Luhansk People's Republic

Luhansk People's Republic
  • Луганская Народная Республика (Russian)
    Luganskaya Narodnaya Respublika
  • Луганська Народна Республіка (Ukrainian)
    Luhans'ka Narodna Respublika
Flag Seal[3][4]
Territory claimed on 12 May 2014 (in light green) and currently occupied (dark green) by the Luhansk People's Republic
Territory claimed on 12 May 2014 (in light green) and currently occupied (dark green) by the Luhansk People's Republic
CapitalLuhansk
Official languages Russian
Ukrainian
Ethnic groups Russians
Ukrainians
Government
 •  Head Igor Plotnitsky
 •  Prime Minister Hennadiy Tsypkalov
 •  Chairman of Supreme Soviet Aleksey Karyakin[5]
Legislature Supreme Soviet
Independence from Ukraine
 •  Established 27 April 2014 
 •  Referendum 11 May 2014 
 •  Declaration of Independence 12 May 2014[6] 
 •  International recognitiona 19 June 2014 
 •  Signing of Minsk II agreement 11 February 2015 
Currency Ukrainian hryvnia (most common); Russian ruble (less common); Euro, U.S. dollar (legal but rarely used) [7]
Time zone Moscow Time[8] (UTC+3[9])
a. By non-UN member South Ossetia.[10]

The Luhansk People's Republic (LPR or LNR), also known as Lugansk People's Republic (Russian: Луга́нская Наро́дная Респу́блика, tr. Luganskaya Narodnaya Respublika, LNR; IPA: [lʊˈɡanskəjə nɐˈrodnəjə rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə]; Ukrainian: Луганська Народна Республіка, Luhanska Narodna Respublika) is a self-proclaimed state in eastern Ukraine, bordering the Russian Federation, the (also self-proclaimed) Donetsk People's Republic, and Ukraine itself. Along with the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and the Republic of Crimea, the Luhansk People's Republic is one of what the Ukrainian government calls the "temporarily occupied territories".[11][12]

Following the Euromaidan protest movement and the overthrow of President Viktor Yanukovich in the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, local Antimaidan and pro-Russian protests intensified, culminating in the proclamation of the Luhansk People's Republic on 27 April 2014. The authorities of the Republic later held a referendum on 11 May to seek legitimacy for the proclamation, and subsequently declared independence on 12 May 2014. On 24 May 2014, the self-proclaimed government agreed to a merger with the Donetsk People's Republic into an unrecognized confederation known as Novorossiya (thereby making a reference to the corresponding historical region and its name). The Republic is recognised only by South Ossetia, which itself only has limited international recognition. On 20 May 2015 the leadership of the Federal State of Novorossiya announced the termination of the confederation 'project'.[13]

Ukraine classifies the Republic as a terrorist organisation.[14]

The northern part of Luhansk Oblast, which is predominantly Ukrainian-speaking, has remained under Ukrainian control.[15] Although the LPR lost control of much of the Oblast, and currently govern less than half of their territorial claim, the Ukrainian government estimates that about 64.4% of the population of the Oblast live under separatist rule. This is because the LPR's stronghold in the southern part of the Oblast is also the most densely populated area in the Oblast, and is the location of major cities like Luhansk, Alchevsk, and Krasnodon.[16]

11 February 2015 the LPR leadership signed the Minsk II agreement that arranged rebel held territory reintegration into Ukraine and the overhauling the Ukrainian constitution to grant it a special status within Ukraine's borders.[17][18][19] The next week the LPR leadership claimed that "If Ukraine remains like it is now, we will never be together."[20] As of April 2016, the Ukrainian parliament has not scheduled to vote to implement the constitutional reform set out in the Minsk II agreement.[21]

History

Main article: War in Donbass

Occupation of government buildings

Occupation of the Security Service of Ukraine building in Luhansk
Luhansk People's Militia member in June 2014
Demonstration in Luhansk, 1 May 2014

