Okinawan name
Okinawan names today have only two components, the family names (surnames or last names) first and the given names last. Okinawan family names represent the distinct historical and cultural background of the islands which now comprise Okinawa Prefecture in Japan. Expatriates originally from Okinawa also have these names.
Modern names
As Japanese citizens, Okinawans today comply with the Japanese family register (koseki) system. Accordingly, an Okinawan name has only two components, a family name and a given name. A family name is called myÅji (è‹—å— or åå—), uji (æ°) or sei (姓), and a given name is called the "front name" (åå‰, namae) or "lower name" (下ã®åå‰, shita no namae). The family name precedes the given name. The given name may be referred to as the "lower name" because, in vertically-written Japanese, the given name appears under the family name.
Japanese family names generally show regional variation, but Okinawan family names are known for its distinctiveness. In contrast it becomes increasingly difficult to find unique Okinawan given names.[1]
Top 10 popular Okinawan family names
This top 10 list[2] is based on the name as written in kanji (Chinese characters). Since the Japanese language allows for multiple possible "readings (pronunciations)" for each character, the reading of Okinawan family names written with the same characters varies. In addition, the Okinawan language has its own means of reading Japanese kanji.
| Kanji | Readings (Japanese, Okinawan) | Well-known people |
|---|---|---|
| 比嘉 | Higa, Fija, Fiija | 比嘉 æ „æ˜‡ EishÅ Higa (Begin) Ryan Higa, |
| 金城 | Kaneshiro, KinjÅ, Kanagusuku | 金城 æ¦ Takeshi Kaneshiro, 金城 綾乃 Ayano KinjÅ (Kiroro) |
| 大城 | ÅŒshiro, Ufugusuku, Ogusuku | 大城 ãƒãƒã‚µ Vanesa Oshiro, 大城 美和 Miwa Oshiro, 大城 ã¿ã•ã Misaki Oshiro |
| 宮城 | Miyagi, Naagusuku | ミヤギマモル Mamoru Miyagi |
| 新垣 | Aragaki, Arakaki, Shingaki, Niigaki, Arakachi | 新垣 çµè¡£ Yui Aragaki, 新垣 里沙 Risa Niigaki (Morning Musume) |
| 玉城 | Tamaki, Tamashiro, Tamagusuku | 玉城 幸也 Yukinari Tamaki (Da Pump), 玉城 åƒæ˜¥ Chiharu Tamashiro (Kiroro), 玉木 å® Hiroshi Tamaki |
| 上原 | Uehara, Wiibaru | 上原 多香å Takako Uehara (Speed) |
| 島袋 | Shimabukuro, Shimabuku | 島袋 寛å Hiroko Shimabukuro (Speed), Jake Shimabukuro |
| 平良 | Taira, Teera | 平良 ã¨ã¿ Tomi Taira |
| 山城 | Yamashiro, Yamagusuku | 山城 智二 Tomoji Yamashiro (FEC) |
-
金城 æ¦
Takeshi Kaneshiro
Historical names
| 大和å Yamatu-naa Japanese (Yamato) style name |
å”å Kara-naa Chinese name | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ç«¥å warabi-naa Childhood name |
家å kamei Family name |
ä½éšŽ ikai Title/Rank |
åä¹— nanui Given name |
姓 sii Surname |
諱 imina Given name | ||
| æ€äº”良 Umi-guraa |
玉城 Tamagusuku |
親方 Uwekata |
æœè–« ChÅkun |
å‘ ShÅ |
å—ç¥ JuyÅ« | ||
As in mainland Japan, historical names in Okinawa are more complicated. People with different social statuses bore different kinds of names, maintained several names to use in different occasions, and sometimes changed them in their lifetime. Okinawan names underwent great changes after the Ryūkyū Kingdom fell under the Satsuma Domain's control.
