Religion in Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan Religions[1]
Islam
  
 93.4%
Christianity
  
 3.1%
None
  
 3.0%
Others
  
 0.5%
The Bibi-Heybat Mosque in Baku, Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is an overwhelmingly Muslim country. Estimates include 91.6% (CIA),[2] 93.4% (Berkley Center, 2012),[1] 99.2% (Pew Research Center, 2009)[3] of the population identifying as Muslim.[1] Most are adherents of Shia branch (approximately 85% Shi'a according to Berkley Center, 2012);[1] with a minority (15%[1]) being Sunni Muslim, differences traditionally have not been defined sharply.[2][4] Most Shi'a are adherents of orthodox Ithna Ashari school of Shi'a Islam. Following many decades of Soviet atheist policy, religious affiliation is still nominal in Azerbaijan and Muslim identity tends to be based more on culture and ethnicity than religion. Traditionally villages around Baku and Lenkoran region are considered stronghold of Shi'ism. In some northern regions, populated by Dagestani (Lezghian) people, Sunni Islam is dominant. Folk Islam is widely practiced but there is little evidence of an organized Sufi movement.

The rest of the population adheres to other faiths or are non-religious, although they are not officially represented.[2] Other traditional religions or beliefs that are followed by many in the country are the Armenian Apostolic Church (in Nagorno-Karabakh), the Russian Orthodox Church, and various other Christian denominations.

Azerbaijan is a secular state; article 48 of its Constitution ensures the liberty of worship, to choose any faith, or to not practice any religion, and to express one's view on the religion. The law of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1992) "On freedom of faith" ensures the right of any human being to determine and express his view on religion and to execute this right. However, a 1996 law states that foreigners have freedom of conscience, but are denied the right to "carry out religious propaganda", i.e., to preach, under the threat of fines or deportation.[5] According to paragraphs 1-3 of Article 18 of the Constitution the religion acts separately from the government, each religion is equal before the law and the propaganda of religions, abating human personality and contradicting to the principles of humanism is prohibited. At the same time the state system of education is also secular.

Bahá'í Faith

The Bahá'í Faith in Azerbaijan crosses a complex history of regional changes. Before 1850, followers of the predecessor religion Bábism were established in Nakhichevan.[6] By the early 20th century, the Bahá'í community, now centered in Baku, numbered perhaps 2000 individuals and several Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assemblies[7] had facilitated the favorable attention of local and regional,[6] and international[8] leaders of thought as well as long standing leading figures in the religion.[9] However under Soviet rule the Bahá'í community was almost ended[10] though it was immediately reactivated as perestroika loosened controls on religions[7] and re-elected its own National Spiritual Assembly in 1992.[11] The modern Bahá'í population of Azerbaijan, centered in Baku, may have regained its peak from the oppression of the Soviet period of about 2000 people, today with more than 80% converts[12] although the community in Nakhichevan, where it all began, is still seriously harassed and oppressed.[13]

Christianity

Lutheran Church of the Saviour in Baku.

Christianity is represented by Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Protestantism as well as a number of minoritary communities in Azerbaijan.

Christians who estimated between 280,000-450,000 (3.1%-4.8%)[14] are mostly Russian and Georgian Orthodox and Armenian Apostolic (almost all Armenians live in the break-away region of Nagorno-Karabakh). There is also a small ethnic Azerbaijani Protestant community most of them came from Muslim backgrounds.[15][16]

Orthodox Church

Orthodoxy is currently represented in Azerbaijan by the Russian and Georgian Orthodox churches. The Russian Orthodox Churches are grouped in the Eparchy of Baku and the Caspian region.

Azerbaijan also has eleven Molokan communities related to the old rituals of Orthodoxy. These communities do not have any church; their dogmas are fixed in a special book of rituals. They oppose the church hierarchy which has a special power.