One-thousand pro-Russian activists seized and occupied the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) building in the city of Luhansk on 6 April, following similar occupations in Donetsk and Kharkiv.[22][23] The activists demanded that separatist leaders who had been arrested in previous weeks be released.[22] In anticipation of attempts by the government to retake the building, barricades were erected to reinforce the positions of the activists.[24][25] It was proposed by the activists that a "Lugansk Parliamentary Republic" be declared on 8 April 2014, but did not occur.[26][27] By 12 April, the government had regained control over the SBU building with the assistance of local police forces.[28]

Several thousand protesters gathered for a 'people's assembly' outside the regional state administration (RSA) building in Luhansk city on 21 April. These protesters called for the creation of a 'people's government', and demanded either federalisation or incorporation into the Russian Federation.[29] They elected Valery Bolotov as 'People's Governor' of Luhansk Oblast.[30] Two referendums were announced by the leadership of the activists. One was scheduled for 11 May, and was meant to determine whether the region would seek greater autonomy (and potentially independence), or retain its previous constitutional status within Ukraine. Another referendum, meant to be held on 18 May in the event that the first referendum favoured autonomy, was to determine whether the region would join the Russian Federation, or become independent.[31]

Proclamation of the Republic

Valery Bolotov proclaims the Act of Independence of the Luhansk People's Republic, 12 May 2014

During a gathering outside the RSA building on 27 April, pro-Russian activists proclaimed the "Luhansk People's Republic".[32] The protesters issued demands, which said that the Ukrainian government should provide amnesty for all protesters, enshrine Russian as an official language of Ukraine, and also hold a referendum on the status of Luhansk Oblast.[32] They then warned the Ukrainian government that if it did not meet these demands by 14:00 on 29 April, they would launch an armed insurgency in tandem with that of the Donetsk People's Republic.[32][33] As the Ukrainian government did not respond to these demands, 2,000 to 3,000 activists, some of them armed, attempted to seize the RSA building, and a local prosecutor's office, on 29 April.[34] The buildings were both ransacked, and then occupied by the protesters.[35] Protestors waived local flags, alongside those of Russia and the neighbouring Donetsk People's Republic.[36] Some police officers that had been guarding the building defected supported the activists, providing little resistance to the takeover.[37]

Territorial expansion

Ruined supermarket in Luhansk. August 2015


Demonstrations by pro-Russian activists began to spread across Luhansk Oblast towards the end of April. The municipal administration building in Pervomaisk was overrun on 29 April 2014, and the Luhansk People's Republic flag was raised over it.[38][39] Oleksandr Turchynov, then acting president of Ukraine, admitted the next day that government forces were unable to stabilise the situation in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts.[40] One the same day, activists seized control of the Alchevsk municipal administration building.[41][42] In Krasnyi Luch, the municipal council conceded to demands by activists to support the 11 May 2014 referendum, and followed by raising the Russian flag over the building.[38]

Insurgents occupied the municipal council building in Stakhanov on 1 May 2014. Later in the week, they stormed the local police station, business centre, and SBU building.[43][44] Activists in Rovenky occupied a police building there on 5 May, but quickly left.[45] On the same day, the police headquarters in Slovianoserbsk was seized by members of the Army of the South-East, a pro-Russian Luhansk regional militia group.[46][47] In addition, the town of Antratsyt was occupied by the Don Cossacks.[48][49] Some said that the occupiers came from Russia,[50] but the Cossacks themselves said that "almost nobody" had come from Russia.[51] On 7 May, insurgents also seized the prosecutor's office in Sievierodonetsk.[52] Luhansk People's Republic supporters stormed government buildings in Starobilsk on 8 May, replacing the Ukrainian flag with that of the Republic.[53] Sources within the Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs said that as of 10 May 2014, the day before the proposed status referendum, Ukrainian forces still retained control over fifty percent of Luhansk Oblast.[54]

Status referendum

The planned referendum on the status of Luhansk oblast was held on 11 May 2014.[55] The organisers of the referendum said that 96.2% of those who voted were in favour of self-rule, with 3.8% against.[56] They said that voter turnout was at 81%. There were no international observers present to validate the referendum.[56]

