Swedish name
In Sweden, a person must have a surname and 1–3 given names. Surnames are today usually inherited patrilineally, while given names are usually chosen by a person's parents. The calling name (swedish tilltalsnamn, french Prénom usuel) by which the person is normally identified in conversation, is in Scandinavian countries (and previously in France) sometimes the first name, sometimes the second, or third name. Often the calling name is indicated by an asterisk, by capital letters or by underlined or italic typeface. For example, Märta Birgit* Nilsson is known as Birgit Nilsson, while Agnetha* Åse Fältskog is known as Agnetha Fältskog. The other given names are sometimes called middle names (swedish mellannamn) since the term was introduced in 1983, also if the middle name is the first given name.
Surnames
In Scandinavia, patronymic surnames based on the father's first name were common. In Sweden, the patronymic ending is -son, e.g. Karlsson ("Karl's son"). These "son names" were transformed into family names that were kept in the family over several generations - a transision take took place between end of 18th century until beginning of 20th century. In parallel, people especially from the Scandinavian middle classes, particularly artisans and town dwellers, adopted family names in a similar fashion to that of the gentry. Family names joining two elements from birth place or nature such as the Swedish Bergman ("mountain man"), Holmberg ("island mountain"), Lindgren ("linden branch"), Sandström ("sand stream") and Åkerlund ("field grove") were quite frequent and remain common today. For a table that helps one take apart such names, see.[1]
Another source of surnames was the Swedish allotment system, which from the mid-late 17th century was organised to maintain a standing army, and where a number of farms were grouped together and then supported a soldier with a small cottage and piece of land. The soldiers were often given names either describing their character (e.g. Modig (brave), Skarp (sharp) or Snygg (handsome)), weapons (e.g. Sabel (sabre), Lans (lance) or Sköld (shield)) or names joining two elements from nature as above. The name often followed the cottage, not the actual soldier. These soldiers' names became very common.
Before Sweden's family name regulation act (släktnamnsförordningen) of 1901, the patronymic was the most widely used instead of a surname.
Surnames amongst the Swedish gentry
Surnames in Sweden can be traced to the 15th century where they were first used by the Gentry (Frälse) i.e. priests and nobles. The names of these were usually in Swedish, Latin, German or Greek.
The adoption of Latin names was first used by the Catholic clergy in the 15th century. The given name was preceded by Herr (Sir), like Herr Lars, Herr Olof, Herr Hans, followed by a Latinized form of patronymic names, e.g. Lars Petersson, Latinized as Laurentius Petri. Starting from the time of the Reformation, the Latinized form of their birthplace (Laurentius Petri Gothus, -from Östergötland) became a common naming practice for the clergy. The Swedish family Benzelius was derived from Bentseby (Bentse village) in Luleå the birthplace of Ericus Henrici Benzelius Bothniensis who was the first to adopt the family name. In the example of the Retzius surname was from the lake Ressen, near to the Odensvi parish vicarage in Västervik. Later merchants and other social groups, discarded the formerly used family names (such as patronymic surnames) and adopted occasionally high sounding Latin surnames which conjured an image of an old family pedigree.
Another subsequent practice was the use of the Greek language with the ending with "ander", the Greek word for man, (ex. Micrander, Mennander). The use of surnames was still quite uncommon in the 17th century among the nobility and the educated class. Furthermore, the concept of hereditary surnames was also limited to a few families.
When a family was ennobled, it was usually given a name - just as lordships of England and other Western European countries. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the surname was only rarely the original family name of the ennobled; usually, a more imposing new name was chosen. This was a period which produced a myriad of two-word Swedish-language family names for the nobility (very favored prefixes were Adler- (German for eagle), Ehren- (ära, Swedish for honour), Silfver. (silver) and Gyllen- (Swedish for golden or gilded)). The regular difference with Britain was that it became the new surname of the whole house, and the old surname was dropped altogether. The ennoblement (in 1632) of Peder Joenson is a case in point, where the use of the old surname was discontinued and thus after the ennoblement Peder Gyllensvärd came into use. An illustration of the old name having an addition to it can be seen the ennoblement of the brothers Johan Henrik Lang and Lars Adam Lang (in 1772) taking the surname Langenskjöld.
See also
- Naming law in Sweden
- Name days in Sweden, Swedish name day list of 2001
- Patronymic
- List of Swedish noble families