Timeline of the name "Palestine"

This article presents a list of notable historical references to the name Palestine, and cognates such as "Filastin" and "Palaestina", throughout the history of the region.

The term "Peleset" (transliterated from hieroglyphs as P-r-s-t) is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from c.1150 BCE during the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt. The first known mention is at the temple at Medinet Habu which refers to the Peleset among those who fought with Egypt in Ramesses III's reign,[1][2] and the last known is 300 years later on Padiiset's Statue. Since 1822, scholars have connected the Egyptian "Peleset" inscriptions with the Philistines,[3] described in the Masoretic bible as "pelistim". The Assyrians called the same region "Palashtu/Palastu" or "Pilistu", beginning with Adad-nirari III in the Nimrud Slab in c.800 BCE through to an Esarhaddon treaty more than a century later.[4][5] Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term.[6]

The first clear use of the term Palestine to refer to the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt was in 5th century BC Ancient Greece,[7][8] when Herodotus wrote of a "district of Syria, called Palaistinê" in The Histories, which included the Judean mountains and the Jordan Rift Valley.[9][10][11][12][13][14] In the treatise Meteorology c.340 BCE, Aristotle wrote, "there is a lake in Palestine". [15][16] [17][18] This is understood by scholars to be a reference to the Dead Sea.[19] Later Greek writers such as Polemon and Pausanias also used the word, which was followed by Roman writers such as Ovid, Tibullus, Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Dio Chrysostom, Statius, Plutarch as well as Roman Judean writers Philo of Alexandria and Josephus.[20] Other writers, such as Strabo, referred to the region as Coele-Syria[lower-alpha 1] ("all Syria") around 10-20 CE.[21][22]

In 135 CE, the Greek "Syria Palaestina" [lower-alpha 2] was used in naming a new Roman province from the merger of Roman Syria and Roman Judaea after the Roman authorities crushed the Bar Kokhba Revolt.

During the Byzantine period c.390, the imperial province of Syria Palaestina was reorganized into: Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda,[23] and Palaestina Salutaris.[23] Following the Muslim conquest, place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic.[4][24] The use of the name "Palestine" became common in Early Modern English,[25] was used in English and Arabic during the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem. In the 20th century the name was used by the British to refer to "Mandatory Palestine", a mandate from the former Ottoman Empire which had been divided in the Sykes–Picot Agreement.[26] The term was later used in the eponymous "State of Palestine".[27] Both incorporated geographic regions from the land commonly known as Palestine, into a new state whose territory was named Palestine.

Historical references

Ancient period

Egyptian period

A people called the P-r-s-t (conventionally Peleset). From a graphic wall relief at Medinet Habu, c.1150 BCE, during the reign of Ramesses III.
Padiiset's Statue "the impartial envoy/commissioner/messenger of/for Canaan of/for Peleset"

Assyrian period

Classical antiquity

Persian (Achaemenid) Empire period

Hellenic kingdoms (Ptolemaic/Seleucid/Hasmonean) period

Roman Jerusalem period

Palestine in c.43 CE according to Pomponius Mela (map as reconstructed by K. Miller, 1898)

(3) On Abraham: "The country of the Sodomites was a district of the land of Canaan, which the Syrians afterwards called Palestine"[67][19]

Roman Aelia Capitolina period

Palestine in c.150 CE according to Ptolemy (map by Claude Reignier Conder of the Palestine Exploration Fund)
"Syria Palaestin[a]" mentioned in a 139 AD Roman military diploma

Late Antiquity period

Late Roman Empire (Byzantine) period

Tabula Peutingeriana of c.400 CE showing a section of Palestine (Copy by Conradi Milleri 1888)
Notitia Dignitatum of c.410 CE showing Dux Palestinae[105]
Madaba map extract showing "οροι Αιγυπτου και Παλαιστινης" (the "border of Egypt and Palestine)
Undated Classical inscription from Constantinople, published by George Dousa in 1599, mentioning "Syriae Palaisteinae"[106]

Middle Ages

Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates period

Reconstruction of the c.700 CE Ravenna Cosmography showing "Palaestina"

Fatimid Caliphate period

World map c.1050 CE by Beatus of Liébana

Crusaders period

Tabula Rogeriana, showing "Filistin" in Arabic in the middle of the right hand page

Ayyubid and Mamluk periods

Palestina on the Fra Mauro map, 1459
Map of Palestine published in 1482 version of Claudius Ptolemy's Cosmographia by Nicolaus Germanus.
Map of Palestine published in Florence 1482 and included in the Francesco Berlinghieri expanded edition of Ptolemy’s Geographia (Geography)

Early modern period

Early Ottoman period

1570 map in Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, captioned "Palaestinae Sive Totius Terrae Promissionis Nova Descriptio" ("Palestine, the whole of the Promised Land, a new description")

⟨1650⟩

Map of Syrie Moderne (1683) from Description De l'Universe by Alain Manesson Mallet

⟨1750⟩

Published 1720
Published 1736
Published 1794
18th century maps of Ottoman Syria identifying the region of Palestine
1801 map of Turkey in Asia by English Cartographer John Cary. With Syria and Palestine
Ottoman Syria in the 1803 Cedid Atlas, showing the term "ارض فلاستان" ("Land of Palestine") in large script on the bottom left
Sectio I. Scriptores de Palaestina
I. Scriptores universales
A. Itineraria et Topographiae a testibus oculatis conditae. 70
B. Geographi Palaestinae recentiores, qui non ipsi terram istam perlustrarunt, sed ex itinerariis modo recensitis aliisque fontibus sua depromserunt. 94
II. Scriptores de Palaestina Speciales
A. Scriptores de aere folo et fetilitate Palaestinae. 110
[...]
E. Scriptores de variis argumentis aliis hue pertinentibus. 117

Modern period

Late Ottoman period

Turkey in Asia. (By Frances Bowen. 1810)
Published 1839
Published 1862
Published 1895
19th century maps of Ottoman Syria identifying the region of Palestine
Lord Shaftesbury's "Memorandum to Protestant Monarchs of Europe for the restoration of the Jews to Palestine", published in the Colonial Times, in 1841
Palestine, by Salomon Munk, 1913 (First published 1845 in French)
Females of distinction in Palestine, and even in Mesopotamia, are not only beautiful and well-shaped, but, in consequence of being always kept from the rays of the sun, are very fair.[267]
--DESCRIPTIONS. —1677. S. and Palestine. 284 z. —1783. The History of the Revolt of Ali Bey against the Ottoman Porte, including an Account of the Form of Government of Egypt; together with a Description of Grand Cairo, and of several celebrated places in Egypt, Palestine, and S. 623 v.
--GEOGRAPHY. —1532. S.æ, Palestinæ, Arabiæ, Ægypti, Schondiæ, Tabulæ Geographicæ. 992 x.
--TRAVELS. —1594. Peregrinatio in Egyptum, Arabiam, Palestinam, et S.m. 312 i. —1653. De Locis Antiochiam inter et Hierosolymam, necnon S.æ., et Phœniciæ, et Palestinæ, Gr. Lat. inter Leouis Allatii ???. 755 j. —1693. Journey through S., Mesopotamia, Palestine, and Egypt; in German. 792 e. —1704. Travels through Egypt, Arabia, Palestine, and S. 815 l. —1791. Travels through Cyprus, S., and Palestine. 644 g.[278]
Vol. I. Biblical History.[292]
Vol. II. Biblical History, Continued. Natural History And Geography.[293]

⟨1850⟩

Map of Modern Palestine in 1851 with administrative subdivisions
Map showing the "Quds Al-Sharif Mutasarrifate", from an atlas dated 1907. The map shows the 1860 borders between Ottoman Syria and the Khedivate of Egypt, although the border was moved to the current Israel-Egypt border in 1906. The area north of the Negev Desert is labelled "Filastin" (Palestine).
Khalil Beidas's 1898 use of the word "Palestinians" in the preface to his translation of Akim Olesnitsky's A Description of the Holy Land[331]

⟨1900⟩

1913 Ottoman textbook showing the name "Filastin" within the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem (green contour). The word stretches from Quds to Al-Arish

Formation of the British Mandate

Further information: History of Zionism and History of Israel
Passport, coin and stamp from Mandatory Palestine. When written in English all show "Palestine", with the latter two also showing Arabic: فلسطين‎ Filasţīn and Hebrew: פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (א"י) Palestína (EY)[346]

Biblical references

The Philistine Pentopolis

Palaistinê (whence Palaestina, from which Palestine is derived)[357] is generally accepted to have a correspondence within the Sacred texts of Judaism such that Palaistinê is a translation of the name Peleshet (פלשת Pəlésheth, usually transliterated as Philistia). Peleshet and its derivates are used more than 250 times in Masoretic-derived versions of the Hebrew Bible,[358] of which 10 uses are in the Torah, with undefined boundaries, and almost 200 of the remaining references are in the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel.[4][20][359] The term is rarely used in the Septuagint, who used a transliteration Land of Phylistieim (Γη των Φυλιστιειμ) different from the contemporary Greek place name Palaistínē (Παλαιστίνη).[9] The Septuagint instead used the term "allophuloi" (Αλλόφυλοι, "other nations") throughout the Books of Judges and Samuel,[360][361] such that the term "Philistines" has been interpreted to mean "non-Israelites of the Promised Land" when used in the context of Samson, Saul and David,[362] and Rabbinic sources explain that these peoples were different from the Philistines of the Book of Genesis.[360]

The Philistines and Philistia are mentioned more than 250 times in the Hebrew Bible.[363][364][28] The Hebrew word Peleshet (פלשת Pəlésheth) - usually translated as Philistia in English, is used in the Bible to denote the southern coastal region that was inhabited by the Philistines ("Plištim" (פְּלִשְׁתִּים Pəlištîm)[359] The Philistines first appear in a listing of the Hamitic branch of Noah's descendants.[365] The word Philistia is generally accepted to be a cognate of the word Palestine. However, the terms for biblical Philistia and geographical Palestine have been different since at least the second century BCE. As early as the LXX, thought to have been completed in 132 BCE, the biblical term for Philistines in Greek (Philistieim) was different from the contemporary Greek name for the region (Palaistine)[43]

The five books of the Pentateuch / Torah include a total of 10 references, including:[363][364]

The Historical books (see Deuteronomistic history) include over 250 references, almost 200 of which are in the Book of Judges and the Books of Samuel, including:[363][364]

Wisdom books include only 6 references, all in the Psalms, including:[363][364]

Books of the Major prophets and Minor prophets include around 20 references, including:[363][364]

