Peugeot

For the article about the bicycle manufacturer, see Cycles Peugeot.
Peugeot
Subsidiary
Industry Automotive
Founded 1810 as a coffee mill company
1830 as a bicycle manufacturer
1882 as a car manufacturer
1898 as a motorcycle company
1926 as a separate company
Founder Armand Peugeot
Headquarters Legal and top level administrative: Ave de la Grande Armée, Paris[1]
Operational: Sochaux, France
Key people
 Carlos Tavares (CEO)
Jean-Pierre Ploue (head of design)
Products
Production output
 1,739,000[2] (2009)
Increase €477 million (first half 2014)[3]
Number of employees
 198,210 (2010) (PSA Peugeot Citroën total)[4]
Parent PSA Peugeot Citroën (Peugeot S.A.)[5]
Subsidiaries Peugeot Motorcycles
Peugeot (bicycles)
Peugeot Sport
Slogan Motion and Emotion.
Website Peugeot.com
Peugeot RCZ won five years in a row the Diesel Car magazine 'Sports Car of the Year'[6] and the Top Gear 2010 Coupé of the Year[7]

Peugeot (US /puːˈʒoʊ/; UK /ˈpɜːrʒoʊ/; French pronunciation: ​[pøʒo]) is a French cars brand, part of PSA Peugeot Citroën.[8]

The family business that preceded the current Peugeot company was founded in 1810,[9] and manufactured coffee mills and bicycles. On 20 November 1858, Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark. Armand Peugeot built the company's first car, an unreliable steam tricycle, in collaboration with Leon Serpollet in 1889; this was followed in 1890 by an internal combustion car with a Panhard-Daimler engine.[10] Due to family discord, Armand Peugeot in 1896 founded the Société des Automobiles Peugeot.

The Peugeot company and family are originally from Sochaux, France. Peugeot retains a large manufacturing plant and Peugeot museum there. In February 2014, the shareholders agreed to a recapitalisation plan, in which Dongfeng Motors and the French government each bought a 14% stake in the company.[11][12][13]

Peugeot has received many international awards for its vehicles, including four European Car of the Year awards. In 2013 and 2014, Peugeot ranked the second lowest for average CO2 emissions among generalist brands in Europe, the Renault car maker group being ranked first, with 114.9g CO2/km.[14] Peugeot is known as a very reliable brand, citing how its 1950s and 1960s models are still running in Africa and Cuba in the 2010s, where Peugeot is called "the lion".[15]

Peugeot has had an impressive history in motor sport for more than a century. Peugeot Sport won the World Rally Championship five times, the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup twice (2010, 2011), surpassing Toyota and Audi, the World Endurance Championship twice (1992, 1993), and the Intercontinental Rally Challenge Championship three times. During the last year, Peugeot Sport has surpassed the record set in the ascent to Pikes Peak with the Peugeot 208 T16 driven by Sébastien Loeb,[16] and got a triple victory of the Peugeot 208 GTi in its class at the 24 Hours Nürburgring race.[17] In 2015, Peugeot returned to the Dakar Rally after its four victories in the 1980s.[18]

History

Early history

The Peugeot family of Valentigney, Montbéliard, Franche-Comté, France, began in the manufacturing business in the 19th century. In 1842, they added production of coffee, pepper, and salt grinders.[19] The company's entry into the vehicle market was by means of crinoline dresses, which used steel rods, leading to umbrella frames, saw blades, wire wheels, and bicycles.[20] Armand Peugeot introduced his "Le Grand Bi" penny-farthing in 1882, along with a range of other bicycles. The car company and bike company parted ways in 1926 but Peugeot bicycles continued to be built until very recently.

Armand Peugeot became interested in the automobile early on and, after meeting with Gottlieb Daimler and others, was convinced of its viability. The first Peugeot automobile, a three-wheeled, steam-powered car designed by Léon Serpollet, was produced in 1889; only four examples were made.[21] Steam power was heavy and bulky and required lengthy warmup times. In 1890, after meeting Daimler and Émile Levassor, steam was abandoned in favour of a four-wheeled car with a petrol-fuelled internal combustion engine built by Panhard under Daimler licence. The car was more sophisticated than many of its contemporaries, with a three-point suspension and a sliding-gear transmission.[22] An example was sold to the young Alberto Santos-Dumont, who exported it to Brazil.[23]

More cars followed, 29 being built in 1892, 40 in 1894, 72 in 1895, 156 in 1898, and 300 in 1899.[21] These early models were given "type" numbers. Peugeot became the first manufacturer to fit rubber tyres (solid, rather than pneumatic) to a petrol-powered car.

Peugeot was an early pioneer in motor racing, with Albert Lemaître winning the world's first motor race, the Paris–Rouen, in a 3 hp Peugeot. Five Peugeots qualified for the main event, and all finished. Lemaître finished 3 min 30 sec behind the Comte de Dion whose steam-powered car was ineligible for the official competition.[24] Three Peugeots were entered in the Paris–Bordeaux–Paris, where they were beaten by Panhard's car[25] (despite an average speed of 20.8 km/h (12.9 mph)[26] and taking the 31,500 franc prize.[26] This also marked the debut of Michelin pneumatic tyres in racing,[27] also on a Peugeot; they proved insufficiently durable.[24] Nevertheless, the vehicles were still very much horseless carriages in appearance and were steered by a tiller.

