Polyhexamethylene guanidine
 | |
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
Poly(iminocarbonimidoylimino-1,6-hexanediyl) | |
Other names
| |
| Identifiers | |
| 31961-54-3 89697-78-9 (phosphate) 57028-96-3 (HCl) | |
| Abbreviations | PHMG, PHMG-P |
| Properties | |
| (C7H15N3)n | |
| 280 g/L[1] | |
| Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
| Infobox references | |
Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) is a guanidine derivative that is used as a biocidal disinfectant, often in the form of its salt polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG-P).
Studies have shown that PHMG in solution has fungicidal as well as bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.[2] The substance also has detergent, anti-corrosive, and flocculant properties and prevents biofouling.[3] PHMG-P is a white powdered solid,[1] and as all polyguanidine salts, readily soluble in water.[3]
Toxicity
Unlike the related polymer polyhexanide (PHMB), PHMG has been described as a relatively new compound with properties, potency, and effects being not yet fully recognized. Preliminary findings indicate that PHMG and its derivatives primarily rely on damaging the cell membrane by inhibiting the activity of cellular dehydrogenases.[4]
From 1994 on, the substance was widely used in South Korea as a disinfectant to prevent microbial contamination in household humidifiers. Humidifier disinfectant products containing PHMG were sold under a number of brands, including Reckitt Benckiser's Oxy brand. The substance was banned in 2011, together with oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl guanidinium chloride (PGH), after being linked to severe lung conditions that turned fatal for a number of children and pregnant women exposed to the aerosols.[5] Several epidemiological and experimental studies confirmed a causal association between the substance's use in household humidifiers and lung disease.[6] In May 2016, British-based Reckitt Benckiser accepted the full responsibility, after facing criticism for previously refusing to take responsibility.[7]
References
- 1 2 "Material Safety Data Sheet" (PDF). SK Chemicals. 2 December 2002. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ↑ Walczak et al 2014, p. 1722.
- 1 2 Alexander Chirkunov; Yurii Kuznetsov (2015). "Corrosion inhibitors in Cooling Water systems". In Zahid Amjad; Konstantinos D. Demadis. Mineral Scales and Deposits: Scientific and Technological Approaches. Elsevier. pp. 85 ff., here: 99 f. ISBN 978-0-444-63228-9.
- ↑ Walczak et al 2014, p. 1723.
- ↑ Donguk Park et al. (2 September 2014). "Exposure characteristics of familial cases of lung injury associated with the use of humidifier disinfectants". Environmental Health 13 (70). doi:10.1186/1476-069X-13-70.
- ↑ Dirk W. Lachenmeier (2015). "Chapter 24 – Antiseptic Drugs and Disinfectants". Side Effects of Drugs Annual 37. pp. 273–279. doi:10.1016/bs.seda.2015.06.005.
- ↑ "Reckitt Benckiser sold deadly sterilisers in South Korea". BBC News. 2 May 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
Literature
- Maciej Walczak; Agnieszka Richert; Aleksandra Burkowska-But (2014). "The effect of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG) derivatives introduced into polylactide (PLA) on the activity of bacterial enzymes". Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology 41 (11): 1719–1724. doi:10.1007/s10295-014-1505-5.
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