See also

Bibliography

Notes

  1. 1 2 †Coele-Syria
  2. 1 2 †Syria Palaestina
  3. 1 2 †Achaemenid Empire

a. †Coele-Syria

During the Roman period "Palestine" was not the only geographical term for the region. For example, Strabo, in his description of Jerusalem and Judea, uses the term "Coele-Syria" ("all Syria"), and Pliny (as above) uses both terms. Pliny (Naturalis Historia 5.74, 77) and Strabo (16.2.16.754) do draw a distinction between the Decapolis and Coele-Syria. Josephus (Antiquities 13.355-356, 392; 14.79, 16.275; and War 1.103-104, 155), Philo and Ptolemy tend to use Coele-Syria for the Decapolis.[49][22][366]
Nomenclatures of Syria given by Strabo[367]
Primary Cœlê-Syria & Seleucis-Syria & Phœnicia &c. &c. Cœlê-Syria ≠ Cœlo-Syrians
Alternate Cœlo-Syrians & Syrians & Phœnicians Similar to nomenclature given by Herodotus
Coele-Syria (332-064 BCE), Greek writers used the term Palestine to refer to the region during this period, such as Polemon of Athens and Pausanias.[86][88][89][368]

b. †Syria Palaestina

Coinciding with either the precursors (129-130) or the end (135-136)of the Bar Kochba revolt, the name Syria Palestina was used officially for the entire region that had formerly included Iudaea Province.[369] The precise date is not certain.[21][370] The assertion of some scholars that the name change was intended "to suppress Jewish national feelings", "to complete the dissociation with Judaea", or "may also reflect Hadrian's decided opinions about Jews,"[81][371][372][373] is disputed.[9]

c. †Achaemenid Empire

Catalogues of Satrapies of the Achaemenid empire.[374]
  • Darius' Behistun inscription
  • Histories of the Greek researcher Herodotus
the tribute list
the list of Persian armed forces
  • the inscription on Darius' tomb at Naqš-i Rustam
  • the Daiva inscription of Xerxes.
There are many satrapies mentioned in a book about Alexander the Great, the Anabasis by Arrian of Nicomedia.
Darius, Behistun
(521 BCE)		 Herodotus, Histories 3.90-94
(Tribute list)		 Darius, Naqš-i Rustam
(492 BCE?)		 Herodotus, Histories 7.61-96
(Army list) (480/481 BCE)		 Xerxes, XPh
(daiva inscription)		 Arrian, Anabasis
(on history of the 4th century BCE)
Cappadocia district III/c:
Syrians, Phrygians		 Cappadocia Syrians
(= Cappadocians)		 Cappadocia Cappadocia
  district IV:
Cilicians		   Cilicia   Cilicia
Beyond the river district V:
Phoenicia; Palestina; Cyprus		   Phoenicia; Palestina; Cyprus    Syria; Palestina
 Egypt district VI/a:
Egypt		 Egypt Egypt Egypt Egypt