In 1896, the first Peugeot engines were built; no longer were they reliant on Daimler. Designed by Rigoulot, the first engine was an 8 hp (6.0 kW) horizontal twin fitted to the back of the Type 15.[27] It also served as the basis of a nearly exact copy produced by Rochet-Schneider.[27] Further improvements followed: the engine moved to the front on the Type 48 and was soon under a bonnet at the front of the car, instead of hidden underneath; the steering wheel was adopted on the Type 36; and they began to look more like the modern car.

Also in 1896, Armand Peugeot broke away from Les Fils de Peugeot Frères to form his own company, Société Anonyme des Automobiles Peugeot, building a new factory at Audincourt to focus entirely on cars.[27] In 1899, sales hit 300; total car sales for all of France that year were 1,200.[27] The same year, Lemaître won the Nice-Castellane-Nice Rally in a special 5,850 cc (357 cu in) 20 hp (14.9 kW) racer.[27]

At the 1901 Paris Salon, Peugeot debuted a tiny shaft-driven 652 cc (40 cu in) 5 hp (3.7 kW) one-cylinder, dubbed "Bébé" ("baby"), and shed its conservative image, becoming a style leader.[28] After placing 19th in the 1902 Paris-Vienna Rally with a 50 hp (37.3 kW) 11,322 cc (691 cu in) racer, and failing to finish with two similar cars, Peugeot quit racing.[28]

Peugeot added motorcycles to its range in 1903, and they have been built under the Peugeot name ever since. By 1903, Peugeot produced half of the cars built in France, and they offered the 5 hp (4 kW) Bébé, a 6.5 hp (4.8 kW) four-seater, and an 8 hp (6.0 kW) and 12 hp (8.9 kW) resembling contemporary Mercedes models.[28]

The 1907 salon showed Peugeot's first six-cylinder, and marked Tony Huber joining as engine builder.[28] By 1910, Peugeot's product line included a 1,149 cc (70 cu in) two-cylinder and six four-cylinders, of between two and six liters. In addition, a new factory opened the same year at Sochaux, which became the main plant in 1928.[29]

A more famous name, Ettore Bugatti, designed the new 850 cc (52 cu in) four-cylinder Bébé of 1912.[28] The same year, Peugeot returned to racing with a team of three driver-engineers (a breed typical of the pioneer period, exemplified by Enzo Ferrari among others): Jules Goux (graduate of Arts et Metiers, Paris), Paolo Zuccarelli (formerly of Hispano-Suiza), and Georges Boillot (collectively called Les Charlatans), with 26-year-old Swiss engineer Ernest Henry to make their ideas reality. The company decided voiturette (light car) racing was not enough, and chose to try grandes épreuves (grand touring). They did so with an engineering tour de force: a dual overhead camshaft (DOHC) 7.6-liter four-cylinder (110x200 mm) with four valves per cylinder.[30] It proved faster than other cars of its time, and Boillot won the 1912 French Grand Prix at an average of 68.45 mph (110.2 km/h), despite losing third gear and taking a 20-minute pit stop.[31] In May 1913, Goux took one to Indianapolis, and won at an average of 75.92 mph (122.2 km/h), recording straightaway speeds of 93.5 mph (150.5 km/h).[31] making Peugeot the first non-American-based auto company to win at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. In 1914, Boillot's 3-liter L5 set a new Indy lap record of 99.5 mph (160.1 km/h), and Duray placed second (beaten by ex-Peugeot ace René Thomas in a 6,235 cc (380 cu in) Delage).[32] Another (driven by Boillot's brother, André) placed in 1915; similar models won in 1916 (Dario Resta) and 1919 (Howdy Wilcox).

For the 1913 French Grand Prix, an improved L5 (with 5,655 cc (345 cu in) engine) was produced with a pioneering ballbearing crankshaft, gear-driven camshafts, and dry sump lubrication, all of which soon became standard on racing cars; Zuccarelli was killed during testing on public roads,[31] but Boillot easily won the event, making him (and Peugeot) the race's first double winner.[32] For the 1914 French GP, Peugeot was overmatched by Mercedes, and despite a new innovation, four-wheel brakes (against the Mercedes' rear-only), Georges proved unable to match them and the car broke down.[32] (Surprisingly, a 1914 model turned a 103 mph (165.8 km/h) lap in practice at Indy in 1949, yet it failed to qualify.)[33] Peugeot was more fortunate in 1915, winning at the French GP and Vanderbilt Cup.[33]

During the First World War, Peugeot turned largely to arms production, becoming a major manufacturer of arms and military vehicles, from armoured cars and bicycles to shells.

