Papal election, December 1187

The papal election of December 19, 1187 was a papal election convoked after the death of Pope Gregory VIII. It resulted in the election of Cardinal Paolo Scolari, who took the name of Clement III.

List of participants

At the death of Gregory VIII there were probably only 20 cardinals.^[1] Basing on the countersigning of the papal bulls in December 1187^[2] it is possible to establish that only 9 cardinals^[3] were present at the death of Gregory VIII at Pisa:

Elector	Place of birth	Title	Elevated	Elevator	Notes
Paolo Scolari	Rome	Bishop of Palestrina	September 21, 1179	Alexander III	Archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian Basilica; elected Pope Clement III
Thibaud, O.S.B.Cluny	France	Bishop of Ostia e Velletri	1184	Lucius III	Elected Pope but declined
Laborante de Panormo	Pontormo	Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere	September 1173	Alexander III
Melior le Maitre, O.S.B.Vall.	Pisa	Priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo	March 16, 1185	Lucius III	Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church
Giacinto Bobone Orsini	Rome	Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin	December 22, 1144	Lucius II	Protodeacon; future Pope Celestine III (1191-1198)
Graziano da Pisa	Pisa	Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano	March 4, 1178	Alexander III
Ottaviano di Paoli	Rome	Deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco	December 18, 1182	Lucius III	Future bishop of Ostia e Velletri (1189-1206)
Pietro Diana	Piacenza	Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere	March 16, 1185	Lucius III
Radulf Nigellus	probably France	Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro	March 16, 1185	Lucius III

Five electors were created by Pope Lucius III, three by Pope Alexander III, one by Pope Lucius II.

Absentee cardinals

Probably eleven cardinals were entirely absent:

Elector	Place of birth	Cardinalatial title	Elevated	Elevator	Notes
Konrad von Wittelsbach	Bavaria	Bishop of Sabina and Archbishop of Mainz	December 18, 1165	Alexander III	Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals; external cardinal
Henri de Marsiac, O.Cist.	Château de Marcy, France	Bishop of Albano	March 1179	Aleksander III	Papal legate in Germany
Giovanni Conti da Anagni	Anagni	Priest of S. Marco	1158/1159	Adrian IV	Protopriest; future bishop of Palestrina (1190-1196)
Ruggiero di San Severino	San Severino	Priest of S. Eusebio and Archbishop of Benevento	Ca. 1178-1180	Alexander III	External cardinal
Guillaume aux Blanches Mains	France	Priest of S. Sabina and Archbishop of Reims	March 1179	Alexander III	Minister of State of the Kingdom of France; external cardinal
Albino, C.R.S.F.	Gaeta (?)	Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme	December 18, 1182	Lucius III	Future bishop of Albano (1189-1197)
Pandolfo	Lucca	Priest of SS. XII Apostoli	December 18, 1182	Lucius III
Adelardo Cattaneo	Verona	Priest of S. Marcello	March 16, 1185	Lucius III	Future bishop of Verona (1188-1214)
Soffredo	Pistoia	Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata	December 18, 1182	Lucius III	Papal legate in France
Bobo	Rome	Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria	December 18, 1182	Lucius III	Papal legate in France; future bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina (1189-1190)
Gerardo	Lucca	Deacon of S. Adriano	December 18, 1182	Lucius III	Papal Vicar; Cardinal-nephew (?) of Lucius III

Seven absentees were created by Lucius III, three by Alexander III, and one by Adrian IV.

Death of Urban III and the election of Pope Gregory VIII

Pope Gregory VIII died at Pisa on December 17, 1187 after a pontificate of only one month and twenty-seven days. Two days later the cardinals present on his deathbed started proceedings to elect his successor. The election was celebrated in the presence of Consul of Rome Leo de Monumento. In the first round of voting Cardinal Thibaud of Ostia was elected but declined. In the second round the cardinals unanimously elected Cardinal Paolo Scolari, bishop of Palestrina. He accepted his election and took the name Clement III.^[4] On January 7, 1188 he was solemnly crowned by protodeacon Giacinto Bobone Orsini and in February 1188 he returned to Rome.^[5]

Notes

↑ I.S. Robinson, p. 44 and 87; Kartusch, p. 31.
↑ Jaffé Philipp, Regesta..., p. 528, 535-536
↑ I.S. Robinson, p. 44
↑ A. Piazzoni, p. 175
↑ S. Miranda Cardinal Paolo Scolari

Sources

Jaffé, Philipp (1888). Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII. vol. II. Leipzig.
Kartusch, Elfriede (1948). Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227. Wien.
Piazzoni, Ambrogio (2003). Historia wyboru papieży. Kraków: Wyd. M. ISBN 8372216487.
Robinson, Ian Stuart (1990). The Papacy, 1073–1198: Continuity and Innovation. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521264987.

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