Warabi-naa
Warabi-naa (warabe-na/warabi-naa, ç«¥å) were personal names. For example, the warabi-naa of Tamagusuku ChÅkun was Umi-guraa (æ€äº”良). Warabi-naa were most prevalent among Okinawans, from the king to commoners, both male and female. They were the oldest component of Okinawan names as, like people in mainland Japan, the inhabitants of Ryukyu islands did not originally have names for families, clans or lineages. They were used as the official names during the early era of the Ryukyu Kingdom. They appeared even in appointment letters by the king, written mostly in hiragana. It was during the 17th century that other name components prevailed among the samurai class.[3]
A warabi-naa was given soon after birth. Although literally meaning childhood name, it was used by commoners for their entire life. While it was overshadowed by other name components, even adult male members of the samurai class used warabi-naa at home and when referring to their friends.[4]
Later in history, stylized use of prefixes and suffixes differentiated social statuses. A commoner used neither a prefix nor suffix, a samurai used either a prefix or suffix, and an aristocrat used both a prefix and a suffix. For example, TukÅ« (å¾³) was a name for commoners, Umi-tukÅ« (æ€å¾³) for samurai, and Umi-tuku-gani (æ€å¾³é‡‘) for aristocrats.[4]
A set of warabi-naa appeared in the very beginning of recorded history and has not been changed since then. The number of warabi-naa pooled in society was extremely small. It was not uncommon for a warabi-naa to be shared by more than one person in a household. The first male child was usually named after his paternal grandfather.[1] For example, the last king ShÅ Tai had the warabi-naa Umi-jiraa-gani (æ€æ¬¡è‰¯é‡‘), which was also the name of his grandfather ShÅ KÅ.
Kamei
Even in the Old Ryukyu era, social development led Okinawans to acquire names other than warabi-naa for disambiguation. Kamei (家å) or Yaa-n-naa (家ã®å), both meaning "family name," were often attached to warabi-naa. Kamei were toponyms, either the domains they ruled or the places of their origin. For example, an inscription of the Old Ryukyu era contains a personal name, Mafuto-kane Ufusato no Ufu-yakumoi (ã¾ãµã¨ã‹ã 大ã•ã¨ã®å¤§ã‚„ãã‚‚ã„), where Mafuto-kane (Mafutu-gani) was a warabi-naa, Ufusato (Ufusatu) was a place associated with him, and Ufu-yakumoi (Ufu-yakumui) was the title he was given.[5]
In the naming conventions after the separation of the samurai class from peasants, only the samurai class was allowed to have kamei. Because the vast majority of the samurai families lacked domains to rule, they inherited fixed kamei. In contrast, an upper class member used the name of the fief he was given by the king. This means that his kamei was changed every time a different land was allotted. For example, Makishi ChÅchÅ« (1818–1862) originally had the kamei Itarashiki (æ¿è‰¯æ•·) but was then given a fief of ÅŒwan (大湾) before being finally renamed to Makishi (牧志).[4]
In early times, kamei were written predominantly in hiragana. After the invasion of the RyÅ«kyÅ« Kingdom by Japan's Satsuma Domain in 1609, the Japanese-style use of Chinese characters (kanji) was adopted. The KeichÅ Land Surveys of 1609-1611 probably conventionalized to some degree the choice of kanji for place names, and thus surnames based on them. In 1625 the Satsuma Domain instituted a ban on the use of Japanese-looking family names (大和ã‚ããŸã‚‹åå—ã®ç¦æ¢ Yamato-mekitaru myÅji no kinshi). As a result, the kanji used to write kamei changed from characters that were common in mainland Japan to new, unique character combinations. For example, the name æ± (Higashi) was often changed to 比嘉 (Figa) or æ¯”è¬ (Fija), the name å‰ç”° (Maeda) to çœŸæ „ç”° (the same reading), ç¦å±± (Fukuyama) to èœä¹…å±± (the same reading), etc.[6]
In practice, kamei represented a group who shared the founder of a relatively recent past. When it was necessary to distinguish branch families, the main family attached the prefix ufu (大, great) to its kamei while the suffix gwa (少, small), for example, was used for a branch family.[4]
Officially, commoners did not have kamei. At some point in history, commoners in the capital region, Shuri and Naha, started to assume kamei. However, kamei of commoners were differentiated verbally and in writing. The last syllable of a commoner's kamei was lengthened (e.g. Arakachii) while that of a samurai was not (e.g. Arakachi). For commoners, his warabi-naa is written first and is followed by his kamei. For example, Taraa (warabi-naa) from Yamagushiku was written as ãŸã‚‰å±±åŸŽ (Taraa Yamagushiku).[4]
Commoners in rural areas unofficially used names for households, which were also called Yaa-n-naa (屋ã®å). They were similar to yagÅ, private family names used by commoners in mainland Japan.[1]
Rank
Like in mainland Japan, a rank (ä½éšŽ) was also part of the addressing system. The following was the list of ranks after they were fixed:
- WÅji (王å)
- Anji or Aji (按å¸)
- Uwekata (親方)
- Peekumi (親雲上)
- Satunushi-peechin (里之å親雲上)
- Satunushi (里之å)
- Chukudun-peechin (ç‘登之親雲上)
- Chukudun (ç‘登之)[4]
Young male members of the Pechin class who had no rank were addressed with honorific suffixes: shii (å) for the upper class and nyaa (ä»å±‹) for the lower class. Commoners had no rank.[4]
Nanui
Male members of the samurai class adopted nanui (nanori/nanui, åä¹—), or Japanese-style personal names, when they reached adulthood. Each nanui consists of two kanji characters, e.g. æœè–« (ChÅkun). The first character of a nanui, called nanui-gasira (nanori-gashira/nanui-gasira, åä¹—é ), was shared by a lineage or munchÅ«. For example, the character æœ (chÅ) was used by branch families of the royal family including ChÅkun (玉城æœè–«), his father ChÅchi (æœè‡´) and his son ChÅki (æœå–œ).