Interwar years

Peugeot 201

After the war, car production resumed in earnest. Racing continued as well, with Boillot entering the 1919 Targa Florio in a 2.5-liter (150-in3) car designed for an event pre-empted by World War I; the car had 200,000 km (120,000 mi) on it, yet Boillot won with an impressive drive (the best of his career)[33] Peugeots in his hands were third in the 1925 Targa, first in the 1922 and 1925 Coppa Florios, first in the 1923 and 1925 Touring Car Grands Prix, and first at the 1926 Spa 24 Hours.[33] Peugeot introduced a five-valve-per-cylinder, triple-overhead-cam engine for the Grand Prix, conceived by Marcel Gremillon (who had criticised the early DOHC), but the engine was a failure.[33]

The same year, Peugeot debuted 10 hp (7.5 kW) and 14 hp (10.4 kW) fours, the larger based on the Type 153, and a 6-liter 25 hp (19 kW) sleeve valve six, as well as a new cyclecar, La Quadrilette.[33]

During the 1920s, Peugeot expanded, in 1926 splitting the cycle (pedal and motor) business off to form Cycles Peugeot, the consistently profitable cycle division seeking to free itself from the rather more cyclical auto business, and taking over the defunct Bellanger and De Dion companies in 1927.[33] In 1928, the Type 183 was introduced.

Peugeot Sochaux production (units):
Soon after the timely introduction of the Peugeot 201, the Great Depression hit all the French auto-makers: Peugeot sales slumped, but the company survived.[34]

New for 1929 was the Peugeot 201, the cheapest car on the French market,[33] and the first to use the later Peugeot trademark (and registered as such)—three digits with a central zero. The 201 would get independent front suspension in 1931,[35] Soon afterwards, the Depression hit; Peugeot sales decreased, but the company survived.

In 1933, attempting a revival of fortune, the company unveiled a new, aerodynamically styled range. In 1934, Peugeot introduced the 402 BL Éclipse Décapotable, the first convertible with a retractable hardtop[36][37][38] — an idea followed later by the Ford Skyliner in the 1950s and revived in the modern era by the Mitsubishi 3000GT Spyder in 1995. More recently, many manufacturers have offered retractable hardtops, including Peugeot itself with the 206-cc.

Three models of the 1930s were the Peugeot 202, Peugeot 302, and Peugeot 402. These cars had curvaceous bodies, with headlights behind sloping grille bars, evidently inspired by the Chrysler Airflow.[36][39] The 2.1-liter[39] 402 entered production in 1935 and was produced until the end of 1941, despite France's occupation by the Nazis. For 1936, the new Airflow-inspired 302 (which ran until 1938) and a 402-based large model, designed by Andrean, featured a vertical fin and bumper, with the first high-mounted taillight.[39] The entry-level 202 was built in series from 1938 to 1942, and about 20 more examples were built from existing stocks of supplies in February 1945. The 202 lifted Peugeot's sales in 1939 to 52,796, just behind Citroën.[40] Regular production began again in mid-1946, and lasted into 1949.

Peugeot 403, the sedan version of the cabriolet driven by the Hollywood detective Columbo
Peugeot 404

After World War II

In 1946,[40] the company restarted car production with the 202, delivering 14,000 copies.[39] In 1947, Peugeot introduced the Peugeot 203, with coil springs, rack-and-pinion steering, and hydraulic brakes.[40] The 203 set new Peugeot sales records, remaining in production until 1960.[39]

Peugeot took over Chenard-Walcker in 1950, having already been required to acquire a controlling interest in Hotchkiss in 1942.[40] A popular model introduced in 1955 was the Peugeot 403. With a 1.5-liter engine, it sold one million copies by the end of its production run in 1962, famously including one cabriolet/convertible driven by TV detective Columbo.

The company began selling cars in the United States in 1958, and in 1960 introduced the Peugeot 404, which used a 1,618 cc (99 cu in) engine, tilted 45°. The 404 proved rugged enough to win the East African Safari Rally, in four of the six years between 1963 and 1968.

More models followed, many styled by Pininfarina, such as the 504, one of Peugeot's most distinctive models. Like many European manufacturers, collaboration with other firms increased; Peugeot worked with Renault from 1966 and Volvo from 1972.

Several Peugeot models were assembled in Australia, commencing with the 203 in 1953.[41] These were followed by 403, 404 and 504 models with Australian assembly ending with the 505 in the early 1980s.[41]

Takeover of Citroën and Chrysler Europe

Main article: PSA Peugeot Citroën

In 1974, Peugeot bought a 30% share of Citroën, and took it over completely in 1975 after the French government gave large sums of money to the new company. Citroën was in financial trouble because it developed too many radical new models for its financial resources. Some of them, notably the Citroën SM and the Comotor Wankel engine venture proved unprofitable. Others, the Citroën CX and Citroën GS for example, proved very successful in the marketplace.

The joint parent company became the PSA (Peugeot Société Anonyme) group, which aimed to keep separate identities for both the Peugeot and Citroën brands, while sharing engineering and technical resources. Peugeot thus briefly controlled the Italian Maserati marque, but disposed of it in May 1975.

The group then took over the European division of Chrysler (which were formerly Rootes and Simca), in 1978 as the American auto manufacturer struggled to survive. Soon, the whole Chrysler/Simca range was sold under the revived Talbot badge until production of Talbot-branded passenger cars was shelved in 1987 and on commercial vehicles in 1992.[42]

1980s and 1990s

Peugeot 205

In 1983, Peugeot launched the successful Peugeot 205 supermini, which is largely credited for turning the company's fortunes around. The 205 was regularly the bestselling car in France, and was also very popular in other parts of Europe, including Britain, where sales regularly topped 50,000 a year by the late 1980s. It won plaudits for its styling, ride and handling. It remained on sale in many markets until 1998, overlapping with the introduction of the 106 in 1991, and ceasing production at the launch of the 206, which also proved hugely popular across Europe.[43]

As part of the Guangzhou Peugeot Automobile Company (GPAC) joint venture, the Peugeot 504 and 505 were built in China from 1985 to 1997.