References

  1. 1 2 Fahlbusch et al., 2005, p. 185.
  2. 1 2 Ancient Records of Egypt: The first through the seventeenth dynasties, James Henry Breasted, page 24
  3. ↑ People of the sea: the search for the Philistines, Trude Krakauer Dothan, Moshe Dothan, Macmillan, 1992, p22-23. Jean-François Champollion, in 1822, was the first to make this connection.
  4. 1 2 3 Sharon, 1988, p. 4.
  5. ↑ Carl S. Ehrlich "Philistines" The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible. Ed. Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan. Oxford University Press, 2001.
  6. ↑ Eberhard Schrader wrote in his seminal "Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung" ("KGF", in English "Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research") that the Assyrian term "Pilistu" referred to "the East" in general. See KGF p123-124 and Tiglath Pileser III by Abraham Samuel Anspacher, p48
  7. ↑ Jacobson 1999: "The earliest occurrence of this name in a Greek text is in the mid-fifth century b.c., Histories of Herodotus, where it is applied to the area of the Levant between Phoenicia and Egypt."..."The first known occurrence of the Greek word Palaistine is in the Histories of Herodotus, written near the mid-fifth century B.C. Palaistine Syria, or simply Palaistine, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. Although some of Herodotus' references to Palestine are compatible with a narrow definition of the coastal strip of the Land of Israel, it is clear that Herodotus does call the "whole land by the name of the coastal strip."..."It is believed that Herodotus visited Palestine in the fifth decade of the fifth century B.C."..."In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense."
  8. ↑ Jacobson 2001: "As early as the Histories of Herodotus, written in the second half of the fifth century B.C.E., the term Palaistinê is used to describe not just the geographical area where the Philistines lived, but the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt—in other words, the Land of Israel. Herodotus, who had traveled through the area, would have had firsthand knowledge of the land and its people. Yet he used Palaistinê to refer not to the Land of the Philistines, but to the Land of Israel
  9. 1 2 3 Jacobson 1999.
  10. 1 2 The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara Steven S. Tuell Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (Nov., 1991), pp. 51–57
  11. ↑ Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast Anson F. Rainey Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (Feb., 2001), pp. 57–63
  12. ↑ In his work, Herodotus referred to the practice of male circumcision associated with the Hebrew people: "the Colchians, the Egyptians, and the Ethiopians, are the only nations who have practised circumcision from the earliest times. The Phoenicians and the Syrians of Palestine themselves confess that they learnt the custom of the Egyptians.... Now these are the only nations who use circumcision." The History of Herodotus
  13. ↑ Beloe, W., Rev., Herodotus, (tr. from Greek), with notes, Vol.II, London, 1821, p.269 "It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with Assyria. What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture."
  14. ↑ Elyahu Green, Geographic names of places in Israel in Herodotos This is confirmed by George Rawlinson in the third book (Thalia) of The Histories where Palaestinian Syrians are part of the fifth tax district spanning the territory from Phoenicia to the borders of Egypt, but excludes the kingdom of Arabs who were exempt from tax for providing the Assyrian army with water on its march to Egypt. These people had a large city called Cadytis, identified as Jerusalem.
  15. ↑ Again if, as is fabled, there is a lake in Palestine, such that if you bind a man or beast and throw it in it floats and does not sink (Aristotle, Webster ed. 2004, p. 38)
  16. 1 2 "Meteorology By Aristotle". Classics.mit.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  17. 1 2 Aristotle (1 January 2004). E. W. Webster, ed. Meteorology. Digireads.com Publishing. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-4209-0042-2. etvHt-bBafMC. Again if, as is fabled, there is a lake in Palestine, such that if you bind a man or beast and throw it in it floats and does not sink (Aristotle, Webster ed. 2004, p. 38)
  18. 1 2 Aristotle, Meteorology 1.8, trans. E.W. Webster, rev. J. Barnes.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Schmidt 2001, p. 29.
  20. 1 2 Robinson, Edward, Physical geography of the Holy Land, Crocker & Brewster, Boston, 1865, p.15. Robinson, writing in 1865 when travel by Europeans to the Ottoman Empire became common asserts that, "Palestine, or Palestina, now the most common name for the Holy Land, occurs three times in the English version of the Old Testament; and is there put for the Hebrew name פלשת, elsewhere rendered Philistia. As thus used, it refers strictly and only to the country of the Philistines, in the southwest corner of the land. So, too, in the Greek form, Παλαςτίνη), it is used by Josephus. But both Josephus and Philo apply the name to the whole land of the Hebrews ; and Greek and Roman writers employed it in the like extent."
  21. 1 2 3 4 Feldman 1996
  22. 1 2 The Hellenistic settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, 2006, Getzel M. Cohen, p36-37, "... it is important to note that despite its appearance in various literary texts of and pertaining to the Hellenistic period, the term “Palestine” is not found on any extant Hellenistic coin or inscription. In other words, there is no attestation for its use in an official context in the Hellenistic period."
  23. 1 2 Kaegi, 1995, p. 41.
  24. ↑ Marshall Cavendish, 2007, p. 559.
  25. ↑ Gudrun Krämer (2008) A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel Translated by Gudrun Krämer and Graham Harman Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-11897-3 p.16
  26. ↑ The British Mandate over Palestine
  27. ↑ 'State Of Palestine' Name Change Ordered By Palestinian Authority President Abbas
  28. 1 2 Killebrew 2005, p. 202.
  29. ↑ "Text of the Papyrus Harris". Specialtyinterests.net. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  30. 1 2 Killebrew 2005, p. 204.
  31. ↑ Bernard Bruyère, Mert Seger à Deir el Médineh, 1929, page 32-37
  32. ↑ Alan Gardiner, Ancient Egyptian Onomastica, Volume 1, Oxford, 1947, no. 270, pages 200-205
  33. ↑ Ehrlich 1996, p. 65.
  34. ↑ Ehrlich 1996, p. 168.
  35. ↑ Ehrlich 1996, p. 171.
  36. ↑ ND 2715 ( = XII; IM 64130; Plate 31), Re-edited in TCAE, pp. 390-3 and Fales, CLNA, pp. 90-95, 128-132,11.2 Translation in "The Nimrud Letters", 1952, H.W.F. Saggs, Volume: VI, 2001, page 156-157
  37. ↑ Ehrlich 1996, p. 190.
  38. ↑ COS, p. 2.118i and ANET, p. 287
  39. ↑ COS, p. 2.119D
  40. ↑ Daniel David Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib, Oriental Institute Publications 2, University of Chicago Press, 1924, p104
  41. ↑ COS, p. 2.120 and ANET, p. 533
  42. ↑ Rabinowitz, Nick. "Herodotus Timemap". Timemap.js - Open Source Javascript library. nickrabinowitz.com. Retrieved 12 December 2014. Book 1, Ch.105: From there they marched against Egypt: and when they were in the part of Syria called Palestine, Psammetichus king of Egypt met them and persuaded them with gifts and prayers to come no further. So they turned back, and when they came on their way to the city of Ascalon in Syria, most of the Scythians passed by and did no harm, but a few remained behind and plundered the temple of Heavenly Aphrodite. ἐνθευ̂τεν δὲ ἤισαν ἐπ᾽ Αἴγυπτον. καὶ ἐπείτε ἐγένοντο ἐν τῃ̂ Παλαιστίνῃ Συρίῃ, Ψαμμήτιχος σφέας Αἰγύπτου βασιλεὺς ἀντιάσας δώροισί τε καὶ λιτῃ̂σι ἀποτράπει τὸ προσωτέρω μὴ πορεύεσθαι.οἳ δὲ ἐπείτε ἀναχωρέοντες ὀπίσω ἐγένοντο τη̂ς Συρίης ἐν Ἀσκάλωνι πόλι, τω̂ν πλεόνων Σκυθέων παρεξελθόντων ἀσινέων, ὀλίγοι τινὲς αὐτω̂ν ὑπολειφθέντες ἐσύλησαν τη̂ς οὐρανίης Ἀφροδίτης
  43. 1 2 Jacobson 1999, p. 65.
  44. ↑ Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast, Anson F. Rainey, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (Feb., 2001), pp. 57–63
  45. ↑ Rabinowitz, Nick. "Herodotus Timemap". Timemap.js - Open Source Javascript library. nickrabinowitz.com. Retrieved 12 December 2014. Book 3, Ch.5: Now the only apparent way of entry into Egypt is this. The road runs from Phoenicia as far as the borders of the city of Cadytis, which belongs to the so-called Syrians of Palestine. From Cadytis (which, as I judge, is a city not much smaller than Sardis) to the city of Ienysus the seaports belong to the Arabians; then they are Syrian again from Ienysus as far as the Serbonian marsh, beside which the Casian promontory stretches seawards;from this Serbonian marsh, where Typho is supposed to have been hidden, the country is Egypt. Now between Ienysus and the Casian mountain and the Serbonian marsh there lies a wide territory for as much as three days journey, terribly arid. μούνῃ δὲ ταύτῃ εἰσὶ φανεραὶ ἐσβολαὶ ἐς Αἴγυπτον. ἀπὸ γὰρ Φοινίκης μέχρι οὔρων τω̂ν Καδύτιος πόλιος ἐστὶ Σύρων τω̂ν Παλαιστίνων καλεομένων·ἀπὸ δὲ Καδύτιος ἐούσης πόλιος, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκέει, Σαρδίων οὐ πολλῳ̂ ἐλάσσονος, ἀπὸ ταύτης τὰ ἐμπόρια τὰ ἐπὶ θαλάσσης μέχρι Ἰηνύσου πόλιος ἐστὶ του̂ Ἀραβίου, ἀπὸ δὲ Ἰηνύσου αὐ̂τις Σύρων μέχρι Σερβωνίδος λίμνης, παρ᾽ ἣν δὴ τὸ Κάσιον ὄρος τείνει ἐς θάλασσαν·ἀπὸ δὲ Σερβωνίδος λίμνης, ἐν τῃ̂ δὴ λόγος τὸν Τυφω̂ κεκρύφθαι, ἀπὸ ταύτης ἤδη Αἴγυπτος. τὸ δὴ μεταξὺ Ἰηνύσου πόλιος καὶ Κασίου τε ὄρεος καὶ τη̂ς Σερβωνίδος λίμνης, ἐὸν του̂το οὐκ ὀλίγον χωρίον ἀλλὰ ὅσον τε ἐπὶ τρει̂ς ἡμέρας ὁδόν, ἄνυδρον ἐστὶ δεινω̂ς.
  46. ↑ Rabinowitz, Nick. "Herodotus Timemap". Timemap.js - Open Source Javascript library. nickrabinowitz.com. Retrieved 12 December 2014. Book 7, Ch.89: The number of the triremes was twelve hundred and seven, and they were furnished by the following: the Phoenicians with the Syrians of Palestine furnished three hundred; for their equipment, they had on their heads helmets very close to the Greek in style; they wore linen breastplates, and carried shields without rims, and javelins.These Phoenicians formerly dwelt, as they themselves say, by the Red Sea; they crossed from there and now inhabit the seacoast of Syria. This part of Syria as far as Egypt is all called Palestine. τω̂ν δὲ τριηρέων ἀριθμὸς μὲν ἐγένετο ἑπτὰ καὶ διηκόσιαι καὶ χίλιαι, παρείχοντο δὲ αὐτὰς οἵδε, Φοίνικες μὲν σὺν Σύροισι τοι̂σι ἐν τῃ̂ Παλαιστίνῃ τριηκοσίας, ὡ̂δε ἐσκευασμένοι· περὶ μὲν τῃ̂σι κεφαλῃ̂σι κυνέας εἰ̂χον ἀγχοτάτω πεποιημένας τρόπον τὸν Ἑλληνικόν, ἐνδεδυκότες δὲ θώρηκας λινέους, ἀσπίδας δὲ ἴτυς οὐκ ἐχούσας εἰ̂χον καὶ ἀκόντια.οὑ̂τοι δὲ οἱ Φοίνικες τὸ παλαιὸν οἴκεον, ὡς αὐτοὶ λέγουσι, ἐπὶ τῃ̂ Ἐρυθρῃ̂ θαλάσσῃ, ἐνθευ̂τεν δὲ ὑπερβάντες τη̂ς Συρίης οἰκέουσι τὸ παρὰ θάλασσαν· τη̂ς δὲ Συρίης του̂το τὸ χωρίον καὶ τὸ μέχρι Αἰγύπτου πα̂ν Παλαιστίνη καλέεται.
  47. ↑ wikisource:History of Herodotus and "The History of Herodotus". Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  48. ↑ Studies in Josephus and the varieties of ancient Judaism: Louis H. Feldman. BRILL. p. 113. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  49. 1 2 Feldman 1996, p. 558.
  50. ↑ Grotius, Hugo; John CLARKE (Dean of Salisbury.) (1809). The Truth of the Christian Religion ... Corrected and illustrated with notes by Mr. Le Clerc. To which is added, a seventh book, concerning this question, What Christian church we ought to join ourselves to? By the said Mr. Le Clerc. The ninth edition, with additions. Particularly one whole book of Mr. Le Clerc's against indifference of what religion a man is of. Done into English by John Clarke. p. 64. Polemon, &c.] He seems to have lived in the Time of Ptolemy Epiphanes; concerning which, see that very useful Book of the famous Gerrard Vossius, of the Greek Historians. Africanus says, the Greek Histories were wrote by him; which is the same Book Athenæus calls, ???. His Words are these: "In the Reign of Apis the Son of Phoroneus, Part of the Egyptian Army went out of Egypt, and dwelt in Syria called Palestine, not far from Arabia." As Africanus preserved the Place of Polemon, so Eusebius in his Chronology preserved that of Africanus. (p. 64 at Google Books)
  51. ↑ The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads, Jan Retso, Routledge, 4 Jul 2013
  52. ↑ Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra, Michel Mouton, Stephan G. Schmid, Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 2013
  53. ↑ Diodorus of Sicily, with an English translation by C.H. Oldfather
  54. ↑ Noth 1939, p. 139.