The direct reference to a nanui verbally and in writing was usually avoided because it was considered rude. In domestic documents, a samurai was usually addressed by the combination of a kamei and a rank (e.g. Kyan Peekumi (喜屋æ¦è¦ªé›²ä¸Š)). This was similar to the convention of mainland Japan, e.g. AndÅ Tsushima-no-kami (安藤対馬守, AndÅ, Governor of Tsushima Province) for AndÅ Nobumasa.[4] This combination can be found in as early as the first half of the 16th century.[3] When necessary, a nanui was attached to the combination of a kamei and a rank. It is only a convention of historiography that people of the RyÅ«kyÅ« Kingdom are referred to by the combination of a kamei and a nanui, e.g. Tamagusuku ChÅkun (玉城æœè–«).
Nanui came into use during the 17th century with obvious influence from Satsuma.[3] The use of nanui-gasira is similar to that of tsÅ«ji (通å—) in mainland Japan. However, while tsÅ«ji was usually assumed only by the successor of a household, the first son in most cases, each nanui-gasira was shared by all the male member of a lineage.[1]
Kara-naa
From 1689 male members of the samurai class also had kara-naa (å”å) or Chinese names. Each kara-naa consists of a one-character name for a lineage called sii or uji (sei/sii, 姓 or uji/uji, æ°) and a personal name called imina (諱). For example, Tamagusuku ChÅkun had the kara-naa ShÅ JuyÅ« (å‘å—ç¥). Kara-naa appeared neither officially nor privately in domestic affairs, but were used for diplomatic correspondence with Chinese dynasties. Thus a lower-class samurai who had no post in the court had virtually no chance to use his kara-naa.[4]
Names for Okinawan officials were recorded in early diplomatic documents written in Classical Chinese. They were actually corrupt forms of warabi-naa and kamei. For example, a-fu-sat-to 阿布薩都 and Å-sat-to 王察度 both referred to the kamei Ufuzatu (大里). Similarly, go-ratsu 呉剌 and tatsu-ro-ka-ne é”é¯åŠ 禰 derived from warabi-naa Guraa (五良) and Taru-gani (樽金) respectively.[4] It is during the 16th century that some officials used names that could be analyzed as Chinese surnames and given names. It seems that at first these names were coined each time they were needed for a diplomatic trip to China. Some families from which diplomats came for generations began to succeed the first character of their ancestors' transcribed names as sii. For instance, descendants of Mafutu-gani, who appeared as ma-botsu-to (麻勃都) in diplomatic records, adopted the sii Ma (麻) after him.[3]
Munchū or lineages
The development of Okinawan naming conventions was closely related with that of munchÅ« (monchÅ«/munchÅ«, é–€ä¸), or patrilineages. In 1689 Keizu-za or the Board of Genealogies (系図座) was established and all the samurai lineages were ordered to compile genealogical records. In 1690 the royal court assigned one-character sii or Chinese surnames to all registered lineages. Since commoners were forbidden to compile genealogical records, this effectively separated the samurai class from commoners. Genealogical records became a status symbol of the samurai class. The samurai class came to be referred to as keimochi (ç³»æŒ), lit. possessing genealogy, while commoners were called mukei (ç„¡ç³»), lit. without genealogy.[7]
Among the samurai class, lineages were identified by the combination of the Chinese-style sii and the Japanese-style nanui-gasira. A lineage with the sii MÅ (毛) shared the nanui-gasira Sei (ç››), but this nanui-gasira was also used by a lineage named ÅŒ (ç¿). Also, there was another lineage whose sii was MÅ, but its nanui-gasira was An (安). It should be noted that kamei cannot be a designator of lineages. The MÅ lineage with the nanui-gasira Sei had was headed by the family with the kamei Tomigusuku (豊見城), but its branch families had various kamei including Kunigami (国é ) and Tomikawa (富å·).[8]