Declaration of independence and subsequent developments

Following the referendum, the head of the Republic, Valery Bolotov, said that the Republic had become an "independent state".[57] The still-extant Luhansk Oblast Council, on the other hand, called for immediate federalisation of Ukraine, asserting that "an absolute majority of people voted for the right to make their own decisions about how to live".[58][59] The council also requested an immediate end to Ukrainian military activity in the region, amnesty for anti-government protestors, and official status for the Russian language in Ukraine.[59] Valery Bolotov was wounded in an assassination attempt on 13 May.[60] Luhansk People's Republic authorities blamed the incident on the Ukrainian government. Government forces later captured Alexei Rilke, the commander of the Army of the South-East.[61] The next day, Ukrainian border guards arrested Valery Bolotov. Just over two hours later, after unsuccessfully attempting negotiations, 150 to 200 armed separatists attacked the Dovzhansky checkpoint where he had been held. The ensuing firefight led Ukrainian government forces to free Bolotov.[62] No formal declaration of statehood had been received by the United Nations as of 20 May.[63]

On 24 May 2014 the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic jointly announced their intention to form a confederative "union of People's Republics" called New Russia.[64] Republic President Valery Bolotov said on 28 May that the Luhansk People's Republic would begin to introduce its own legislation based on Russian law; he said Ukrainian law was unsuitable due to it being "written for oligarchs".[65] Vasily Nikitin, prime minister of the Republic, announced that elections to the State Council would take place in September.[66]

The leadership of the Luhansk People's Republic said on 12 June 2014 that it would attempt to establish a "union state" with Russia.[67] The government added that it would seek to boost trade with Russia through legislative, agricultural and economic changes.[67]

Stakhanov, a city that had been occupied by LPR-affiliated Don Cossacks, seceded from the Luhansk People's Republic on 14 September 2014.[68] Don Cossacks there proclaimed the Republic of Stakhanov, and said that a "Cossack government" now ruled in Stakhanov.[68][69] However the following day this was claimed to be a fabrication, and an unnamed Don Cossack leader stated the 14 September meeting had, in fact, resulted in 12,000 Cossacks volunteering to join the LPR forces.[70] Elections to the LPR Supreme Soviet took place on 2 November 2014, as the LPR did not allow the Ukrainian parliamentary election to be held in territory under its control.[71][72]

On 2 January 2015 Forces loyal to the Luhansk People's Republic ambushed and killed Alexander Bednov, head of a pro-Russian battalion called "Batman". Bednov was accused of (an arrest warrant for Bednov and several other battalion members had been issued by the separatists' prosecutor's office) murder, abduction and other abuses.[73][74][75]

In Antratsyt the leader of Don Cossack militant group controlling the town, Nikolai Kozitsyn, stated on 4 January 2015 that the territory controlled by his group had become part of the "Russian empire", and that Russian president Vladimir Putin was its "emperor".[76]

On 12 February 2015 DPR and LPR leaders Alexander Zakharchenko and Igor Plotnitsky signed the Minsk II agreement.[19] In the Minsk agreement it is agreed to introducing amendments to the Ukrainian constitution "the key element of which is decentralisation" and the holding of elections "On temporary Order of Local Self-Governance in Particular Districts of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts, based in the line set up by the Minsk Memorandum as of 19 September 2014"; in return rebel held territory would be reintegrated into Ukraine.[17][19][77] Representatives of the DPR and LPR continue to forward their proposals concerning Minsk II to the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine.[78] Plotnitsky told journalists on 18 February 2015: "Will we be part of Ukraine? This depends on what kind of Ukraine it will be. If it remains like it is now, we will never be together."[20]

On 20 May 2015 the leadership of the Federal State of Novorossiya announced the termination of the confederation 'project'.[13]

On 19 April 2016 planned (organised by the LPR) local elections were postponed from 24 April to 24 July 2016.[79]

Government

Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics

Constitution

The State Council of the LPR ratified a temporary constitution on 18 May 2014.[5]