  55. ↑ Diodorus (Siculus.) (1814). The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian: In Fifteen Books. To which are Added the Fragments of Diodorus, and Those Published by H. Valesius, I. Rhodomannus, and F. Ursinus. W. MʻDowall. pp. 183–. "The mariner passing by this country of palms, arrives at an island near to a promontory of the continent, which is called the Island of Sea-calves, from the great multitudes of those creatures that frequent this place. The sea here so abounds with them that it is to the admiration of the beholders. The promontory that shoots out towards this island lies over against Petra in Arabia and Palestine. It is said that the Gerrheans and Mineans bring out of the higher Arabia frankincense and other oderiferous gums into this island (Tiran Island)." p. 183 at Google Books
  56. ↑ Strabo (1889). The Geography of Strabo. H. G. Bohn. p. 204. Next is the island of Phocae (Seals), (Sheduan. The "Saspirene insula" of Ptolemy) which has its name from those animals, which abound there. Near it is a promontory which extends towards Petra, of the Arabians called Nabataei, and to the country of Palestine, (The meaning of Strabo seems to be, that this cape is in a direction due south of Petra and Palestine) to this [island] the Minaei, Gerrhaei, and all the neighbouring nations repair with loads of aromatics. (p. 204 at Google Books)
  57. ↑ "Tibullus and Sulpicia: The Poems, Translated by A. S. Kline". Poetryintranslation.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  58. ↑ Feldman 1996, p. 566.
  59. ↑ "Latin quote: Quaque die redeunt, rebus minus apta gerendis, culta Palaestino septima festa Syro". Thelatinlibrary.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Feldman 1996, p. 565.
  61. ↑ Book IV, 45-46 "...Babylonia, narret, Derceti, quam versa squamis velantibus artus stagna Palaestini credunt motasse figura an magis, ut sumptis illius filia pennis extremes albis in turribus egerit annos, nais an ut cantu nimiumque potentibus herbis verteritin tacitos iuvenalia corpora pisces"
  62. ↑ Book V, 144-145 "occidit et Celadon Mendesius, occidit Astreus matre Palaestina dubio genitore creatus"
  63. ↑ "Ovid: Fasti, Book Two". Poetryintranslation.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  64. ↑ "Philo: Every Good Man is Free". Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  65. ↑ "Philo: On the Life of Moses, Book I". Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  66. ↑ Philo (of Alexandria) (1855). "On the Life of Moses". The works of Philo Judaeus, the contemporary of Josephus. H. G. Bohn. p. 37. When then [Moses] he received the supreme authority, with the good will of all his subjects, God himself being the regulator and approver of all his actions, he conducted his people as a colony into Phoenicia, and into the hollow Syria (Coele-syria), and Palestine, which was at that time called the land of the Canaanites, the borders of which country were three days' journey distant from Egypt. (p. 37 at Google Books)
  67. ↑ "Philo: On Abraham". Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  68. ↑ Pomponius Mela (1998). Frank E. Romer, ed. Pomponius Mela's Description of the World. University of Michigan Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-472-08452-6. 62. Syria holds a broad expanse of the littoral, as well as lands that extend rather broadly into the interior, and it is designated by different names in different places. For example, it is called Coele, Mesopotamia, Judaea, Commagene, and Sophene. 63. It is Palestine at the point where Syria abuts the Arabs, then Phoenicia, and then—where it reaches Cilicia—Antiochia. [...] 64. In Palestine, however, is Gaza, a mighty and well fortified city.
  69. ↑ "Pomponius Mela, De Chorographia Liber Primus". Thelatinlibrary.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11. Syria late litora tenet, terrasque etiam latius introrsus, aliis aliisque nuncupata nominibus: nam et Coele dicitur et Mesopotamia et Damascene et Adiabene et Babylonia et Iudaea et Commagene et Sophene. Hic Palaestine est qua tangit Arabas, tum Phoenice; et ubi se Ciliciae committit Antiochia, olim ac diu potens, sed cum eam regno Semiramis tenuit longe potentissima. Operibus certe eius insignia multa sunt; duo maxime excellunt; constituta urbs mirae magnitudinis Babylon, ac siccis olim regionibus Euphrates et Tigris immissi.
  70. ↑ Pliny's Natural History. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  71. ↑ Pliny, Book 12, Chapter 40
  72. ↑ "Idumaeas autem palmas ab Idumaeorum gente, id est ludaeorum, quae regio est in Syria Palaestina" In Vergilii Bucolica et Georgica commentarius, accedunt scholiorum Veronensium et aspri quaestionum Vergilianarum fragmenta, editor: Henricus Keil (1848)
  73. ↑ Punica, Volume III, 605-607
  74. ↑ Reland 1714, p. 40.
  75. ↑ Feldman 1996, p. 567.
  76. ↑ s:Against Apion/Book I
  77. ↑ s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX
  78. ↑ Publius Papinius Statius; Gustave Queck (1854). "Silvae". Publius Papinius Statius. B.G. Teubneri. p. 58. Isis, ...gently with thine own hand lead the peerless youth, on whom the Latian prince hath bestowed the standards of the East and the bridling of the cohorts of Palestine, (i.e., a command on the Syrian front) through festal gate and sacred haven and the cities of thy land. (p. 58 at Google Books & p. 163 at archive.org)
  79. ↑ (Statius. Silvae. Ed. J. H. Mozley. London, New York: William Heinemann Ltd., G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1928.) p. 163 at archive.org
  80. ↑ "Lucullus, By Plutarch". Classics.mit.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  81. 1 2 Lehmann, Clayton Miles (Summer 1998). "Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy". The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 2009-08-11. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
  82. ↑ Published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, XVI, no. 87: scan
  83. ↑ Valerie A. Maxfield (1 January 1981). The Military Decorations of the Roman Army. University of California Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-520-04499-9.
  84. ↑ Diplôme militaire de l'annee 139, découvert en Syrie. Note de M. Héron de Villefosse, membre de l'Académie
  85. ↑ In the Louvre
  86. 1 2 Schürer, Emil (2014). "The Sibylline Oracles". The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ: Volume 3. A&C Black. p. 620. ISBN 9780567604521. Unique and noteworthy is also the discussion in Pausanias, who mentions four: (1) the Libyan Sibyl, (2) the Herophile of Marpessos or Erythrae, i.e. from Asia Minor, who also prophesied in Delphi, (3) the Demo in Cumae and (4) the Sabbe of the Hebrews in Palestine, who was also called the Babylonian or Egyptian, i.e. the Oriental. It seems that Pausanias has noted that the traditions relating to the Sibyls suggest four different categories of prophecy, and that he has simply assigned a geographical location to each.; Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd (2010). "The identity of the prophetess Sibyl in "Sibylline Oracles" III.". Prophets and Prophecy in Jewish and Early Christian Literature. Coronet Books Incorporated. p. 44. ISBN 9783161503382. Pausanias (X 12.9) mentions the tradition of a Hebrew Sibyl in Palestine called Sabbe, daughter of Berossus and Erymanthe.; Martin Goodman (1998). Jews in a Graeco-Roman World. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780191518362. By the second century CE Pausanias could make specific reference to a Sibyl of the Hebrews in Palestine alongside the Erythraean, Libyan, and Cumaean Sibyls.; Collins, John Joseph (2001). Seers, Sibyls, and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism. BRILL. p. 185. ISBN 9780391041103. Pausanias concludes his list of sibyls with reference to a prophetess who was: "brought up in Palestine named Sabbe, whose father was Berosus and her mother Erymanthe. Some say she was a Babylonian, while others call her an Egyptian Sibyl.
  87. ↑ Book 1 Chapter 14
  88. 1 2 "Pausanias, Description of Greece, 9. 1 - 22". Theoi.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  89. 1 2 Parke, Herbert William. Sibyls and sibylline prophecy in classical antiquity. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
  90. ↑ Appian of Alexandria. "Preface of the Roman History". Livius.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  91. ↑ Lucian (of Samosata.) (1888). Howard Williams, ed. Lucian's Dialogues: Namely, The Dialogues of the Gods, of the Sea-gods, & of the Dead; Zeus the Tragedian, the Ferry-boat, Etc. George Bell & Sons. pp. 18–. MTYOLns5pAcC. Lucian, WILLIAMS ed. 1888, p. 18 at Google Books
  92. ↑ Pearse, Roger. "Lucian of Samosata : THE PASSING OF PEREGRINUS". The Tertullian Project. tertullian.org. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  93. ↑ "Anabasis Alexandri". Archive.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  94. ↑ Karl Friedrich August Nobbe, Geography, Book 5, Chapter 15
  95. ↑ "16. The New Jewish World - Digitaler Ausstellungskatalog". Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  96. ↑ Tertullian. The Selected Works of Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus). Library of Alexandria. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-4655-8843-2.
  97. ↑ Epistle to Aristides
  98. ↑ Cassius Dio Cocceianus (1914). "Book XXXVII". Dio's Roman History 3. W. Heinemann. p. 127. (5) This was the course of events at that time in Palestine; for this is the name that has been given from of old to the whole country extending from Phoenicia to Egypt along the inner sea. They have also another name that they have acquired: the country has been named Judaea, and the people themselves Jews. [17] (1) I do not know how this title came to be given to them, but it applies also to all the rest of mankind, although of alien race, who affect their customs. This class exists even among the Romans, and though often repressed has increased to a very great extent and has won its way to the right of freedom in its observances. (Image of p. 127 at Google Books)
  99. ↑ "Historia Romana, The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in 70CE". Homepages.luc.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  100. ↑ Bill, Thayer. "The Lives of Firmus, Saturninus, Proculus and Bonosus". Livius.org. LacusCurtius.
  101. ↑ Itinerarium Antonini Avgvsti et Hierosolymitanvm: ex libris manvscriptis, By Gustav Parthey, p276
  102. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 1.
  103. ↑ Roger Pearse (2002-09-06). "Eusebius' History of the Martyrs in Palestine, translated by William Cureton". Ccel.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  104. ↑ Professor Robert Louis Wilken (2009). The Land Called Holy: Palestine in Christian History and Thought. ISBN 0-300-06083-1.
  105. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 7.
  106. 1 2 Reland 1714, p. 45.
  107. ↑ Exodus 6. 6.
  108. ↑ Judges 2. 16.
  109. ↑ "Book I:209". Against the Galileans. Translated by Wilmer Cave Wright, 1923, at Wikisource
  110. ↑ Sextus Aurelius Victor; Banchich, Thomas Michael (2000). A Booklet about the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores: Abbreviated from the Books of Sextus Aurelius Victor. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College. p. 10. Vespasian ruled ten years. [...] Volgeses, King of Parthia, was compelled to peace. 13. The Syria for which Palestina is the name, [143] and Cilicia, and Trachia and Commagene, which today we call Augustophratensis, were added to the provinces. Judaea, too, was added.
  111. ↑ Marcus Junianus Justinus; Cornelius Nepos; Eutropius (1853). Justin, Cornelius Nepos, and Eutropius: literally translated, with notes and a general index. H. G. Bohn. p. 504. XIX. ...Vespasian, who had been chosen emperor in Palestine, a prince indeed of obscure birth, but worthy to be compared with the best emperors. (Image of p. 504 at Google Books)
  112. ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus. "Ammianus Marcellinus, Book XIV, 8, 11". Tertullian.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  113. ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus (1894). The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus: During the Reigns of the Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentinian, and Valens. G. Bell. p. 29. 11. The last province of the Syrias is Palestine, a district of great extent, abounding in well-cultivated and beautiful land, and having several magnificent cities, all of equal importance, and rivalling one another as it were in parallel lines. For instance, Caesarea, which Herod built in honour of the Prince Octavianus, and Eleutheropolis, and Neapolis, and also Ascalon, and Gaza, cities built in bygone ages. (p. 29 at Google Books)
  114. ↑ "Letters of St. Jerome, Letter 33". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  115. ↑ M.L. McClure; C. L. Feltoe (1919). The Pilgrimage of Etheria. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. html main text archive.org
  116. ↑ Saint John Chrysostom; Roth, Catharine P. (1984). On Wealth and Poverty. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-88141-039-6.