By 1987, the company had dropped the Talbot brand for passenger cars when it ceased production of the Simca-based Horizon, Alpine, and Solara models, as well as the Talbot Samba supermini which was based on the Peugeot 104. What was to be called the Talbot Arizona became the Peugeot 309, with the former Rootes plant in Ryton and Simca plant in Poissy being turned over for Peugeot assembly. Producing Peugeots in Ryton was significant, as it signalled the first time Peugeots would be built in Britain. The 309 was the first Peugeot-badged hatchback of its size, and sold well across Europe. The 309's successor, the 306, was also built at Ryton.

The 405 saloon was launched in 1987 to compete with the likes of the Ford Sierra, and was voted European Car of the Year. This, too, was a very popular car across Europe, and continued to be available in Africa and Asia after it was replaced by the 406 nearly a decade later. Production of the 405 in Europe was divided between Britain and France, although its 406 successor was only produced in France. The 106, Peugeot's entry-level model from 1991, was also produced solely in France.

The Talbot name survived for a little longer on commercial vehicles until 1992 before being shelved completely. As experienced by other European volume car makers, Peugeot's United States and Canadian sales faltered and finally became uneconomical, as the Peugeot 505 design aged. For a time, distribution in the Canadian market was handled by Chrysler. Several ideas to turn around sales in the United States, such as including the Peugeot 205 in its lineup, were considered but not pursued. In the early 1990s, the newly introduced 405 proved uncompetitive with domestic and import models in the same market segment, and sold less than 1,000 units. Total sales fell to 4,261 units in 1990 and 2,240 through July 1991, which caused the company to cease its U.S. and Canada operations after 33 years. There are no plans to return to the U.S. market.

In 1997, just six years after pulling out of both United States and Canadian markets, Peugeot returned to Mexico after a 36-year absence, under the Chile–Mexico Free Trade Agreement. Peugeot models (1992–present) cannot be bought or imported into the United States from Mexico.

2000s to present

Peugeot 407 coupé, 2006
Peugeot 3008, 2010 Semperit Irish Car of the Year and 2010 Car of the Year in Italy

On 18 April 2006, PSA Peugeot Citroën announced the closure of the Ryton manufacturing facility in Coventry, England. This announcement resulted in the loss of 2,300 jobs, as well as about 5,000 jobs in the supply chain. The plant produced its last Peugeot 206 on 12 December 2006, and finally closed down in January 2007.

Peugeot is a long way from its ambitious target of selling 4 million units annually by the end of the decade. In 2008, its sales stayed below the 2 million mark. In mid-2009, "adverse market and industry conditions" were blamed for falls in sales and operating losses. Christian Streiff was replaced by Philippe Varin (CEO) and Jean-Pierre Ploué (head of design) was transferred from his post at Citroën. In 2009, Peugeot returned to the Canadian market with the scooter brand only.

Peugeot still plans on developing new models to compete in segments where it currently does not compete. Collin claimed that the French automaker competed in 72% of market segments in 2007, but he wanted to get that figure up to 90%. Despite Peugeot's sportscar racing program, the company is not prepared to build a pure sportscar any more hardcore than the RC Z sports-coupe. It is also pursuing government funding to develop a diesel-hybrid drivetrain, which might be key to its expansion.

By 2010, Peugeot planned on pursuing new markets, mainly in China, Russia, and South America. In 2011 it decided to re-enter India after 14 years with a new factory at Sanand, Gujarat.[44]

Peugeot re-entered the Philippines in 2012 after having a short presence in 2005 with distribution done by the Alvarez Group.[45]

In March 2012, General Motors purchased a 7% share in Peugeot for 320 million euros as part of a cooperation aimed at finding savings through joint purchasing and product development. In December 2013, GM sold its entire Peugeot stake, taking a loss of about 70 million euros.[46]

In October 2013, Peugeot closed their production plant at Aulnay-sous-Bois as part of a restructuring plan to reduce overcapacity in the face of a shrinking domestic market.[47] By December 2013, Chinese investors were rumoured to be potential investors.[48] In February 2014, the Peugeot family agreed to give up control of the company by reducing its holdings from 25% to 14%. As part of this agreement, Dongfeng Motors and the French government were each to buy 14% stakes in the company, creating three partners with equal voting rights.[11][12][13] The board of directors was to be composed of six independent members, two representatives of each Dongfeng, the French state and the Peugeot family, and two members representing employees and employees shareholders.[49] The French government took the view the deal did not require approval by Brussels as EU competition rules do not count public investment in a company on the same terms as a private investor as state aid.[50] The equity participation by Dongfeng expanded an already budding relationship with Peugeot. The pair at the time were jointly operating three car-manufacturing plants in China, with a capacity of producing 750,000 vehicles a year. In July 2014, the joint venture, Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën, disclosed they were building a fourth factory in China in Chengdu, in Sichuan Province, targeting the manufacture of 300,000 sport-utility and multipurpose vehicles a year, starting towards the end of 2016.[51] In January 2015, Indian multinational automotive giant Mahindra & Mahindra purchased a major stake of 51% of Peugeot Motocycles for a price of 28 million euro.[52]

Factories

A Peugeot dealership
PSA plants
Joint venture and outsourced plants

Vehicles

Peugeot 208, Car of the Year in Italy and Spain
Peugeot 2008, Car of the Year in Italy
Peugeot 308, 2014 Car of the year in Europe
Peugeot 508 SW HYbrid4

Awards

European Car of the Year

Peugeot has produced four winners of the European Car of the Year award.