Head of state

1st formation

2nd formation

Ministers

First government

Second government

Bolotov dismissed the government that had served since the proclamation of the LPR on 4 July 2014, with no reason given.[87] Marat Bashirov was appointed acting prime minister, whilst other ministers were ordered to continue working until the appointment of a new government.[87] Dmytro Semenov and Vasily Nikitin were appointed as acting deputy prime ministers.[88] Bashirov received the task of establishing the structure of LPR executive agencies, and of ensuring that their official names complied with the LPR constitution within a week of his appointment.[87] (Bashirov, born at Izhevsk in Russia in 1964, is a Russian lobbyist and a formerly served as an assistant to the chairman of the Federation Council's Committee on Foreign Affairs.[89][90] Bashirov also has held senior positions at billionaire Viktor Vekselberg's Renova conglomerate and IES Holding.[90])

Third government

A new government formed in August 2014 included:[91]

Tsypkalov asked to be dismissed on 26 December 2015 and was replaced by Serhiy Kozlov the same day.[92]

Legislature

The Luhansk People's Republic's parliament was called the Supreme Soviet and had 50 deputies.[5][93] Aleksey Karyakin was elected as its speaker on 18 May 2014.[5]

Elections

Parliamentary elections to the legislature of the Luhansk People's Republic were held on 2 November 2014.[93] People of at least 30 years old who "permanently resided in Luhansk People's Republic the last 10 years" were electable for four years and could be nominated by public organizations.[93] All residents of Luhansk Oblast were eligible to vote, even if they are residents of areas controlled by Ukrainian government forces or fled to Russia or other places in Ukraine as refugees.[71]

Ukraine urged Russia to use its influence to stop the election "to avoid a frozen conflict".[94] Russia on the other hand indicated it "will of course recognise the results of the election"; Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that the election "will be important to legitimise the authorities there".[72] Ukraine held the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election on 26 October 2014; these were boycotted by the Donetsk People's Republic and hence voting for it did not take place in Ukraine's eastern districts controlled by forces loyal to the Luhansk People's Republic.[72][94]

On 6 July 2015 the Luhansk People's Republic leader (LPR) Igor Plotnitsky set elections for "mayors and regional heads" for 1 November 2015 in territory under his control.[95] (Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) leader Alexander Zakharchenko issued a decree on 2 July 2015 that ordered local DPR elections to be held on 18 October 2015. He said that this action was "in accordance with the Minsk agreements".[96]) On 6 October 2015 the DNR and LPR leadership postponed their planned elections to 21 February 2016.[97] This happened 4 days after a Normandy four meeting in which it was agreed that the October 2015 Ukrainian local elections in LPR and DPR controlled territories would be held in accordance to the February 2015 Minsk II agreement.[98] At the meeting President of France François Hollande stated that in order to hold these elections (in LPR and DPR controlled territories) it was necessary "since we need three months to organize elections" to held these elections in 2016.[98] Also during the meeting it is believed that Russian President Vladimir Putin agreed to use his influence to not allow the DPR and Luhansk People's Republic election to take place on 18 October 2015 and 1 November 2015.[98]

Currency

As of May 2015, pensions started being paid in mostly rubles by the Luhansk People's Republic. 85% were in rubles, 12% in hryvnias, and 3% in dollars according to LPR Head Igor Plotnitsky.[99] Ukraine completely stopped paying pensions for the elderly and disabled in areas under DPR and LPR control on 1 December 2014.[100]

Military

Administrative divisions

Since late 2014, the Luhansk People's Republic controls the following administrative divisions of Luhansk Oblast:[101][102]

To facilitate the governance, the Verkhovna Rada on 7 October 2014 made some changes in the administrative divisions, so that the localities in the government-controlled areas were grouped into raions.[103]

National anthem

Its anthem is "Glory to Lugansk People's Republic! (Russian Language: Луганской Народной Республике, Слава!, also known as Live and Shine, LNR)".