  117. ↑ Thomas A. Idniopulos (1998). "Weathered by Miracles: A History of Palestine From Bonaparte and Muhammad Ali to Ben-Gurion and the Mufti". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  118. ↑ Le Strange 1890, p. 26.
  119. ↑ "Roman Arabia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  120. ↑ Synecdemus, E. Weber, 1840, page 398
  121. ↑ Georgii Cyprii descripto orbis Romani, edidit praefatus est commentario instruxit Henricus Gelzer, 1890, page XLVI
  122. ↑ Sir William Smith (1880). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Earinus-Nyx. J. Murray. pp. 465–. 7. Commenturii in Ezechielem, in fourteen books, written at intervals during the years A.D. 411-414, the task having been begun immediately after the commentaries upon Isaiah, but repeatedly broken off. See Prolegg. and Ep. 126 ad Marcellin. et Anapsych. (Ed. Bened. vol. iii. p. 698.) (p. 465 at Google Books)
  123. ↑ "St. Jerome on Ezekiel Pt. 1- Latin". Aquinas Study Bible - Ezekiel. Google Sites. Retrieved 20 June 2015. iuda et terra israel ipsi institores tui in frumento primo; balsamum et mel et oleum et resinam proposuerunt in nundinis tuis. (lxx: iudas et filii israel isti negotiatores tui in frumenti commercio et unguentis; primum mel et oleum et resinam dederunt in nundinis tuis). uerbum hebraicum 'phanag' aquila, symmachus et theodotio ita ut apud hebraeos positum est transtulerunt, pro quo septuaginta 'unguenta', nos 'balsamum' uertimus. dicitur autem quibus terra iudaea, quae nunc appellatur palaestina, abundet copiis frumento, balsamo, melle et oleo et resina, quae a iuda et israel ad tyri nundinas deferuntur.
  124. ↑ Sainte Bible expliquée et commentée, contenant le texte de la Vulgate. Bibl. Ecclésiastique. 1837. p. 41. Quod si objeceris terram repromissionis dici, quae in Numerorum volumine continetur (Cap. 34), a meridie maris Salinarum per Sina et Cades-Barne, usque ad torrentem Aegypti, qui juxta Rhinocoruram mari magno influit; et ab occidente ipsum mare, quod Palaestinae, Phoenici, Syriae Coeles, Ciliciaeque pertenditur; ab aquilone Taurum montem et Zephyrium usque Emath, quae appellatur Epiphania Syriae; ad orientem vero per Antiochiam et lacum Cenereth, quae nunc Tiberias appellatur, et Jordanem, qui mari influit Salinarum, quod nunc Mortuum dicitur; (Image of p. 41 at Google Books)
  125. ↑ Hieronymus (1910). "Epistola CXXIX Ad Dardanum de Terra promissionis (al. 129; scripta circa annum 414ce)". Epistularum Pars III —Eusebius Hieronymus epistulae 121-154, p. 171 (The fifty-sixth volume of Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum also known as the Vienna Corpus: Letters Part 3, Containing letters 121-154 of St. Jerome.) Image of p. 171 at Archive.org
  126. ↑ Migne, Jacques-Paul (1864). Patrologiæ cursus completus: seu, Bibliotheca universalis, integra, uniformis, commoda, oeconomica omnium SS. patrum, doctorum, scriptorumque ecclesiasticorum. Series græca 80. J.-P. Migne. pp. 1911–1912. INTERPR. PSALMI CXXXII. Vers. 3. Sicut rus Hermonis. qui descendit in montem Sion. Rurus ad aliam similitudinem transit, concordiae utilitatem docens: et hane dixit similem es e rori, qui ab Hermon in Sionem defertur. Tantus autem hic est, ut tegulae stillas emittant. Hermon autem mons est Palaestinae, e terra: Israelis tantum non contiguus. Quoniam illic mandavit Dominus benedictionem et vitam usque in saeculum. Non in Hermone, sed in Sione. In qua vitalis ros sancti Spiritus in sacros apostolos missus fuit, per quem fideles omnes sempiternam gratiam percipiunt. ΕΡΜΗΝ. ΤΟΥ ΡΛΒʹ ΨΑΛΜΟΥ. γʹ. Ὡς δρόσος Ἀερμὼν ἡ καταβαίνουσα ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη Σιών. Πάλιν εἰς ἑτέραν εἰκόνα μετέβη, τῆς συμφωνίας διδάσκων τὸ χρήσιμον· καὶ ταύτην ἔφη σεν ἐοικέναι τῇ δρόσῳ, τῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἀερμὼν τῇ Σιὼν ἐπιφερομένῃ. Τοσαύτη δὲ αὕτη, ὡς καὶ στα γόνας τοὺς κεράμους ἐκπέμπειν. Τὸ δὲ Ἀερμὼν· ὄρος ἐστὶ, καὶ αὐτὸ τῆς Παλαιστίνης, τῇ γῇ διαφέ ρων τοῦ Ἰσραήλ. Ὅτι ἐκεῖ ἐνετείλατο Κύριος τὴν εὐλογίαν, ζωὴν ἕως τοῦ αἰῶνος. Οὐκ ἐν Ἀερμὼν, ἀλλ' ἐν τῇ Σιὼν, ἐν ᾗ καὶ τοῦ παναγίου Πνεύματος ἐπὶ τοὺς ἱεροὺς ἀποστόλους ἡ ζωοποιὸς κατεπέμφθη δρόσος, δι' ἧς ἅπαντες οἱ πιστεύοντες τὴν αἰώνιον εὐλογίαν καρποῦνται. (Image of p. 1911 & p. 1912 at Google Books)
  127. ↑ Young's Literal Translation (1863). The holy Bible, tr. by R. Young. p. 394. PSALMS. CXXXIII. A Song of the Ascents, by David. v.1 Lo, how good and how pleasant The dwelling of brethren —even together! v.2 As the good oil on the head, Coming down on the beard, the beard of Aaron, That cometh down on the skirt of his robes, v.3 As dew of Hermon —That cometh down on hills of Zion, For there Jehovah commanded the blessing —Life unto the age! (Image of p. 394 at Google Books)
  128. ↑ Theodoret of Cyrus; Hill, Robert C. (1 February 2001). Theodoret of Cyrus: Commentary on the Psalms, 73-150. CUA Press. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-8132-0102-3. note 2. Geography is one area where Theodoret feels he has some competence. as we have seen. Perhaps he could have adverted to passages like Deut 4.48 that put Mount Hermon on Israel’s northern border. An observation on geography is felt pertinent by him —but nothing of a general nature on the value of harmony in the Christian community from the psalm, which has much to offer on the theme.
  129. ↑ Theodoret, Ecclesiastical History
  130. ↑ Spicilegium Romanum, LXXXVIII, Angelo Mai
  131. ↑ Zosimus New History, Book I
  132. ↑ Extract from the Life of St Saba
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  134. ↑ Bill, Thayer. "The Buildings of Procopius Book V". LacusCurtius:. Loeb Classical Library.
  135. ↑ "History of the Wars, Books I and II (of 8), by Procopius". Gutenberg.org. 2005-09-27. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  136. ↑ "The History of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon. Book, page 89 / 1165". Knowledgerush.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  137. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 10.
  138. ↑ Antiochus Strategos, monk of Mar Saba c. 650 (1991). Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, ed. Antiochus Strategos of Mar Saba., Capture of Jerusalem - Orientalia Christiana Periodica 57. Pont. institutum orientalium studiorum. p. 77. xxvZAAAAMAAJ. Palestinian monk Antiochus Strategos of Mar Saba. in his Capture of Jerusalem, the Georgian text of which fills 66 large octavo pages of 33 lines each. Strategos devoted particular attention to the massacre perpetrated by the Jews in "the reservoir of Mamel" (Abrahamson et al., p. 55, The Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614 compared with Islamic conquest of 638)
  139. ↑ Abu Salih the Armenian; Abu al-Makarim (1895). Basil Thomas Alfred Evetts, ed. "History of Churches and Monasteries", Abu Salih the Armenian c. 1266 - Part 7 of Anecdota Oxoniensia: Semitic series Anecdota oxoniensia. [Semitic series--pt. VII]. Clarendon Press. pp. 39–. the emperor Heraclius, on his way to Jerusalem, promised his protection to the Jews of Palestine. (Abu Salih the Armenian, Abu al-Makarim, ed. Evetts 1895, p. 39, Part 7 of Anecdota Oxoniensia: Semitic series Anecdota oxoniensia. Semitic series--pt. VII) (Abu Salih the Armenian was just the Book's owner, the author is actually Abu al-Makarim.)
  140. ↑ Arculfi relatio de locis sanctis scripta ab Adamnano, p.30, Latin
  141. ↑ The pilgrimage of Arculfus, Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (1897), page 66
  142. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 12.
  143. ↑ "Jerusalem for the Three Monotheistic Religions. A Theological Synthesis, Alviero Niccacci" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  144. ↑ The Ḥaram of Jerusalem, 324-1099: temple, Friday Mosque, area of spiritual power, by Andreas Kaplony. Books.google.co.uk. 2002-03-27. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  145. ↑ Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (1891): The hodæporicon of Saint Willibald, page 48
  146. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 14.
  147. ↑ The Chronicle of Theophanes: An English Translation, Harry Turtledove
  148. ↑ Theophanes (the Confessor) (1 September 1982). Harry Turtledove, ed. The Chronicle of Theophanes: Anni Mundi 6095-6305 (A.D. 602-813). University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 35–. ISBN 0-8122-1128-6. lK5wIPb4Vi4C. Since Muhammad was a helpless orphan, he thought it good to go to a rich woman named Khadija ...to manage her camels and conduct her business in Egypt and Palestine... When he [Muhammad] went to Palestine he lived with both Jews and Christians, and hunted for certain writings among them. (Theophanes 1982, p. 35, The Chronicle of Theophanes)
  149. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Le Strange 1890
  150. 1 2 Röhricht 1890, p. 17.
  151. 1 2 3 Röhricht 1890, p. 18.
  152. ↑ Eutychii Annales
  153. ↑ Eutychius (Patriarch of Alexandria) (1863). J.P. Migne, ed. Epistolai, Volume 111 of Patrologiæ cursus completus: Series Græca 111. PmJ7zGaz9D4C. (Pocoke, Annals) from this (Migne 1863, Patrlogie, Series Graeca iii.)
  154. ↑ Mosheim, Johann Lorenz (1847). Institutes of Ecclesiastical History, Ancient and Modern: In Four Books, Much Corrected, Enlarged, and Improved from the Primary Authorities. Harper & Brothers. pp. 426–. pg0QAAAAYAAJ. CHAPTER II: ADVERSITIES OF THE CHURCH.: 1 Persecutions of the Christians.: ...The Christians suffered less in this than in the preceding centuries. ...In the East especially in Syria and Palestine the Jews sometimes rose upon the Christians with great violence (Eutyrhius, Annales tom ii., p. 236, &c. Jo. Henr. Hottinger, Historia Orientalis, lib. i., c. id., p. 129, &c.) yet so unsuccessfully as to suffer severely for their temerity. (Mosheim 1847, p. 426)
  155. ↑ "Meadows of gold and mines of gems" (translation as of 1841)
  156. ↑ ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz Ibn ʻUthmān; Charles S. F. Burnett; Keiji Yamamoto (2004). Al-Qabīṣī (Alcabitius): The introduction to astrology: editions of the Arabic and Latin texts and an English translation. Warburg Institute.
  157. ↑ Le Strange 1890, p. 16.
  158. ↑ Suda on line
  159. ↑ Moseh Gill, "The Political History of Jerusalem During the Early Muslim Period", in Joshua Prawer and Haggai Ben-Shammai (eds), The History of Jerusalem, the Early Muslim Period, 638-1099, New York University Press and Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1996
  160. ↑ Diary of a Journey through Syria and Palestine
  161. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 19.
  162. ↑ Reland, Adrien (1714). Hadriani Relandi Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata: tomus I [-II]. ex libraria Guilielmi Broedelet. p. 39. R. Nathan in Lexico Aruch dicto ad vocem  פלסטיני‎ Παλαιστίνη [Palestine] notat in Bereschit Raba, antiquissimo in Genesin commentario, eam inveniri. (Image of p. 39 at Google Books)
  163. ↑ The Oxford History of the Crusades, Jonathan Simon Christopher Riley-Smith
  164. ↑ p. 1
  165. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 36.
  166. ↑ [archive.org/stream/cu31924028534331#page/n12/mode/1up/ A Brief Description, by Joannes Phocas, of the Castles and Cities, from the City of Antioch even unto Jerusalem; also of Syria and Phoenicia, and of the Holy Places in Palestine] Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society
  167. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 41.
  168. ↑ Histoire de la guerre saincte, dite proprement la Franciade orientale, 1573. Books.google.co.uk. 2011-01-13. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  169. ↑ History of Jerusalem Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society
  170. ↑ Abu al-Makarim (1895). B.T.A. Evetts, ed. Ta'rīḫ Aš-šaiḫ Abī-Ṣaliḥ Al-Armanī Tuḏkaru Fīhi Aḫbār Min Nawāḥi Miṣr Wa-iqṭaihā. [Semitic series--pt. VII]. Johann Michael Vansleb. Clarendon Press. pp. 73–. RCJiAAAAMAAJ. At the beginning of the caliphate [of Umar] George was appointed patriarch of Alexandria. He remained four years in possession of the see. Then when he heard that the Muslims had conquered the Romans, and had vanquished Palestine, and were advancing upon Egypt, he took ship and fled from Alexandria to Constantinople; and after his time the see of Alexandria remained without a Melkite patriarch for-ninety seven years. (Abu al-Makarim 1895, p. 73)
  171. ↑ Röhricht 1890, p. 72.
  172. ↑ "Palestine Pilgrims Text Society, Guidebook to Palestine". faculty.csupueblo.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  173. ↑ The Travels of Ibn Battuta, ed. H.A.R. Gibb (Cambridge University Press, 1954), 1:71-82
  174. ↑ Liber Peregrinationis, Chapter V, p.59
  175. ↑ Georgia in the reign of Giorgi the Brilliant : 1314-1346
  176. ↑ John Poloner Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society
  177. ↑ Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society
  178. ↑ Gerber 2008, p. 49.