Four other Peugeot models got either second or third in the contest.

Semperit Irish Car of the Year award

Peugeot has produced two Car of the Year award winners in Ireland since 1978. It is judged by the Irish Motoring Writers Association (IMWA).

Car of the Year award in Italy

Peugeot S.A. has produced four "Car of the Year Auto Europa" award winners in Italy in 28 years, since 1987. "Auto Europa" is the prize awarded by the jury of the Italian Union of Automotive Journalists (UIGA), which annually celebrates the best car produced at least at 10,000 units in the 27 countries of the European Union, and sold between September and August the previous year.

Car of the Year award in Spain

Peugeot S.A. has produced nine Car of the year award winners in Spain in 40 years, since 1974.

Numbers

Others

Electric and hybrid vehicles

Peugeot 3008 HYbrid4, UK model
See also: Peugeot HYbrid4

Peugeot presented a new concept hybrid electric sports sedan at the 2008 Paris Motor Show called the Peugeot RC HYmotion4. Similar to the drivetrain model used in the upcoming Chevrolet Volt, the RC concept promises the ability to run solely on electric power for extended periods, with a hybrid electric powertrain filling in the gaps when extra range is needed.[54] The RC HYmotion4 includes a 70-kW electric motor at the front wheels.[55] The Peugeot Prologue HYmotion4[56] was also shown at the 2008 Paris show and is in many ways the opposite of the RC HYmotion4 concept. The Prologue puts the internal combustion engine up front and runs on diesel instead of gasoline, with the electric motor going at the back.[57]

The Peugeot BB1 is an electric concept car with in-wheel motors in its rear wheels first shown in September 2009 at the Frankfurt Motor Show.[58]

In 2010, Peugeot started selling the electric Peugeot iOn, a rebadged and revised version of the Mitsubishi i-MiEV.[59]

Peugeot VELV electric concept car was presented on 26 September 2011.

Motorsport

Main article: Peugeot Sport

Early

Peugeot wins the 1913 Indianapolis 500

Peugeot was involved in motorsport from the earliest days and entered five cars for the Paris-Rouen Trials in 1894 with one of them, driven by Lemaître, finishing second. These trials are usually regarded as the first motor sporting competition. Participation in a variety of events continued until World War I, but in 1912, Peugeot made its most notable contribution to motor sporting history when one of their cars, driven by Georges Boillot, won the French Grand Prix at Dieppe. This revolutionary car was powered by a straight-4 engine designed by Ernest Henry under the guidance of the technically knowledgeable racing drivers Paul Zuccarelli and Georges Boillot. The design was very influential for racing engines as it featured for the first time DOHC and four valves per cylinder, providing for high engine speeds, a radical departure from previous racing engines which relied on huge displacement for power. In 1913, Peugeots of similar design to the 1912 Grand Prix car won the French Grand Prix at Amiens and the Indianapolis 500. When one of the Peugeot racers remained in the United States during World War I and parts could not be acquired from France for the 1914 season, owner Bob Burman had it serviced in the shop of Harry Miller by a young mechanic named Fred Offenhauser. Their familiarity with the Peugeot engine was the basis of the famed Miller racing engine, which later developed into the Offenhauser.

Peugeot 405 Turbo 16, 1989 and 1990 winner of the Dakar Rally, with Ari Vatanen

Rallying

Peugeot Sport is one of the most successful winners in rallying, along with Citroën Racing (eight-time WRC winner), by winning five times the World Rally Championship Manufacturer's Title (1985-1986, 2000-2002), four times the Dakar Rally (1987-1990), three times the European Rally Championship (2002-2003, 2008), three times the Intercontinental Rally Challenge (2007-2009).

Peugeot's East African importers had a very impressive record in rallying in the 1960s; Nick Nowicki and Paddy Cliff won the East African Safari in 1963 with a Marshall's-entered 404 sedan. In 1966 and 1967, Tanzania's Tanganyika Motors entered the winning 404 Injection sedan, piloted by the late Bert Shanlkand and Chris Rothwell. They might have won again in 1968, but while in second place, their engine blew and ultimately Nick Nowicki and Paddy Cliff upheld Peugeot's honour by winning the rally. Peugeot also won the Safari Rally in 1975 (Andersson in a 504 Injection sedan) and in 1978 (Nicolas in a 504 Coupé V6), both cars being factory team entries.

Peugeot 205 Turbo 16, 1985 and 1986 winner of the World Rally Championship

Peugeot also had further success in international rallying, most notably in the World Rally Championship with the four-wheel-drive turbo-charged versions of the Peugeot 205, and more recently the Peugeot 206. In 1981, Jean Todt, former co-driver for Hannu Mikkola, Timo Mäkinen, and Guy Fréquelin, among others, was asked by Jean Boillot, the head of Automobiles Peugeot, to create a competition department for PSA Peugeot Citroën.[60] The resulting Peugeot Talbot Sport, established at Bois de Boulogne near Paris,[61] debuted its Group B 205 Turbo 16 at the 1984 Tour de Corse in May, and took its first world rally win that same year at the 1000 Lakes Rally in August, in the hands of Ari Vatanen.[62] Excluding an endurance rally where Peugeot were not participating, Vatanen went on win five world rallies in a row.