Human rights

The United Nations observed (in May 2014) an "alarming deterioration" of human rights in insurgent-held territory in eastern Ukraine.[104] The UN detailed growing lawlessness, documenting cases of targeted killings, torture, and abduction, carried out by Luhansk People's Republic insurgents.[105] The UN also highlighted threats, attacks, and abductions of journalists and international observers, as well as the beatings and attacks on supporters of Ukrainian unity.[105]

In September 2014, the Parliament of the Luhansk People's Republic adopted a law that would introduce "criminal liability for homosexuality". According to that law, gay means being punished for 5 years in prison or "corrective" labour for a term of two to four years, however it is not clear when the law is effective.[106][107]

In November 2014, Amnesty International called the "People's Court" (public trials where allegedly random locals are the jury) held in the Luhansk People's Republic "an outrageous violation of the international humanitarian law".[108]

A 18 November 2014 United Nations report on eastern Ukraine stated that the Luhansk People's Republic was in a state of "total breakdown of law and order".[109] The report noted "cases of serious human rights abuses by the armed groups continued to be reported, including torture, arbitrary and incommunicado detention, summary executions, forced labour, sexual violence, as well as the destruction and illegal seizure of property may amount to crimes against humanity".[109] The report also stated that the insurgents violated the rights of Ukrainian-speaking children because schools in rebel-controlled areas only teach in Russian.[109] The United Nations also accused the Ukrainian Army and Ukrainian (volunteer) territorial defense battalions of human rights abuses such as illegal detention, torture and ill-treatment, noting official denials.[109] In a 15 December 2014 press conference in Kiev UN Assistant Secretary-General for human rights Ivan Šimonović stated that the majority of human rights violations, including executions without trial, arrests and torture, were committed in areas controlled by pro-Russian rebels.[110]

In January 2015, the Luhansk Communist Party criticised the current situation in the region. In their statement they expressed "deep disappointment" with how the situation developed from "authentic people's protests a year ago" to "return of corruption and banditism".[111]

On 24 December 2015 the Special Monitoring Mission of the OSCE in Ukraine reported that in territory controlled by the Luhansk People's Republic "Parallel 'justice systems' have begun operating".[112] They found this new judiciary to be "non-transparent, subject to constant change, seriously under-resourced and, in many instances, completely non-functional".[112] An early March 2016 United Nations OHCHR report claimed that people that lived in separatist controlled areas were experiencing "complete absence of rule of law, reports of arbitrary detention, torture and incommunicado detention, and no access to real redress mechanisms".[113]

Recognition

Luhansk People's Republic has not been recognized by any state, apart from South Ossetia, which is also a state with limited recognition internationally recognized as part of Georgia.[10][114]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luhansk People's Republic.