  179. ↑ Ziegler, Jacob (1536). Terrae sanctae, quam palestinam nominant, Syriae, Arabiae, Aegypti & Schondiae doctissima descriptio. Wendelin Rihel.
  180. ↑ Syriae Descriptio, numerous references on pages 2-10
  181. ↑ Les observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses mémorables, trouvées en Grèce, Asie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie et autres pays estranges, Ch LXXVIII, Gallica
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  184. ↑ A treatise of continual fevers: in four parts by Jodocus Lommius, English translation of 1732. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  185. ↑ Foxe's Book of Martyrs. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
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  192. ↑ Le relationi vniversali
  193. ↑ Calendarium Palaestinorum Et Universorum Iudaeorum
  194. ↑ Claudius Ptolemy (1598). Giovanni Antonio Magini of Padua, ed. Geographia, Cosmographia, or Universal Geography: An atlas of Claudius Ptolemy's world of the 2nd century, with maps by Giovanni Antonio Magini of Padua. appresso Gio. Battista [et] Giorgio Galignani fratelli. p. 5. ZtoGFFPn3VwC. Google Books Cover Image
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  196. ↑ "King John: Entire Play". Shakespeare.mit.edu. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
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  199. ↑ Schweigger, Salomon (1613). Ein newe Reyßbeschreibung auß Teutschland nach Constantinopel und Jerusalem. Lantzenberger.
  200. ↑ Petri della Valle, eines vornehmen Römischen patritii, Reiss-Beschreibung in unterschiedliche Theile der Welt : nemlich in Türckey, Egypten, Palestina, Persien, Ost-Indien, und andere weit entlegene Landschafften, samt einer aussführlichen Erzehlung aller Denck- und Merckwürdigster Sachen, so darinnen zu finden und anzutreffen
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  202. ↑ Hakluytus Posthumus, volume 1, p.262
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  204. ↑ File:Philip Clüver00.jpg
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  207. ↑ Fuller, Thomas (1869). A Pisgah sight of Palestine. pp. 17–.
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  212. ↑ Alsted, Johann Heinrich (1649). Scientiarum Omnium Encyclopaedia. J. A. Huguetan filii et M. A. Ravaud. pp. 560–. KQ9TAAAAcAAJ. XI. Palestina lacus tres sunt, è quibus duo posteriores natissimi sum historia sacra (11. Palestine has three lakes, the later two of these I relate to Biblical history) (Alsted 1649, p. 560 at Google Books)
  213. ↑ Heidmann, Christoph (1655). Palaestina. pp. 77–78. Image of p. 77 & p. 78 at Google books
  214. ↑ Thévenot, Jean; Croix, Pétis de La (1664). Relation d'un voyage fait au Levant: dans laquelle il est curieusement traité des estats sujets au Grand Seigneur... et des singularitez particulières de l'Archipel, Constantinople, Terre-Sainte, Égypte, pyramides, mumies ["sic"], déserts d'Arabie, la Meque, et de plusieurs autres lieux de l. Joly. p. 422. Acre est une ville de Palestine située au bord de la mer, elle s'appelloit anciennement Acco. (Image of p. 422 at Google Books)
  215. ↑ Gerber 2008, p. 50.
  216. ↑ Gerber 2008, p. 51:"Another Palestinian writer of the seventeenth century who used Filastin to name his country was Salih b. Ahmad al-Timurtashi, who wrote a fadail (Merits) book titled "The Complete Knowledge of the Limits of the Holy Land and Palestine and Syria (Sham)." [Footnote]: Ghalib Anabsi, From the "Merits of the Holy Land" Literature, MA thesis, Tel Aviv University, 1992."
  217. ↑ Dapper, Olfert (1677). Naukeurige Beschrijving van Gantsch Syrie en Palestijn of Heilige Lant. pp. 11–. p. 11 at Google Books
  218. ↑ Olfert Dapper; Jacob van Meurs (1689). Asia, Oder Genaue und Gründliche Beschreibung des gantzen Syrien und Palestins, oder Gelobten Landes: Worinnen Die Landschafften Phoenicien, Celesyrien, Commagene, Pierien, Cyrestica, Seleucis, Cassiotis, Chalibonitis, Chalcis, Abilene, Apamene, Laodicis, Palmyrene, etc. : Neben denen Ländern Perea oder Ober-Jordan, Galiläa, das absonderliche Palestina, Judäa und Idumea, begriffen sind. Genaue und gründliche Beschreibung des gantzen Palestins, Oder Gelobten Landes 2. Hofmann. pp. 1–. p. 1 at Google Books
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  220. ↑ Mallet, Alain Manesson (1683). "De l'Asie". Description De l'Univers (in French) 2. Paris: Denys Thierry. p. 245. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  221. ↑ Milner, John (1688). A Collection of the Church-history of Palestine: From Birth of Christ ... Dring. pp. 19–. bjQBAAAAcAAJ. Hitherto of Places, now follows an account of the Persons concerned in the Church-History of Palestine. (Milner 1688, p. 19)
  222. ↑ Bohun, Edmund (1688). A Geographical Dictionary, Representing the Present and Ancient Names of All the Countries, Provinces, Remarkable Cities ...: And Rivers of the Whole World: Their Distances, Longitudes and Latitudes. C. Brome. pp. 353–. U3lMAAAAMAAJ. Jerusalem, Hierosolyma, the Capital City of Palestine, and for a long time of the whole Earth; taken notice of by Pliny, Strabo, and many of the Ancients. (Bohun 1688, p. 353 )
  223. ↑ Gordon, Patrick (1704) [1702]. Geography anatomiz'd: or, the geographical grammar. Being a short and exact analysis of the whole body of modern geography after a new and curious method. comprehending, I. A general view of the terraqueous globe. Being a compendious system of the true fundamentals of geography; digested into various definitions, problems, theorems, and paradoxes: with a transient survey of the surface of the earthly ball, as it consists of land and water. II. A particular view of the terraqueous globe. Being a clear and pleasant prospect of all remarkable countries upon the face of the whole earth; shewing their situation, extent, division, subdivision, cities, chief towns, name, air, soil, commodities, rarities, archbishopricks, bishopricks, universities, manners, languages, government, arms, religion. collected from the best authors, and illustrated with divers maps. The fourth edition corrected, and somewhat enlarg'd. by Pat. Gordon, M.A., F.R.S. (4 ed.). S. and J. Sprint, John Nicholson, Sam Burrows in Little Britain, and Andrew Bell and R. Smith in Cornhill. pp. 1 vol., xxvi + 431pp. OMEwAAAAYAAJ. This Country ...is term'd by the Italians and Spaniards, Palestina; by the French, Palestine; by the Germans Palestinen, or das Gelobte Land; by the English, Palestine, or the Holy Land. (Gordon 1704, p. 290)
  224. ↑ Life of James Ferguson, F.R.S.: In a Brief Autobiographical Account, and Further Extended Memoir. A. Fullarton. 1867. pp. 20–. hItnAAAAMAAJ. Geography Anatomiz d or the Geographical Grammar by Patrick Gordon MA FRS ...In some old catalogues of books in our possession we observe that editions of it were issued in 1693 and in 1722 (p. 20, at Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=hItnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA20&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U2EDy7lgav9J5b5uMApPtsA1KhX0Q&ci=154%2C1248%2C721%2C183&edge=0 )
  225. ↑ Maundrell, Henry (1817). A journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter, A.D. 1697: Also, a journal from Grand Cairo to Mount Sinai, and back again by Robert Clayton : To which is added, a faithful account of the religion and manners of the Mahometans by Joseph Pitts. Edwards. pp. 87–88. Image of p. 87 & p. 88 at Google Books
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  227. ↑ Hannemann, Johann Ludwig (1714). Nebo Chemicus Ceu Viatorium Ostendens Viam In Palestinam Auriferam. Reutherus.
  228. ↑ Reland, Adrien (1714). "CAPUT VII. DE NOMINE PALAESTINAE". Hadriani Relandi Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata: tomus I [-II] (in Latin) 1. ex libraria Guilielmi Broedelet. pp. 37, 42. CAPUT VII. DE NOMINE PALAESTINAE. [i.]Regio omnis quam Judaei incoluerunt nomen Palaestinae habuit. [ii.]Hebraeorum scriptores, Philo, Josephus, & alii hoc nomine usi. [iii.] פלסטיני‎ in antiquissimis Judaeorum scriptis. (Chapter 7. Palestine. [i.]The country that the Jews inhabited was called Palestine. [ii.]The Hebrew Scriptures, Philo, Josephus, and the others who have used this name. [iii.] פלסטיני‎ [Palestinian] in ancient Jewish writings.) [...] Chapter 8. Syria-Palaestina, Syria, and Coelesyria. Herodotus described Syria-Palaestina. The Palestinian southern boundary is lake Serbonian. Jenysus & Jerusalem are cities of Palestine, as is Ashdod and Ashkelon. Palestine is different from Phoenice. (p. 37 & p. 42 at Google Books)
  229. ↑ Beausobre, Isaac de; Lenfant, David (1718). Le Nouveau Testament de notre seigneur Jesus-Christ. Humbert. pp. 169–. rmRAAAAAcAAJ. p:169 On a déja eu occasion de parler des divers noms, que portoit autrefois la Terre d Israël, ,,,Ici nous désignerons sous le nom de Palestine qui est le plus commun. (We previously spoke of the various names for the Land of Israel, ...Now we will refer to the Land of Israel by the name of Palestine which is the most common)
  230. ↑ Beausobre, Isaac de; Lenfant, Jacques (1806). An Introduction to the Reading of the Holy Scriptures: Intended Chiefly for Young Students in Divinity ; Written Originally in French. J. and E. Hudson. pp. 252–.
  231. ↑ Toland, John (1718). Nazarenus: Or Jewish, Gentile, and Mahometan Christianity. pp. 8–. XA5PAAAAcAAJ. (Toland 1718, p. 8 at Google Books)
  232. ↑ Sanchuniathon; Cumberland, Richard; Payne, Squier (1720). Sanchoniatho's Phoenician History: Translated from the First Book of Eusebius De Praeparatione Evangelica : with a Continuation of Sanchoniatho's History by Eratosthenes Cyrenaeus's Canon, which Dicaearchus Connects with the First Olympiad ... W.B. pp. 482–483. That the Philistines who were of Mizraim's family, were the first planters of Crete. ...I observe that in the Scripture language the Philistines are call'd Cerethites, Sam. xxx. 14, 16. Ezek. xxv. 16. Zeph. ii. 5. And in the two last of these places the Septuagint translates that word Cretes. The name signifies archers, men that in war were noted for skill in using bows and arrows. ...[I] believe that both the people and the religion, (which commonly go together) settled in Crete, came from these Philistines who are originally of Ægyptian race. (Image of p. 482 & p. 483 at Google Books) More than one of |author2= and |last2= specified (help)
  233. ↑ or Regnum Persicum Imperium Turcicum in Asia Russorum Provinciae and Mare Caspium
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  237. ↑ Cave, William (1741). "JUVENALIS". Guilielmi Cave ... Scriptorum eccleriasticorum historia literaria: a Christo nato usque ad saecunlum XIV ... digesta ... : accedunt scriptores gentiles, christianae religionis oppugnatores ... apud Joh. Rudolph Im-Hoff. p. 419.
  238. ↑ Korten, Jonas (1741). Jonas Kortens Reise nach dem weiland Gelobten nun aber seit 1700 Jahren unter dem Fluche ligenden Lande, wie auch nach Egypten, dem Berg Libanon, Syrien und Mesopotamien, von ihm selbst aufrichtig beschrieben und durchgehends mit Anmerckungen begleitet.
  239. ↑ Charles Thompson (fict. name.) (1744). The travels of the late Charles Thompson esq; 3 vols 3. p. 99. I shall henceforwards, without Regard to geographical Niceties and Criticisms, consider myself as in the Holy Land, Palestine or Judea; which Names I find used indifferently, though perhaps with some Impropriety, to signify the same Country. (Image of Title page & p. 99 at Google Books)
  240. ↑ HARENBERG, Johann Christoph (1744). La Palestine ou la Terre Sainte. Palaestina seu Terra olim sancta ... dessinée par J.C. Harenberg.
  241. ↑ Salmon, Thomas (1744). Modern History Or the Present State of All Nations.
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  243. ↑ Vincenzo Lodovico Gotti (Cardenal); Typographia Balleoniana (Venecia) (1750). Veritas religionis christianae contra atheos, polytheos, idololatras, mahometanos, [et] judaeos ... ex Typographia Balleoniana.
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  245. ↑ Johannes Aegidius van Egmont; Heyman, John (1759). Travels Through Part of Europe, Asia Minor, the Islands of the Archipelago, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mount Sinai, &c: Giving a Particular Account of the Most Remarkable Places .. 2. L. Davis and C. Reymers. pp. 389–. zMkGAAAAQAAJ. Retrieved 13 January 2015. p.389 The Jews of Jerusalem are divided into three sects, the Karaites, who adhere to the letter of the Scripture, without admitting any comments, or glosses; the Rabbinists, who receive for indubitable truths, all the comments and traditions so well known in the world, and are hence much more superstitious than the former; the third are the Askenites, who come from Germany, and are known among their brethren by the name of new converts; not being descended from the twelve tribes. [...] p.390 Besides these three sects, there is in the country of Palestine a fourth sort of Jews, but sworn enemies to the others, I mean the Samaritans; these have frequently endeavoured by the arts of bribery to obtain the privilege of living in Jerusalem, and in order to accomplish this design, have lavished away above five hundred purses.