Peugeot's domination continued in the 1985 season. Despite Vatanen's nearly fatal accident in Argentina, in the middle of the season, his team-mate and compatriot Timo Salonen led Peugeot to its first drivers' and manufacturers' world championship titles, well ahead of Audi and their Audi Sport Quattro. In the 1986 season, Vatanen's young replacement Juha Kankkunen beat Lancia's Markku Alén to the drivers' title and Peugeot took its second manufacturers' title ahead of Lancia. Following FIA's banning of Group B cars for 1987, in May after Henri Toivonen's fatal accident, Todt was outraged and even (unsuccessfully) pursued legal action against the federation.[60] Peugeot then switched to rally raids. Using the 205 and a 405, Peugeot won the Dakar Rally four times in a row from 1987 to 1990; three times with Vatanen and once with Kankkunen. In 2015 Peugeot again took part in the Rally Dakar with a newly constructed buggy. For the 2016 Paris-Dakar, Peugeot presented a new team of drivers including 9-time WRC-champion Sébastien Loeb and 12-time Dakar winner Stéphane Peterhansel who managed to win the 2016 edition for the Peugeot factory team in the Peugeot 2008 DKR

Peugeot 206 WRC, winner of the World Rally Championship from 2000 to 2002

In 1999, Peugeot returned to the World Rally Championship with the 206 WRC. The car was immediately competitive against such opposition as the Subaru Impreza WRC, the Ford Focus WRC, and the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. Marcus Grönholm gave the car its first win at the 2000 Swedish Rally, and Peugeot went on to win the manufacturers' title in their first full year since the return, and Grönholm the drivers' title in his first full WRC season. After successfully but narrowly defending their manufacturers' title in 2001, Peugeot Sport dominated the 2002 season, taking eight wins in the hands of Grönholm and Gilles Panizzi. Grönholm also took the drivers' title. For the 2004 season, Peugeot retired the 206 WRC in favour of the new 307 WRC. The 307 WRC did not match its predecessor in success, but Grönholm took three wins with the car, one in 2004 and two in 2005. PSA Peugeot Citroën withdrew Peugeot from the WRC after the 2005 season, while Citroën took a sabbatical year in 2006 and returned for the next season. Meanwhile, Gronholm departed Peugeot when they quit at the end of 2005 to partner young compatriot Mikko Hirvonen at Ford.

Peugeot 207 S2000, winner of the Intercontinental Rally Challenge from 2007 to 2009.

Touring car racing

In 2009 and 2011, Peugeot won the Stock Car V8 championship with Cacá Bueno (here Luciano Burti)

In 2013, the Peugeot 208GTi won a one-two-three at the 24 Hours Nürburgring endurance race.[63]

The Peugeot 306 GTi won the prestigious Spa 24 hours endurance race in 1999 and 2000.

Peugeot has been racing successfully in the Asian Touring Car Series series, winning the 2000, 2001, and 2002 championships with the Peugeot 306 GTi.

Peugeot has been racing successfully in the Stock Car Brasil series since 2007 and won the 2008, 2009, and 2011 championships.

Peugeot won five times the Danish Touringcar Championship, with both the Peugeot 306 -winner in 1999, 2000 and 2001- and the Peugeot 307 winner in 2002 and 2003.

With his Peugeot 406, Laurent Aiello won the 1997 Super Tourenwagen Cup season.

Throughout the mid-1990s, the Peugeot 406 saloon (called a sedan in some countries) contested touring car championships across the world, enjoying success in France, Germany and Australia, yet failing to win a single race in the British Touring Car Championship despite a number of podium finishes under the command of 1992 British Touring Car Champion Tim Harvey. In Gran Turismo 2 the 406 saloon description sums its racing career up as "a competitive touring car which raced throughout Europe".

Tim Harvey in a 406 during the 1996 BTCC season

The British cars were initially prepared by Peugeot Sport; a team from the Peugeot UK factory in Coventry under the direction of team manager Mick Linford in 1996, with Total sponsorship. Peugeot Sport was not however a full professional race team akin to those of the competition, by now including Williams, Prodrive, Schnitzer and TWR; being as it was run from workshops within the Peugeot factory, largely by factory employees from 1992-1996, racing the 405 Mi16 from 1992-95. Peugeot therefore contracted Motor Sport Development (MSD; who had developed and run the Honda Accord in the BTCC from 1995-1996) to build & run the 406 for 1997-98, when they wore a distinctive green and gold-flame design in deference to new sponsor Esso.

