pp. 7 and 20
7. Zenker, p. 18; he did not subscribe any papal bulls between 30 May 1144 and 18 November 1145 (Jaffé, pp. 7 and 20)
8. Zenker, pp. 44–45; he did not subscribe any papal bulls between 19 December 1144 and 18 November 1145 (Jaffé, pp. 7 and 20)
9. Kehr, vol. VI/1, p. XXVIII and vol. VI/2, p. XXI; he did not subscribe any papal bulls between May 1144 and April 1145 (Jaffé, pp. 7 and 20)
10. Zenker, pp. 191–192
11. Kehr, vol. VI/1, p. XXVIII and vol. VI/2, p. XXI; Karol Maleczyński, Studia nad dokumentem polskim, Wrocław 1971, p. 61 note 49. He did not subscribe any papal bulls between 30 April 1144 and 21 December 1145 (Jaffé, pp. 7 and 20)
12. Karol Maleczyński, Studia nad dokumentem polskim, Wrocław 1971, pp. 55–76; He did not subscribe any papal bulls between 19 February 1144 and 9 October 1145 (Jaffé, pp. 1, 7 and 20)

Sources

• Horn, Michael (1992). Studien zur Geschichte Papst Eugens III. (1145-1153) (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Verlag.

• Jaffé, Phillipp (1888). Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, vol. II (in Latin). Leipzig.

• Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1906–1975). Regesta pontificum Romanorum. Italia Pontificia. Vol. I–X (in Latin). SUL Books in the Public Domain.

• Robinson, Ian Stuart (1990). The Papacy 1073–1198. Continuity and Innovation. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31922-6.

• Zenker, Barbara (1964). Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159 (in German). Würzburg.

• Brixius, Johannes Matthias (1912). Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130-1181 (in German). Berlin: R. Trenkel.

• Bernhardi, Wilhelm (1883). Konrad III (in German). Leipzig: Verlag von Dunder & Humblot.