  246. ↑ Voltaire; Smollett, Tobias George; Francklin, Thomas (1763). The Works of M. de Voltaire: Additions to the essay on general history. v. 32-33. Miscellaneous poems. J. Newbery, R. Baldwin, W. Johnston, S. Crowder, T. Davies, J. Coote, G. Kearsley, and B. Collins, at Salisbury. pp. 42–. KDcLAAAAQAAJ. (Voltaire, ed. Smollett and Francklin 1763, p. 42 at Google Books)
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  248. ↑ Diderot, Denis; Vaugondy (1778). "Palestine". Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers...par une Société de gens de lettres... mis en ordre et publié par M. Diderot ; et quant à la partie mathématique par M. d' Alembert 25. chez Pellet imprimeur-libraire. p. 315. Image of p. 315 at Google Books
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  250. ↑ Struve, Burkhard Gotthelf; Buder, Christian Gottlieb; Meusel, Johann Georg (1782). "CAPUT IV. Scriptores de rebus Hebraeorum et Iudaeorum". Bibliotheca historica. Voluminis I Pars II. apud heredes Weidmanni et Reichium. p. 390. Image of p. 390 at Google Books
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  259. ↑ Lant Carpenter (1811). An Introduction to the Geography of the New Testament, Comprising a Summary Chronological and Geographical View of the Events Recorded Respecting the Ministry of Our Saviour: Accompanied with Maps, Questions for Examination, and an Accented Index: Principally Designed for the Use of Young Persons, and for the Sunday-employment of Schools. William Hilliard.
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  276. ↑ Rosenmüller, Ernst Friedrich Karl (1827). "Vierzehntes Hauptstück (Fourteenth main point): Palästina oder das Land der Hebräer (Palestine or the land of the Hebrews)". Handbuch der biblischen Alterthumskunde. Baumgartner. p. 7. Image of p. 7 at Google Books
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  280. ↑ Conder, Josiah (1830). "Palestine". The Modern Traveller 1. J. Duncan.
  281. ↑ THE LANGUAGE OF PALESTINE IN THE AGE OF CHRIST AND THE APOSTLES. By De Rossi and Heinrich Friedrich Pfannkuche, translated and printed in Philological Tracts, London 1833. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  282. ↑ Annals of Palestine, 1821-1841, S.N. Spyridon, in: Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, Volume 18, 1938
  283. ↑ Raumer, Karl Georg (1867). Palestina. Kemink. p. 17. Image of p. 17 at Google Books
  284. ↑ Carl von RAUMER (Professor at the University of Erlangen.) (1835). Palästina ... Mit einem Plan von Jerusalem, etc.
  285. ↑ Berghaus, Heinrich (1832). Asia, Sammlung von Denkschriften in Beziehung auf die Geo- und Hydrographie dieses Erdtheils; zur Erklärung und Erläuterung seines Karten-Atlas zusammengetragen. No. 5 Syrien. Geographisches Memoir zur Erklärung und Erläuterung der Karte von Syrien. (No. 5 von Berghaus’ Atlas von Asia.). Gotha: Justus Perthes. p. 17. †Berghaus, Map = Heinrich Berghaus, Karte von Syrien, den Manen Jacotin's und Burckhardt's gewidmet (Berghaus' Atlas von Asien, 5), Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1835. — ‡Berghaus, Memoir = Heinrich Berghaus, Geographisches Memoir zur Erklärung und Erläuterung der Karte von Syrien (No. 5. von Berghaus’ Atlas von Asia), Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1835. (Image of p. 17 at Google Books)
  286. ↑ "Letters on Egypt, Edom and the Holy Land". Archive.org. 2001-03-10. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  287. ↑ Hugh Murray; Sir Humphry Davy; William Wallace (1838). The collected works of Sir Humphry Davy ...: Discourses delivered before the Royal society. Elements of agricultural chemistry, pt. I. Smith, Elder and Company. p. 249. Image of p. 249 at Google Books
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  289. ↑ Ferdinand de Géramb (1840). A pilgrimage to Palestine, Egypt and Syria. p. 152. Image of p. 152 at Google Books
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  293. ↑ Kitto, John (1844). The Pictorial History of Palestine and the Holy Land, Including a Complete History of the Jews, Volume 2. C. Knight. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  294. ↑ Kitto, John (1841). Palestine: the Physical Geography and Natural History of the Holy Land, Illustrated with Woodcuts. - London, Knight 1841. CHARLES KNIGHT AND CO., LUDGATE STREET.
  295. ↑ Palestine: the Bible history of the ... - John Kitto - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  296. ↑ ROBINSON, Edward (1841). Biblical researches in Palestine, mount Sinai and Arabia Petrea. J.Murray. pp. 332, note 2. Image of p. 332 at Google Books
  297. ↑ Balbi, Adriano (1842). System of universal geography, founded on the works of Malte-Burn and Balbi: embracing a historical sketch of the progress of geographical discovery, the principles of mathematical and physical geography, and a complete description from the most recent sources, of the political and social condition of the world ... Adam and Charles Black. pp. 651–654.
  298. ↑ Keith, Alexander (1843). The Land of Israel, According to the Covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob. William Whyte. pp. 186–. p. 186 at Google Books
  299. ↑ Keith, Alexander (1843). The Land of Israel, According to the Covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob. William Whyte. pp. 467–. p. 467 & p. 468 at Google Books
  300. ↑ Bacheler, Origen (1843). Restoration and Conversion of the Jews. Potter. p. 117. But ever since 1832, when Mehemet Ali took possession of Syria, there has been a remarkable flocking of the Jews to Palestine. The precise number of them at present in the Holy Land is estimated to amount to about 40,000. (Image of p. 117 at Google Books)
  301. ↑ Olin, Stephen (1843). Travels in Egypt, Arabia Petræa, and the Holy land. Harper & brothers. pp. 434–. p. 434 at Google Books
  302. ↑ Röhr, Johann Friedrich; Eli, Smith; Wolcott, Samuel (1843). Röhr's Historico-geographical account of Palestine: Researches in Palestine. T. Clark. p. 185. p. 185 at Google Books
  303. ↑ J. T. Bannister (1844). A Survey of the Holy Land... Binns and Goodwin. pp. 148–149. Images of p. 148 & p. 149 at Google Books
  304. ↑ Smedley, Edw (1845). "Syria". Encyclopaedia Metropolitana; or, universal dictionary of knowledge, on an original plan: comprising the twofold advantage of a philosophical and an alphabetical arrangement, with appropriate engravings: Edited by Edw. Smedley, Hugh Jam. Rose, and H. John Rose. (Text: voll. XXVI. Plates: voll. III. Index 25. B. Fellowes, Rivington, Ducan, Malcolm, Suttaby, Hodgson. p. 383. Image of p. 383 at Google Books
  305. ↑ Munk, Salomon (1845). Palestine: Description géographique, historique et archéologique (in French). F. Didot. pp. 2–3. Sous le nom de Palestine, nous comprenons le petit pays habité autrefois par les Israélites, et qui aujourd'hui fait partie des pachalics d'Acre et de Damas. Il s'étendait entre le 31 et 33° degré latitude N. et entre le 32 et 35° degré longitude E., sur une superficie d'environ 1300 lieues carrées. Quelques écrivains jaloux de donner au pays des Hébreux une certaine importance politique, ont exagéré l'étendue de la Palestine; mais nous avons pour nous une autorité que l'on ne saurait récuser. Saint Jérôme, qui avait longtemps voyagé dans cette contrée, dit dans sa lettre à Dardanus (ep. 129) que de la limite du nord jusqu'à celle du midi il n'y avait qu'une distance de 160 milles romains, ce qui fait environ 55 lieues. Il rend cet hommage à la vérité bien qu'il craigne, comme il le dit lui-même de livrer par la terre promise aux sarcasmes païens. (Pudet dicere latitudinem terrae repromissionis, ne ethnicis occasionem blasphemandi dedisse uideamur)
  306. ↑ Munk, Salomon; Levy, Moritz A. (1871). Palästina: geographische, historische und archäologische Beschreibung dieses Landes und kurze Geschichte seiner hebräischen und jüdischen Bewohner (in German). Leiner. p. 1. Image of p. 1 at Google Books
  307. ↑ McLeod, Walter (1847). The geography of Palestine. pp. 51–52. MODERN DIVISIONS. 8. Palestine is now divided into pashalicks, the most important of which are Akka and Damascus. The country is under the dominion of the Turks, and is governed by Mehemet Pasha, who has been recently appointed the governor-general of Palestine.
  308. ↑ Arculf; Willibald (1848). THOMAS WRIGHT, ed. Early travels in Palestine: comprising the narratives of Arculf, Willibald, [and others]. Henry G. Bohn. p. 1. Image of p. 1 at Google Books
  309. ↑ RITTER, Carl (1866). The comparative geographie of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula. T. & T. Clark. p. 22. CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF THE AUTHORITIES ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE. ...the lists of authorities given by Reland, Pococke, Meusel, Bellermann, Rosenmüller, Berghaus, Hammer-Purgstall, and more especially by von Raumer and Robinson. ...Others which we have from the English and the French ...John Kitto, Munk. (Image of p. 22 at Google Books)
  310. ↑ Ritter, Carl (1848). Vergleichende Erdkunde der Sinai-Halbinsel, von Palaestina und Syrien. G. Reiner.
  311. ↑ Lynch, William Francis (1849). Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea. Lea and Blanchard. pp. 425–. p. 425 at Google Books
  312. ↑ Schwarz, Yehoseph (1850). A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine. A. Hart. p. 378. p. 378 at Google Books
  313. ↑ James Redhouse (1856). An English and Turkish dictionary.
  314. ↑ Porter, Josias Leslie (1868). John Murray (Firm), ed. A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine ... 1. J. Murray. pp. 177–. p. 177 at Google Books
  315. ↑ Porter, Josias Leslie (1858). A handbook for travellers in Syria and Palestine 2. Murray. pp. 374–. p. 374 at Google Books
  316. ↑ Traill, Thomas Stewart (1860). The Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature. A. and C. Black. pp. 36–. David Kay published articles on various subjects and was one of the sub-editors on the eighth edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Geographical Articles from the Encyclopaedia Britannica 4to David Kay Esq frgs
  317. ↑ Traill, Thomas Stewart (1859). 'Palestine', The Encyclopaedia Britannica 17 (8 ed.). A. and C. Black. pp. 198–. Djk6AQAAMAAJ. [Palestine] ...was finally subdued in 1517 by Selim I., the sultan of the Turks, under whom it has continued for more than 300 years. ...until the memorable invasion of Egypt by the French army in 1798. Bonaparte being apprised that preparations were making in the pashalic of Acre for attacking him in Egypt, resolved, according to his usual tactics, to anticipate the movements of his enemies. He accordingly marched across the desert which divides Egypt from Palestine, and invaded the country at the head of 10,000 troops. After taking several towns, and among the rest Jaffa, where he stained his character by the atrocious massacre of 4000 prisoners. (Traill 1859, p. 198, 'Palestine', The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 17)
  318. ↑ Osborn, Henry Stafford (1859). Palestine, past and present: with biblical, literary, and scientific notices. James Challen. pp. 507–508. Image of p. 507 & p. 508 at Google Books
  319. ↑ Traill, Thomas Stewart (1860). The Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature. A. and C. Black. pp. 38–. J.L.P. —Porter, Rev. J. L., Author of the "Handbook to Syria and Palestine". (p. 38 at Google Books)
  320. ↑ 'Syria', Encyclopaedia Britannica 20 (8 ed.). Little, Brown, & Company. 1860. pp. 907–. 1TI7AQAAMAAJ. The modern inhabitants of Syria and Palestine are a mixed race, made up of the descendants of the ancient Syrians who occupied the country in the early days of Christianity and of the Arabians who came in with the armies of the khalifs and settled in the cities and villages. The number of the latter being comparatively small, the mixture of blood did not visibly change the type of the ancient people. This may be seen by comparing the Christians with the Muslems. The former are undoubtedly of pure Syrian descent, while the latter are more or less mixed, and yet there is no visible distinction between the two save what dress makes. (1860, p. 907, 'Syria', The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 20)
  321. ↑ 36th United States Congress (1860). The Massacres in Syria: a Faithful Account of the Cruelties and Outrages Suffered by the Christians of Mount Lebanon, During the Late Persecutions in Syria: With a Succinct History of Mahometanism and the Rise of the Maronites, Druses ... and Other Oriental Sects ... R.M. De Witt. pp. 11–. -mKObB86PUMC. (36th U.S. Congress 1860, p. 11 at Google Books)