Initially the 406's lack of success was blamed on suspension problems. During 1998 the 406 apparently lacked sufficient horsepower to compete with the front runners' Nissan Primeras and Honda Accords; this was mentioned during a particularly strong showing from Harvey's 406 at the Oulton Park BTCC meeting of 1998, when motorsport commentator Charlie Cox stated "some people say (the 406) is down on power – you're kidding". During the first BTCC meeting at Silverstone in the same year, Cox mentions that MSD re-designed the 406 touring car "from the ground up". It was however widely reported in publications like the now-defunct 'Super Touring' magazine that it was the aero package primarily developed for longer, faster tracks in Germany and France that led to its success there, but hindered the 406 on the slower, twistier tracks of the UK.

In 2001, Peugeot entered three BTC-T Peugeot 406 Coupés into the British Touring Car Championship to compete with the dominant Vauxhall Astra coupes. Unfortunately the 406 coupe was at the end of its product lifecycle and was not competitive, despite some promise towards the end of the year, notably when Peugeot's Steve Soper led a race only to suffer engine failure in the last few laps. The 406 coupes were retired at the end of the following year and replaced with the Peugeot 307—again, uncompetitively—in 2003. Alongside the BTC-C 406's; two works-supported 306 GTis were also raced in the BTC-P (Production) class by Simon Harrison and Roger Moen, with Harrison emerging class champion.

Sports car racing

The 908 HDi FAP sports prototype, driven by Jacques Villeneuve in 2007

In the 1990s the company competed in endurance racing, including the World Sportscar Championship and the 24 Hours of Le Mans race with the 905. The sportscar team was established at Vélizy-Villacoublay, France.[64] After early problems with reliability and aerodynamics, the 905 was successful in the World Sportscar Championship, winning eight of the 14 races across the 1991 and 1992 seasons and winning the team and driver titles in 1992. Peugeot also won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1992 and 1993.

Peugeot returned to sportscar racing and Le Mans in 2007 with the diesel-powered Peugeot 908 HDi FAP. At the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans, Stéphane Sarrazin secured pole position but the 908s proved unreliable and ceded victory to Audi. In 2008, the Sarrazin again earned a pole position but Audi prevailed once again. For the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans, the Peugeot 908 HDi FAPs finished first and second overall, led by drivers Marc Gené, David Brabham, and Alexander Wurz.

Pike's Peak Hillclimb

Ari Vatanen's Pikes Peak Peugeot 405

After Ari Vatanen and Bobby Unser, in the late 1980s, won the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb, Peugeot Sport and Sébastien Loeb decided to unite their respective strengths and go for it. The Ari Vatanen performance won several awards with the "Climb Dance" films (Grand Prix du film de Chamonix 1990, Gold Award at International Film Festival in Houston, Silver Screen of the US Industrial Film & Video Festival in Chicago, 1990 Prix spécial du Jury at the Festival International du Film d'aventure in Val d'Isère).[65]

In April 2013, a 208 T16 was tested by Sébastien Loeb at Mont Ventoux.[66] Loosely based on the shape and design of the production 208, the T16 is a lightweight 875 kg (1,929 lb) vehicle that uses the rear wing from the Peugeot 908, and has a 3.2-litre, twin-turbo V6 engine, developing 875 bhp (652 kW; 887 PS) with the aim of competing at the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb. 30 June 2013 saw this car demolish the standing record on Pikes Peak by over a minute and a half, with an overall time of 8:13.878.[67]

Formula One

The company has also been involved in providing engines to Formula One teams, notably to McLaren in 1994, to Jordan for the 1995, 1996 and 1997 seasons, and to Prost for the 1998, 1999 and 2000 seasons. Peugeot's F1 interests were sold to Asiatech at the end of the 2000 season.

Concept cars

Motorcycles

Peugeot Elyséo 125, 'Roland Garros' (2002)
Peugeot Satelis 125
Main article: Peugeot Motorcycles

Peugeot Motorcycles company remains a major producer of scooters, underbones, mopeds, and bicycles in Europe.[68][69] Peugeot produced an electric motor scooter, the Peugeot Scoot'Elec, from 1996 to 2006, and is projected to re-enter the market in 2011 with the E-Vivacity.

Bicycles

Main article: Peugeot (bicycles)

Peugeot also produced bicycles starting in 1882 in Beaulieu, France (with ten Tour de France wins between 1903 and 1983), followed by motorcycles and cars in 1889. In the late 1980s Peugeot sold the North American rights to the Peugeot bicycle name to ProCycle, a Canadian company which also sold bicycles under the CCM and Velo Sport names.[70] The European rights were briefly sold to Cycleurope S.A., returning to Peugeot in the 1990s.[71]

