Constitution of Kenya

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The 2010 Constitution of Kenya, currently in force, replaced the 1969 constitution, that itself had replaced the 1963 independence constitution. The constitution was presented to the Attorney General of Kenya on 7 April 2010, officially published on 6 May 2010, and was subjected to a referendum on 4 August 2010.[1] The new Constitution was approved by 67% of Kenyan voters.[2] The constitution was promulgated on 27 August 2010.[3]

Brief history of constitutional reform in Kenya

Kenya has had two major constitutional reforms involving wholly new texts since gaining independence: in 1969 and in 2010. In 1969, the 1963 independence constitution was replaced with a new text that entrenched amendments already made to the system of government that the independence constitution had contemplated.[4]

These changes included: changing the structure of the state from a federal, or Majimbo system, to a unitary system; creating a unicameral instead of bicameral legislature; changing from a parliamentary to a semi-presidential system with a powerful presidency; and reducing the protections of the bill of rights. Further amendments to the 1969 constitution were later effected, including, in 1982, the institution of a de jure single party government.[5]

The demand for a new constitution to replace the 1969 text with a more democratic system began in the early 1990s, with the end of the Cold War and democratic changes taking place elsewhere in Africa. The single party system was ended in 1991, and the first presidential election took place in 1992. Calls for a comprehensive review of the 1969 Constitution intensified in the late 1990s and early 2000s, helped by the victory of the opposition National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) party in the 2002 general elections. Official and civil society consultation processes led to the adoption of what became known as the "Bomas draft" constitution (after the location of the conference that adopted it).[6]

However, substantial amendments were nonetheless made to this draft prior to a referendum in 2005, resulting in a split in the then ruling coalition. The Liberal Democratic Party faction of the government, led by Raila Odinga, and supported by KANU led a successful 'No' vote against the amended Bomas Draft (called the Wako draft after the alleged mastermind of the changes). The review of the Constitution stalled and negotiations over the adoption of a new text seemed deadlocked. A deadlock only finally broken by the intervention of the African Union through a mediation team headed by Kofi Annan, following the outbreak of serious post-election violence in early 2008.

Drafting process for the 2010 Constitution

The Constitution of Kenya was the final document resulting from the revision of the Harmonized draft constitution of Kenya written by the Committee of Experts initially released to the public on 17 November 2009 so that the public could debate the document and then parliament could decide whether to subject it to a referendum in June 2010. The public was given 30 days to scrutinise the draft and forward proposals and amendments to their respective members of parliament, after which a revised draft was presented to the Parliamentary Committee on 8 January 2010. The Parliamentary Select Committee (PSC) revised the draft and returned the draft to the Committee of Experts[7] who published a Proposed Constitution on 23 February 2010 that was presented to Parliament for final amendments if necessary.

After failing to incorporate over 150 amendments to the proposed constitution, parliament unanimously approved the proposed constitution on 1 April 2010. The proposed constitution was presented to the Attorney General of Kenya on 7 April 2010, officially published on 6 May 2010, and was subjected to a referendum on 4 August 2010.[1] The new Constitution was approved by 67% of Kenyan voters.[2]

Government Structure

The key changes proposed by the new constitution released are in the following areas:

Gains achieved

The Executive

The executive at the top most levels will be constituted of a president, deputy president and the Cabinet.

Key functions of the president

The Legislature

The Legislative branch will constitute of the following An upper house – the Senate

A lower house – the National Assembly

County Assemblies and Executive

Judiciary

Main article: Judiciary of Kenya

There will be three superior courts:

An independent Judicial Service Commission has been set up to handle the appointment of judges. They will recommend a list of persons to be appointed as judges by the president (this article will be enforced after the transitional period). The commission will consist of the following:

Attorney General

Devolution

Devolution to the county governments will only be autonomous in implementation of distinct functions as listed in the Fourth Schedule (Part 2). This is in contrast with the Federal System in which Sovereignty is Constitutionally divided between the Federal government and the States. The Kenyan Devolution system still maintains a Unitary Political Concept as a result of distribution of functions between the two levels of government under the Fourth schedule and also as result of Article 192 which gives the president the power to suspend a county government under certain conditions.