Armenian Apostolic Church

The Armenian Apostolic Church currently has no community outside the breakaway Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Before the outbreak of the war, Armenians formed the largest Christian population. The Armenian churches in Azerbaijan remain closed, because of the large outmigration of Armenians and fear of Azerbaijani attacks.[17] During the Nagorno-Karabakh War, despite the constitutional guarantees against religious discrimination, numerous acts of vandalism against the Armenian Apostolic Church have been reported throughout Azerbaijan.[18] At the height of atrocities against the Armenian minorities in Baku in 1990, the Armenian Church of St. Gregory Illuminator in Baku was set on fire,[19] but was restored in 2004 and is not used anymore. The Church of St. Gregory Illuminator is the only remaining Armenian church in Baku, all other Armenian churches were demolished in the 1990s.

Albanian-Udi Church

Albanian church in Nij

Approximately 6,000 of the 10,000 people of the Udi ethnic community live in Azerbaijan including 4,400 people residing in Nij village, Qabala district.[20]

The Udis who resided on the territory of the Caspian sea shore, later accepted Christianity and spread this religion in the Caucasus Albania. The church of Kish (the Kish village of Shaki district) is one of the major examples of this cultural heritage.[20]

Roman Catholicism

There is a tiny Roman Catholic community in Baku and surroundings, with less than a thousand members.

The Vatican Foreign Minister Giovanni Lajolo visited Baku May 19, 2006. During the visit to last till May 25, he met with President Ilham Aliyev and chairman of the Caucasus Clerical Office, Sheikh Allahshukur Pashazada to discuss ties between Azerbaijan and the Vatican

Giovanni Lajolo made the following statements: "We are satisfied with the level of friendly communications between Azerbaijan and Vatican". "Azerbaijan really is a place of merge of religions and cultures. We highly estimate tolerance existing here. And we are very glad with intensive development of Azerbaijan. Vatican is interested in expansion of relations with Azerbaijan, and the purpose of my visit to Baku consists in carrying out of exchange by opinions on the further development of our ties."

Baku's Catholic church was demolished in the Stalin era but a new one, started in September 2005, was opened in summer 2007.

Hinduism

Ateshgah Fire Temple in Azerbaijan

Hinduism in Azerbaijan has been tied to cultural diffusion on the Silk Road. In the Middle Ages, Hindu traders visited present-day Azerbaijan for Silk Road trade. The area was traversed by Hindu traders coming mostly from Multan and Sindh (Pakistan). The Hindus also have the Fire Temple of Baku. Today there are over 500-600 Hindus in Azerbaijan.

Islam

Main article: Islam in Azerbaijan

Until recently Islam in Azerbaijan was relatively low key. Although the vast majority of Azerbaijanis identified themselves as Muslims, surveys in the late Soviet and early post-Soviet era generally found that less than a quarter of those who considered themselves Muslims "had even a basic understanding of the pillars of Islam", according to researchers Emil Souleimanov and Maya Ehrmann.[21] According to a survey conducted in 2000, fewer than 7 percent of respondents considered themselves "firm believers," while just 18 percent confessed observance of salat (ritual prayer, one of the pillars of Islam).[22] Thus, for many Azerbaijanis, Islam tended toward a more ethnic/nationalistic identity than a purely religious one.[21]

An estimated four fifths of Muslims in Azerbaijan are Shi'as of the Twelver branch. The remainder are Sunnis belonging to the Hanafi branch and inhabit primarily the northern and western areas of the republic.[21] Folk Islam is widely practiced but there is little evidence of an organized Sufi movement.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union all religious organizations fell into depression and split into pieces while the Religious Organization of Transcaucasia Muslims headed by akhund Allahshukur Pashazade elected the Sheikh ul-Islam in 1980 intensified its operation and tried to spread its influence to the entire Caucasus under the name of the Caucasus Muslims Department. The measures to implement these attempts were undertaken at the tenth session of the Caucasus Muslims held in Baku in 1998. The opening of CMD representations in Georgia and Dagestan was one of the significant steps in this field.