Peugeot Avenue

Peugeot has flagship dealerships, named Peugeot Avenue, located on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, and in Berlin. The Berlin showroom is larger than the Paris one, but both feature regularly changing mini-exhibitions displaying production and concept cars. Both also feature a small Peugeot Boutique, and they are popular places for Peugeot fans to visit. Peugeot Avenue Berlin also features a café, called Café de France. The Peugeot Avenue at Berlin closed in 2009.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Auto Motor und Sport Heft 23 Seite 70 - 78: Fahrbericht Peugeot 305. Stuttgart: Vereinigte Motor-Verlag GmbH & Co KG. 1977.
  2. ↑ "PSA Peugeot Citroën - Key Figures". PSA Peugeot Citroën. 6 August 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  3. ↑ "Recurring operating income by business segment first half 2014". Peugeot. 22 October 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  4. ↑ "Répartition des effectifs inscrits par filiale". PSA Peugeot Citroën. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
  5. ↑ "Registration document" (PDF). PSA Peugeot Citroën. 2010. p. 90. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  6. ↑ "For the fifth year in a row, the Peugeot RCZ has been awarded the Diesel Car magazine 'Sports Car of the Year'". Western Morning News. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  7. ↑ "Top Gear 2010 Awards". Topgear.com. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  8. ↑ "World ranking of manufacturers" (PDF). oica.net. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  9. ↑ http://www.peugeot.com/en/brand/history/adventure
  10. ↑ Darke, Paul. "Peugeot: The Oldest of Them All", in Ward, Ian, executive editor. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 15, p.1683.
  11. 1 2 "Dongfeng, French Government to Invest in Peugeot". TIME. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  12. 1 2 ""Chinese Firm and France to Buy Stakes in Peugeot" 18 February 2014". Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  13. 1 2 "After two centuries, Peugeot family cedes control". 19 February 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  14. ↑ "Renault climbs two places to claim the lowest average CO2 emissions among volume brands in Europe at 110.1g/km" (PDF). JATO. JATO. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  15. ↑ Michael Edward. "Peugeot surviving Africa". Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  16. ↑ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/car-manufacturers/peugeot/10152695/Sebastien-Loeb-and-Peugeot-smash-Pikes-Peak-record.html "Sébastien Loeb and Peugeot Pikes Peak smash record".
  17. ↑ "Victory and hat-trick of the 208 GTi Peugeot Sport at the Nürburgring 24 hour race.". Peugeot. 23 May 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  18. ↑ "The PEUGEOT 2008 DKR clocks up testing kilometres in France". Peugeot. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
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  21. 1 2 Georgano, p22.
  22. ↑ Darke, p.1683.
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  24. 1 2 Georgano, p.22.
  25. ↑ Darke, p.1684. The Panhards were disqualified for being two-seaters. Georgano, p.22.
  26. 1 2 Georgano, p.20.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Darke, p.1684.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Darke, p.1685.
  29. ↑ Darke, p.1686.
  30. ↑ Darke, p.1686 & 1688.
  31. 1 2 3 Darke, p.1688.
  32. 1 2 3 Darke, p.1689.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Darke, p.1690.
  34. 1 2 3 4 "Automobilia". Toutes les voitures françaises 1932 (salon [Paris, Oct] 1931) (Paris: Histoire & collections). Nr. 80s: Page 74. 2006.
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  36. 1 2 Odin, L.C. World in Motion 1939, The whole of the year's automobile production. Belvedere Publishing, 2015. ASIN: B00ZLN91ZG.
  37. ↑ "Disappearing Top On Auto Worked By Push Button" ''Popular Mechanics'', February 1935. Books.google.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  38. ↑ "Latest Foreign Auto Has Disappearing Top" ''Popular Mechanics'', January 1936. Books.google.com. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 Darke, p.1693.
  40. 1 2 3 4 Darke, p.1694.
  41. 1 2 Peugeot in Australia Retrieved on 31 August 2010
  42. ↑ "Austin Rover Online". Aronline.co.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  43. ↑ Baggott, James (10 June 2009). "Sales Legends: Peugeot 205". Car Dealer Magazine. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  44. ↑ "Peugeot marks re-entry into India - News". Autocar India. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
  45. ↑ "Peugeot returns to the Philippines under the Alvarez group - Inquirer Business". 23 October 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  46. ↑ "Peugeot Plunges After GM Sells Entire 7% Holding". Bloomberg. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
  47. ↑ nytimes.com: "End of a Line Reflects a Weakened Peugeot" 25 October 2013
  48. ↑ "Investment From China May Be Near for Peugeot" 12 December 2013
  49. ↑ "PSA Peugeot Citroën announces major business and financial projects for the development and growth of the Group". FinanzNachrichten.de. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  50. ↑ FT 19 February 2014 "Lossmaking Peugeot confirms €3bn deal with Dongfeng and France By Michael Stothard in Paris and Henry Foy in London"
  51. ↑ "Partners Peugeot and Dongfeng to build fourth car factory in Sichuan". China News.Net. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  52. ↑ http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/two-wheelers/motorcycles/mahindra-completes-51-stake-acquisition-in-peugeot-motocycles/articleshow/45956492.cms
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 "Peugeot 308, Car of the year 205 in Italy". Union Italiana Giornalisti Automobile dell'Automotive. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  54. ↑ "2009 Peugeot RC Hybrid Electric Concept Price, Specs & More". RSportsCars.com. Retrieved 27 April 2009.
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  60. 1 2 "Who is... Jean Todt?". Grandprix.com. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
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  62. ↑ "Peugeot 205 Turbo 16". World Rally Archive. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
  63. ↑ "Victory and hat-trick of the 208 GTi Peugeot Sport at the Nürburgring 24 hour race". Peugeot Sport. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  64. ↑ "Motor Racing: Warwick on top of world - Sport". London: The Independent. 31 August 1992. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
  65. ↑ Climb Dance
  66. ↑ "Peugeot reveals full spec of Loeb's 875bhp, 875kg Pikes Peak T16". AUTOSPORT.com. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  67. ↑ "875bhp twin-turbo Peugeot 208 T16". Autocar. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  68. ↑ "Peugeot Motorcycles". Peugeot.com. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
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