References

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  71. 1 2 LPR Head: Election to Remove Doubts Surrounding Legitimacy of Luhansk Authorities, 27 September 2014, RIA Novosti (27 September 2014)
  72. 1 2 3 Ukraine crisis: Russia to recognise rebel vote in Donetsk and Luhansk, BBC News (28 October 2014)
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  74. ↑ East Ukraine summit looks unlikely to happen as violence spikes in region, The Guardian (11 January 2015)
  75. ↑ Ukraine Rebel 'Batman' Battalion Commander Killed, New York Times (JAN. 4, 2015)
  76. ↑ "French Leader Urges End to Sanctions Against Russia Over Ukraine". The New York Times. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  77. ↑ "Minsk agreement on Ukraine crisis: text in full". The Daily Telegraph. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  78. ↑ Donetsk, Luhansk republics say election proposals forwarded to Contact Group on Ukraine, Russian News Agency "TASS" (12 May 2015)
    DPR, LPR Propose to Fix Right of Donbass Leaders to Keep Their Positions, Sputnik (news agency) (9 June 2015)
    ANALYSIS: Donetsk and Luhansk propose amendments to Ukraine’s Constitution, The Ukrainian Weekly (22 May 2015)
    "LNR" and "DNR" agree to a special status within Ukraine Donbass, Ukrayinska Pravda (9 June 2015)
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  83. ↑ "TASS: World - People's governor of Ukraine's Luhansk region attacked". TASS. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  84. ↑ Alec Luhn. "Ukraine: EU sanctions list – who's who - theguardian.com". the Guardian. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  85. ↑ "На Луганщині "міністр" сепаратистів фотографується топлес на вулицях міста у непристойних позах". ТСН.ua. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  86. ↑ Google Translate
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  89. ↑ Маріонетковий «уряд» терористичної «Луганської народної республіки» очолив громадянин Росії - DailyLviv.com
  90. 1 2 Luhansk People's Republic Appoints Russian Lobbyist to Head Council of Ministers | The Moscow Times
  91. ↑ "Spot report by the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine (SMM), 25 August 2014: The SMM, in Luhansk city, monitored the impact of the ongoing fighting" (Press release). Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 25 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  92. ↑ http://regnum.ru/news/polit/2044744.html
  93. 1 2 3 "Date of elections in Donetsk, Luhansk People’s republics the same - Nov. 2", Russian News Agency "TASS" (11 October 2014)
  94. 1 2 Ukraine urges Russia to stop separatist elections, USA TODAY (21 October 2014)
  95. ↑ LPR residents will elect the heads of cities and regions on November 1, Sputnik News (6 July 2015)
  96. ↑ Local elections in DPR to take place on October 18 – Zakharchenko, Interfax-Ukraine (2 July 2015)
    DPR, LPR attempts to hold separate elections in Donbas on Oct 18 to have destructive consequences – Poroshenko, Interfax-Ukraine (2 July 2015)
  97. ↑ Pro-Russian rebels in Ukraine postpone disputed elections, Reuters (6 October 2015)
    Ukraine rebels to delay elections, Washington Post (6 October 2015)
  98. 1 2 3 Ukraine crisis: Pro-Russian rebels 'delay disputed elections', BBC News (6 October 2015)
    Hollande: Elections In Eastern Ukraine Likely To Be Delayed, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (2 October 2015)
    Ukraine Is Being Told to Live With Putin, Bloomberg News (5 October 2015)
  99. ↑ Yulia Surkova and Daryna Krasnolutska (4 May 2015). "Forget Tanks. Russia’s Ruble Is Conquering Eastern Ukraine". Bloomberg. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  100. ↑ Ian Bateson (12 November 2014). "Donbas civil society leaders accuse Ukraine of 'declaring war' on own people". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  101. ↑ "Кабмин назвал города Донбасса, подконтрольные сепаратистам" (in Russian). Корреспондент. 14 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  102. ↑ "Численность населения по состоянию на 1 октября 2015 года по Луганской Народной Республ ике" (PDF) (in Russian). Luhansk People's Republic. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  103. ↑ "Рада изменила границы районов Луганской области" (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  104. ↑ "Ukraine crisis: UN sounds alarm on human rights in east". BBC News. 16 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  105. 1 2 Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 15 May 2014.
  106. ↑ "Is the self-proclaimed LPR introduced "criminal liability for homosexuality"?". Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  107. ↑ "Ukraine Rebels Love Russia, Hate Gays, Threaten Executions". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  108. ↑ Amnesty International alarmed by extrajudicial killings in self-proclaimed Luhansk republic, Interfax-Ukraine (14 November 2014)
    Rebels in Ukraine 'post video of people’s court sentencing man to death', The Daily Telegraph (31 October 2014)
    Ukraine conflict: Summary justice in rebel east, BBC News (3 November 2014)
  109. 1 2 3 4 Almost 1,000 dead since east Ukraine truce - UN, BBC News (21 November 2014)
    Ukraine death toll rises to more than 4,300 despite ceasefire - U.N., Reuters (21 November 2014)
  110. ↑ Majority of human rights violations in Ukraine committed by militants - UN, Interfax-Ukraine (15 December 2014)
  111. ↑ "Комсомол Луганска – в борьбе за Единую Украину!" [Luhansk Komsomol for united Ukraine]. Ленинский Коммунистический Союз Молодежи Украины. 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
  112. 1 2 Non-transparent 'justice systems' set up in rebel-controlled Donbas areas mostly non-functional - OSCE SMM, Interfax-Ukraine (25 December 2015)
  113. ↑ Ukraine: growing despair among over three million civilians in conflict zone – UN report, United Nations (3 March 2016)
    Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 November 2015 to 15 February 2016 (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  114. ↑ Ukraine’s rebel ‘people’s republics’ begin work of building new states, The Guardian (6 November 2014)
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