The chair of CMD ensures the consequent contacts with Islamic organizations and manages to establish close religious relations with neighbor Muslim countries. To date CMD fulfills the religious needs of the Islamic communities of Azerbaijan, oversees the proper fulfillment of the rituals (in accordance with Sharia), progresses in training religious workers through the Islamic University of Baku, founded in 1991 and is responsible for all religious events occurring in the country. The faculty of theology of the State University of Baku has been training Islam and theology scientists since 1992.

Through the years of independence the worshipping of holies strengthened in Azerbaijan and the new holy places were set up along with old ones. Bakhailism created its own assembly and expanded yearly.

The relations of the state-religion are regulated by the State Committee for the Work with Religious Associations of Azerbaijan established by the decree of President Heydar Aliyev in 2001.

More recently, some Azerbaijani youths have been drawn increasingly to Islam.[23] Additionally, some young women in Azerbaijan have decided to dress in Islamic attire despite the risks associated including being rebuked by university personnel for wearing the hijab.[24]

Judaism

Qırmızı Qəsəbə has a large Jewish community.

There are three separate communities of Jews (Mountain Jews, Ashkenazi Jews, and Georgian Jews) in Azerbaijan, who total almost 16,000 combined. Of them, 11,000 are Mountain Jews, with concentrations of 6,000 in Baku and 4,000 in Quba, 4,300 are Ashkenazi Jews, most of whom live in Baku and Sumqayit, and 700 are Georgian Jews. There are three synagogues in Baku and a few in the provinces. Sheikh-ul-Islam Allahshukur Pashazade has donated US$40,000 for construction of Jewish House in Baku in 2000.

Paganism

A pagan temple in Baku

Very little is known about pre-Christian and pre-Islam Azerbaijani mythology; sources are mostly Hellenic historians like Strabo and based on archeological evidence. Strabo names the gods of the sun, the sky, and above all, the moon.

Zoroastrianism

The history of Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan goes back to the first millennium BC. Together with the other territories of the Persian Empire, Azerbaijan remained a predominantly Zoroastrian state until the Arab invasion in the 7th century. The name Azerbaijan means the "Land of The Eternal Fire" in Middle Persian, a name that is said to have a direct link with Zoroastrianism.[25] Today the religion, culture, and traditions of Zoroastrianism remains highly respected in Azerbaijan, and Novruz continues to be the main holiday in the country. Zoroastrianism has left a deep mark in the history of Azerbaijan. Traces of the religion are still visible in Ramana, Khinalyg, and Yanar Dag and there are 2,000 Zoroastrians left in the country.

Freedom of religion

Statue of Azeri female Suffrage called Liberated woman representing a woman tearing off her veil, Baku.

The constitution of Azerbaijan provides for freedom of religion, and the law does not allow religious activities to be interfered with unless they endanger public order. Cases of anti-Semitism in Azerbaijan are rare.

The 2004 U.S. Department of State report on Human Rights in Azerbaijan noted some instances in which freedom of religion was violated, such as interference with the Juma Mosque due to the political activism of its Imam. All religious organizations are required to register with the government, and groups such as Baptists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and members of the Assemblies of God continue to be denied religious registration.[26] The official web site of Jehovah's Witnesses has documented a number of acts of religious intolerance being committed by the Azerbaijan government against members of Jehovah's Witnesses.[27]

As a result of the Nagorno-Karabakh war, mosques in the Nagorno-Karabakh region have been abandoned or destroyed, and Armenian churches in Azerbaijan have likewise been inactive or damaged in the fighting.[28]

The position of the governmental authorities towards Islam is controversial. Men who grow beards more than normal are often viewed with suspicion by the authorities, for fear of the propagation of Wahhabism.[23] Despite the government's denial of the matter, the Azerbaijani police drew criticism from lawyers for infringing the rights of observant Muslims.[23]