A conflict of laws between the two levels of government is dealt with under Article 191 where National legislation will in some cases override County legislation. The relationship between the National Government and the Counties can be seen as that of a Principal and a limited autonomy Agent as opposed to an Agent and Agent relation in the Federal System.

More checks and balances have been introduced as requirements for accountability of both levels of government. The Parliament( Senate and National Assembly) has much discretion on the budgetary allocations to the County Governments. Every Five years the Senate receives recommendations from the Commission of Revenue Allocation (Article 217) and a resolution is passed on the criteria for Revenue allocation.

The National Government is constitutionally barred from intruding wilfully with the county government role and function under the Fourth Schedule. Exceptions may require parliamentary approval (Article 191 and 192). The National Government has a role to play in the County level by performing all the other functions that are not assigned to the County Government as listed on the Fourth Schedule (Part 1).

Citizenship

The new constitution makes important reforms to the previous framework on citizenship, in particular by ending gender discrimination in relation to the right of a woman to pass citizenship to her children or spouse; by ending the prohibition on dual citizenship; and by restricting the grounds on which citizenship may be taken away. The text has been criticised, however, for not providing sufficient protections against statelessness for children or adults.[13]

Disagreements over reform

After the draft of the constitution was released the type of government which would be implemented with the constitution was a debate amongst the various government coalitions.[14][15] The two major political parties,the Party of National Unity (PNU) and the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) disagreed on many points.[14] the greatest discrepancy in opinion is over the nature of the executive branch of the government.[14]

The economic interest represented by the Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA), openly opposed the new style of government.[14] Eventually the contentious issue of the position of Prime Minister was removed. The remaining contentious issues primarily concern abortion, Kadhi courts and land reform.

Mainstream Christian leaders in Kenya object to the constitution

  1. The Proposed Constitution of Kenya in Sec 26(4) reiterates and reaffirms the current Kenyan penal code by stating: Abortion is not permitted unless, in the opinion of a trained health professional, there is need for emergency treatment, or the life or health of the mother is in danger, or if permitted by any other written law. However, the church insists that the weak drafting of the clause, especially the last two parts, could allow for the same clause to be used to enact laws or justify procurement of on-demand abortion.[16]
  2. The Proposed Constitution of Kenya in Sec 24(4) exempts a section of society that profess Islam as their religion from broad sections of the Bill of Rights that relate with Personal Status, Marriage, Divorce and Inheritance.
  3. The Proposed Constitution of Kenya in Sec 170 Provides for the Establishment of Kadhi Courts.
  4. The Proposed Constitution of Kenya in Sec 170 (2)a Discriminates against all other sectors of society by limiting the Kadhi's Job opportunity only to persons that Profess the Muslim Religion. The church leaders also insist that for the clarity of the separation of religion and state doctrine and equality of religion, the Kadhi courts should not be in the constitution.

A three Judge Bench of the High Court has since in a landmark ruling of a case filed six-year ago, declared the inclusion of the Kadhi court illegal and against the principles of non-discrimination, separation of religion and state and constitutionalism.[17] A section of the Muslim leadership has vowed to retaliate the ruling by seeking their own judicial declaration that the teaching of Christian religious Education in public school curriculum is illegal.[18] The education curriculum includes religious education syllabus for both Christianity and Islam.