  322. ↑ Norton, William (1865). S. C. Hall, ed. How I Got My Cork Legs, The St. James's Magazine. W. Kent. p. 225. p. 225 at Google Books
  323. ↑ Tobler, Titus (1867). Bibliographica Geographica Palaestinae. Leipzig: Verlag Von S. Hirzel. Retrieved 19 June 2015. Cover image at Archive.org
  324. ↑ John Tillotson (1871). Palestine Its Holy Sites and Sacred Story. Ward, lock and Tyler. p. 94. Map: Canaan or Palestine
  325. ↑ Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872-1908, By Johann Büssow, p5
  326. ↑ Khalidi 1997, p. 151.
  327. ↑ Zachary Foster (2016-02-09). "The Origins of Modern Palestine in Ottoman Documents". Palestine Square. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  328. ↑ William Smith, ed. (1873). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography: 2: Iabadius-Zymethus 2. John Murray. pp. 516, 533. (Image of p. 516 & p. 533 at Google Books
  329. ↑ Baedeker, Karl (1875). Palaestina und Syrien: Handbuch für Reisende. Karl Baedeker. p. 60. Image of p. 60 at Google books
  330. ↑ Burton, Lady Isabel (1875). The Inner Life of Syria, Palestine, and the Holy Land: From My Private Journal. H. S. King and Company. pp. 349–. p. 349 ay Google Books
  331. 1 2 3 Zachary Foster (2016-02-18). "Who Was the First Palestinian in Modern History?". Palestine Square. Retrieved 2016-03-12.
  332. ↑ Cook Thomas and son, ltd (1876). Cook's Tourists' Handbook for Palestine and Syria. T. Cook & Son. p. 118. Image of p. 118 at Google Books
  333. ↑ Gerber 2008, p. 51: "Abdul Karim Rafeq, who wrote an extensive study on Ottoman Palestine, came across the term a number of times [Footnote]: Abdul-Karim Rafeq, "Filastin fi Ahd al-Uthmaniyin", al-Mawsua al-Filistiniyya, Part 2, Special Studies, Vol. 2, Historical Studies, Beirut: Hay’at al-Mawsua al-Filistiniyya, 1990, pp. 695–990." "Among his sources for the late-nineteenth century was a travelogue of a Damascene traveler, Nu`man al-Qasatli. This book, still in manuscript, is called "al-Rawda al-Numaniyya in the travelogue to Palestine and some Syrian Towns.""
    [see also]: Nu`man ibn `Abdu al-Qasatli, The Forgotten Surveyor of Western Palestine, Journal of Palestinian Archaeology 1 (2000): 28-29
  334. ↑ The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840-1947, Gideon Biger, p15
  335. ↑ Röhricht, Reinhold (1890). Reinhold Röhricht, Bibliotheca Geographica Palestine, from the year A.D. 333 to A.D. 1878. H. Reuther. pp. 1–. YY_bk3Jf-9QC. Google Books title image @ https://books.google.com/books?id=YY_bk3Jf-9QC&pg=PR1&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&sig=ACfU3U21AQl8wuT1bmaYDcYjnpmrNG_zEQ&ci=73%2C174%2C793%2C1213&edge=0
  336. ↑ The Church Quarterly Review. S.P.C.K. 1891. pp. 259–. VJE3AAAAMAAJ. Bibliotheca Geographica Palestine. Chronologisches Verzeichniss der auf die Geographic des heiligen Landes beziiglichen Literatur von 333 bis 1878 und Versuch einer Cartographic. Herausgegeben von Reinhold Rohricht. (Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1890.) The title indicates clearly enough the general character of this book. It professes to give a list of all the books relating to the geography of Palestine from the year A.D. 333 to A.D. 1878 and also a chronological list of maps relating to Palestine. (The Church Quarterly Review 1891, p. 259)
  337. ↑ A History of Civilization in Palestine. CUP Archive. pp. 130–. GGKEY:5CEENZCZEW9. p. 130: Bibliography: Only a small selection can be mentioned from among the books on Palestine. Bibliotheca Geographica Palestinae, (Berlin, 1890), enumerates 3515 books, issued between 333 A.D. and 1878 A.D.
  338. ↑ Gerber 2008, p. 51: "Perhaps the clearest indication that it was not the British who invented the term Palestine is its usage by the Ottoman authorities. The remnants of the correspondence of the Ottoman governors with their superiors in the first decade of the twentieth century quite often relate to the Zionist question and the resistance to it among local inhabitants. The country is referred to throughout as Palestine."
  339. ↑ Robertson, John Mackinnon (1900). Christianity and Mythology. Watts & Company. p. 422. Long before Biblical Judaism was known, the people of Palestine shared in the universal rituals of the primeval cults of sun and moon, Nature and symbol; and the successive waves of conquest, physical and mystical, have only transformed the primordial hallucination. (Image of p. 422 at Google Books)
  340. ↑ Gerber 2008, p. 48.
  341. ↑ "Arab nationalism and the Palestinians, 1850-1939, ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz ʻAyyād". Passia.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  342. ↑ Gerber 2008, p. 51: "An important source shedding light on the question is Ruhi al-Khalidi’s book on the history of Zionism, written in the first decade of the twentieth century. It is noteworthy that whenever the name of the country appears, it is always Palestine, never southern Syria or anything else. Al-Khalidi does not seem to be inventing it, otherwise it would be difficult to see why he does not try to explain what he is doing, or where he found this "bizarre" name. He is simply using what his language and his knowledge have imparted to him. [Footnote: Walid Khalidi, "Kitab al-Sionism, aw al-Mas’ala al-Sahyiuniyya li-Muhammad Ruhi al-Khalidi al-mutwaffa sanat 1913," in Hisham Nashshabe, ed., Dirasat Filastiniyya, Beirut: Muassasat al-Dirasat al-Filistiniyya, 1988, pp. 37–82.]"
  343. ↑ Grooves Of Change: A Book Of Memoirs, Herbert Samuel
  344. ↑ Britain's Moment in the Middle East, 1914-1956, Elizabeth Monroe, p26
  345. ↑ Shifting Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine-Part 2: Ethnography and Cartography, Salim Tamari
  346. 1 2 3 Grief 2008, p. 473.
  347. ↑ "Hansard ARAB POLITICAL REPRESENTATIVES (VISIT TO PALESTINE). HC Deb 25 June 1918 vol 107 c903W". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 1918-06-25. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  348. ↑ "Hansard search "Palestinian"". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  349. ↑ "Zionist Organization Statement on Palestine, Paris Peace Conference, February 3, 1919". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  350. ↑ "Paris Peace Conference Zionist Organisation - proposed map of Palestine". Mideastweb.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  351. ↑ Pipes, Daniel (1992). Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition. Oxford University Press US. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-19-506022-5.
  352. ↑ "Franco-British Convention on Certain Points Connected with the Mandates for Syria and the Lebanon, Palestine and Mesopotamia" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  353. ↑ Lewis 1980, p. 12.
  354. ↑ Meeting on November 9, 1920, quoted in: Memorandum No. 33, "Use of the Name Eretz-Israel’," in the Report by the Palestine Royal Commission, 1937, Memoranda Prepared by the Government of Palestine, C. O. No. 133.
  355. ↑ "Permanent Mandates Commission, 22nd meeting, minutes of the ninth session, Geneva, June 1926". Domino.un.org. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  356. ↑ Palestine: Report of the Royal Commission, 1936, CAB 24/270/8 / Former Reference: CP 163 (37), 22 June 1937
  357. ↑ "Palestine and Israel", David M. Jacobson, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 313 (February 1999), pp. 65–74; "The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara," Steven S. Tuell, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 284 (November 1991), pp. 51–57; "Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast", Anson F. Rainey, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 321 (February 2001), pp. 57–63; Herodotus, Histories
  358. ↑ Killebrew 2005, p. 205.
  359. 1 2 Lewis 1980, p. 1.
  360. 1 2 Jobling, David; Rose, Catherine (1996), "Reading as a Philistine", in Mark G. Brett, Ethnicity and the Bible, BRILL, p. 404, ISBN 9780391041264, Rabbinic sources insist that the Philistines of Judges and Samuel were different people altogether from the Philistines of Genesis. (Midrash Tehillim on Psalm 60 (Braude: vol. 1, 513); the issue here is precisely whether Israel should have been obliged, later, to keep the Genesis treaty.) This parallels a shift in the Septuagint's translation of Hebrew pelistim. Before Judges, it uses the neutral transliteration phulistiim, but beginning with Judges it switches to the pejorative allophuloi. [To be precise, Codex Alexandrinus starts using the new translation at the beginning of Judges and uses it invariably thereafter, Vaticanus likewise switches at the beginning of Judges, but reverts to phulistiim on six occasions later in Judges, the last of which is 14:2.]
  361. ↑ Drews 1998, p. 49: "Our names ‘Philistia’ and ‘Philistines’ are unfortunate obfuscations, first introduced by the translators of the LXX and made definitive by Jerome’s Vg. When turning a Hebrew text into Greek, the translators of the LXX might simply—as Josephus was later to do—have Hellenized the Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים as Παλαιστίνοι, and the toponym פְּלִשְׁתִּ as Παλαιστίνη. Instead, they avoided the toponym altogether, turning it into an ethnonym. As for the ethnonym, they chose sometimes to transliterate it (incorrectly aspirating the initial letter, perhaps to compensate for their inability to aspirate the sigma) as φυλιστιιμ, a word that looked exotic rather than familiar, and more often to translate it as άλλόφυλοι. Jerome followed the LXX’s lead in eradicating the names, ‘Palestine’ and ‘Palestinians’, from his Old Testament, a practice adopted in most modern translations of the Bible."
  362. ↑ Drews 1998, p. 51: "The LXX’s regular translation of פְּלִשְׁתִּים into άλλόφυλοι is significant here. Not a proper name at all, allophyloi is a generic term, meaning something like ‘people of other stock’. If we assume, as I think we must, that with their word allophyloi the translators of the LXX tried to convey in Greek what p'lištîm had conveyed in Hebrew, we must conclude that for the worshippers of Yahweh p'lištîm and b'nê yiśrā'ēl were mutually exclusive terms, p'lištîm (or allophyloi) being tantamount to ‘non-Judaeans of the Promised Land’ when used in a context of the third century BCE, and to ‘non-Israelites of the Promised Land’ when used in a context of Samson, Saul and David. Unlike an ethnonym, the noun פְּלִשְׁתִּים normally appeared without a definite article."
  363. 1 2 3 4 5 Richard Abbott. "The Philistines". Oldtestamentstudies.net. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  364. 1 2 3 4 5 "All references to words beginning Philis*". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  365. ↑ Smith, 1863, p. 1546.
  366. ↑ A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period Page 174 Lester L. Grabbe - 2008 "The place of Judah in Coele-Syria was readily known in geographical writings. According to Strabo, Syria includes the following areas: We set down as parts of Syria, beginning at Cilicia and Mt. Amanus, both Commagene and the Seleucis ...
  367. ↑ Strabo 16.2, Geographica
  368. ↑ Studies in Josephus and the varieties of ancient Judaism: Louis H. Feldman. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
  369. ↑ The Bar-Kokhba Revolt (132-135 C.E.) by Shira Schoenberg, The Jewish Virtual Library
  370. ↑ The Hellenistic settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, 2006, Getzel M. Cohen, p36-37, " "Palestine" did not come into official use until the early second century ad, when the emperor Hadrian decided to rename the province of Judaea; for its new name he chose “Syria Palaestina.”49 49. On the date of the name change — before rather than after the Bar-Kochva revolt — see− R. Syme, JRS 52 (1962) 90; and A. Kindler, INJ 14 (2000–2002) 176–79...". Syme is at Syme, Ronald (1962). "The Wrong Marcius Turbo". The Journal of Roman Studies 52: 87–96. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 297879.
  371. ↑ Lehmann, Clayton Miles (Summer 1998). "Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy". The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Retrieved 2008-07-06.
  372. ↑ Sharon, 1998, p. 4. According to Moshe Sharon: "Eager to obliterate the name of the rebellious Judaea", the Roman authorities (General Hadrian) renamed it Palaestina or Syria Palaestina.
  373. ↑ "Hadrian was in those parts in 129 and 130. He abolished the name of Jerusalem, refounding the place as a colony, Aelia Capitolina. That helped to provoke the rebellion. The supersession of the ethnical term by the geographical may also reflect Hadrian's decided opinions about Jews." Syme, Ronald (1962). "The Wrong Marcius Turbo". The Journal of Roman Studies 52: 87–96. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 297879. (page 90)
  374. ↑ Lendering, Jona. "Satraps and satrapies". Livius.org. Livius. Retrieved 17 December 2014.

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