However the 2009 Religion Law requires the compulsory re-registration of all religious groups.[29] The overwhelming majority of religious groups that have been granted re-registration are Muslim. Hundreds of others are still waiting to hear from the authorities.[29]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Berkley Center for Religion Peace and World Affairs". Georgetown University. July 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 "The World Factbook". CIA. May 18, 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
  3. ↑ MAPPING THE GLOBAL MUSLIM POPULATION| PEW FORUM| October 2009
  4. ↑ Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan - Presidential Library - Religion
  5. ↑ Corley, Felix (November 1, 2005). "AZERBAIJAN: Selective obstruction of foreign religious workers". Forum 18. Retrieved 2006-06-18.
  6. 1 2 Balci, Bayram; Jafarov, Azer (2007-02-21), "The Baha’is of the Caucasus: From Russian Tolerance to Soviet Repression {2/3}", Caucaz.com, archived from the original on 2007-10-30
  7. 1 2 "Baha'i Faith History in Azerbaijan". National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Azerbaijan. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
  8. ↑ Stendardo, Luigi (1985-01-30). Leo Tolstoy and the Bahá'í Faith. London, UK: George Ronald Publisher Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85398-215-9.
  9. ↑ Universal House of Justice (1986). In Memoriam. The Bahá'í World. XVIII (Bahá'í World Centre). pp. 797–800. ISBN 0-85398-234-1.
  10. ↑ Hassall, Graham (1993). "Notes on the Babi and Baha'i Religions in Russia and its territories". The Journal of Bahá'í Studies 05 (03). Retrieved 2008-06-01.
  11. ↑ Hassall, Graham. "Notes on Research on National Spiritual Assemblies". Research notes. Asia Pacific Bahá'í Studies. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  12. ↑ Balci, Bayram; Jafarov, Azer (2007-03-20), "The Baha’is of the Caucasus: From Russian Tolerance to Soviet Repression {3/3}", Caucaz.com
  13. ↑ U.S. State Department (2006-09-15). "International Religious Freedom Report 2006- Azerbaijan". The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affair. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
  14. ↑ "Global Christianity". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 1 December 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  15. ↑ "5,000 Azerbaijanis adopted Christianity" (in Russian). Day.az. 7 July 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
  16. ↑ "Christian Missionaries Becoming Active in Azerbaijan" (in Azerbaijani). Tehran Radio. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  17. ↑ United States Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1992 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1993), p. 708
  18. ↑ Memorandum from the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights to John D. Evans, Resource Information Center, 13 June 1993, p. 4.
  19. ↑ Implementation of the Helsinki Accords: Human Rights and Democratization in the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union" (Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, January 1993), p. 116
  20. 1 2 "RELIGIONS IN PRESENT AZERBAIJAN". Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  21. 1 2 3 Souleimanov, Emil; Ehrmann, Maya (Fall 2013). "The Rise of Militant Salafism in Azerbaijan and Its Regional Implications". Middle East Policy Council XX (3). Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  22. ↑ Anar Valiyev, "Azerbaijan: Islam in a Post-Soviet Republic," Meria, 9, no. 4 (December 2005), accessed June 20, 2012, http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issue4/jv9no4a1.html (dead link).
  23. 1 2 3 ISN Editors. "Articles / Security Watch / ISN". Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  24. ↑ "Spero NewsHeadscarves provoke controversy in Azerbaijan". Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  25. ↑ The Korea Times Azerbaijan Cultural Week Hits South Korea
  26. ↑ "Azerbaijan". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  27. ↑ "Highlights of the Past Year". Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  28. ↑ "2004 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Azerbaijan". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  29. 1 2 Forum 18 News Service. "Forum 18 Archive: AZERBAIJAN: Communities to be forced to begin re-registration again? - 8 June 2011". Retrieved 23 August 2015.

External links

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