International reaction

Generally the whole world praised the approach that the Kenyans took to constitutional reform, seeing it as a viable way to keep corruption in check.[19] United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said that "I am pleased that they have taken this step, which represents a major milestone."[19] Other United States diplomats also commented on the unity and meaningful intent which Kenyans were presenting in approaching the reform.[19]

Non-profits concerned with civil society and other reforms also praised the approach.[19] For example, the Africa director for the International Foundation for Electoral Systems said that "The fact that they are bringing in stakeholders to lend their voice and make recommendations will strengthen civil society because they will keep a close eye on the process and, if it is passed, will ensure that it is respected and properly implemented."[19]

Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon stated: "On behalf of the Government of Canada, I wish to congratulate Kenya on the adoption of its new constitution. This is a significant achievement and an important moment in Kenya's history. We welcome the leadership shown by President Mwai Kibaki and Prime Minister Raila Amolo Odinga within the Grand Coalition Government in bringing Kenyans together to tackle their future and make progress through dialogue, and in implementing the reforms set out in the country's Kenya's 2007–2008 election violence and should reaffirm its complete cooperation and commitment to the ICC.".[20]

Researchers at the UK-based Overseas Development Institute have praised the 2010 Constitution as a positive step forwards in terms of securing greater equity for women and children in Kenya, highlighting "A new narrative for social justice" and "Institutional reforms to strengthen accountability".[21] However, they stress that a constitution alone will not generate the desired changes; what matters is how the constitutional commitments are translated into policy and practice.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Kenya referendum date set", Daily Nation, 14 May 2010
  2. 1 2 "New Kenyan Constitution Ratified". Voice of America. 6 August 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
  3. "Institutional Reform in the New Constitution of Kenya", International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ)
  4. See Preston Chitere, Ludeki Chweya, Japhet Masya, Arne Tostensen and Kamotho Waiganjo,"Kenya Constitutional Documents: A Comparative Analysis" Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2006, for a chronology of constitutional negotiations.
  5. See Preston Chitere, Ludeki Chweya, Japhet Masya, Arne Tostensen and Kamotho Waiganjo,"Kenya Constitutional Documents: A Comparative Analysis" Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2006, for a chronology of constitutional negotiations.
  6. See Preston Chitere, Ludeki Chweya, Japhet Masya, Arne Tostensen and Kamotho Waiganjo,"Kenya Constitutional Documents: A Comparative Analysis" Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2006, for a chronology of constitutional negotiations.
  7. http://www.coekenya.go.ke/
  8. "New Laws, the principle structures of the National Executive, Authority of the president, election and disqualification of the president of Kenya". Kenyayetu.comxa.com. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  9. "Establishment,role,composition,membership,offices,procedures and general rules,new laws of kenya". Kenyayetu.comxa.com. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  10. "Judicial system of Kenya, supreme court, appeal,high court,kadhi's, chief justice and Establishment of the Judicial Service Commission". Kenyayetu.comxa.com. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  11. "Devolution of power, devolved system of government and objects of devolution". Kenyayetu.comxa.com. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  12. "voting 2010,chapter 3 The Proposed Constitution of Kenya". Kenyayetu.comxa.com. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  13. Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative, Comments on the Citizenship Provisions of the Draft Kenyan Constitution (draft dated 23 February 2010)
  14. 1 2 3 4 Clottey, Peter (15 December 2009). "Human Rights Official Says Kenyans Want an Accountable Government". VOA. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
  15. "Kenyan parties wrangle over powers of future presidents". Afrique in ligne. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
  16. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/Church%20adamant%20on%20No%20vote%20in%20new%20law%20/-/1064/893606/-/5upiogz/-/index.html
  17. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Kadhi%20courts%20illegal%20judges%20rule/-/1056/924614/-/rcndgfz/-/index.html
  18. "The Standard | Online Edition :: We will act if Kadhis’ Courts go, say irked Muslim leaders". Standardmedia.co.ke. 4 July 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Fisher, Jim (8 December 2009). "Clinton, Africa Experts Laud Kenya Constitution Reform Process Ambassador Ranneberger hopes "historic opportunity" is not lost". America.gov. Retrieved 18 December 2009.
  20. "Canada Welcomes Kenya's New Constitution". Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. 30 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
  21. Domingo, P. and Wild, L. (2012)Will Kenya's 2010 Constitution work for women and children? Overseas Development Institute Briefing Paper http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/6577-kenya-constitution-women-children

External links

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