Royal house
The title Ō (王) or king was of foreign origin. In Okinawan, the king styled himself anji-osoi-ganashi or later Shui-tin-ganashi. The king was referred to as ushu-ganashi-me by his people and as myūmee-ganashi or nūmee-ganshi by his family members.[4]
Close relatives of the king were given the ranks of wÅji (王å) and anji (按å¸). Although wÅji literally means the king's son, its conferrers were not limited to the king's son. A wÅji or anji was referred to by his domain plus the suffix udun (御殿). The crown prince was traditionally given the domain Nakagusuku (ä¸åŸŽ) and therefore referred to as Nakagusuku-udun (ä¸åŸŽå¾¡æ®¿).[4]
Many early kings, up to ShÅ HÅ, had divine names (神å·) in addition to warabi-naa. For example, ShÅ Gen's divine name was tida-hajimi-aji-sui (日始按å¸æ·»). It seems that divine names were assumed after accession to the throne.[3][4]
The king had a kara-naa and used it in diplomatic correspondence with China. The royal sii ShÅ (å°š) was, according to Ryukyuan records, given to ShÅ Hashi by China. This statement is highly questionable because no such record is found in Chinese documents and ShÅ Hashi used the sii even earlier.[5] In 1692, the branch families of the royal house were given the sii ShÅ (å‘, note the different kanji) and the nanui-gasira ChÅ (æœ) no matter how distant from the king.[3]
Kumemura
A district near the capital named Kumemura is said to have been founded by immigrants from Fujian, China. Its raison d'être was to manage diplomatic contacts with China although some were later engaged in domestic affairs. The members of the community had kara-naa or Chinese names from the very beginning. It is known that they also had warabi-naa as early as the first half of the 15th century.[3]
Today historical figures from Kumemura are often known by kara-naa, e.g. Sai On. He appeared in domestic documents as Gushichan Uwekata after his kamei Gushichan (å…·å¿—é ) and his rank Uwekata (親方). He had a nanui Bunjaku (文若), and therefore is sometimes known as Gushichan Bunjaku.
Modernization
The RyÅ«kyÅ« Kingdom was forced to become a Japanese feudal domain by the Meiji government in 1872, and it was formally annexed by Japan in 1879. RyÅ«kyÅ«ans were then entered into the Japanese family register (koseki) system and, as in mainland Japan, surnames were extended to all citizens, no longer being the province of the aristocratic classes alone. A large number of the names created at this time were taken from geographical names or places of residence. Direct descendants of Tamagusuku ChÅkun, who by the time assumed the kamei Hentona (辺土å), adopted Hentona as their new surname.[9]
While the nobles had assumed new names when they reached adulthood, the new system forced them to adopt lifetime personal names soon after birth. At first, Japanese given names were often given when they entered school. For this reason, given names were informally called "school names" (å¦æ ¡å). Warabi-naa continued to be used unofficially until the early Showa period.[1]
With increasing contacts with mainland Japan, many Okinawans felt it inconvenient to use their alien-looking surnames. Since the law made it extremely difficult to change surnames, they often changed the reading of surnames while leaving their written forms unmodified. For example, Miyagusuku (宮城) was usually changed to Miyagi (宮城). It is reported that, during the American military occupation after World War II, many managed to change their surname relatively easily. The family registers were completely destroyed by American attacks and reconstructed on individual declarations.[6]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Ueno Kazuo 上野和男, Okinawa no namae to shakai 沖縄ã®åå‰ã¨ç¤¾ä¼š, RyÅ«kyÅ« Ajia no minzoku to rekishi ç‰çƒãƒ»ã‚¢ã‚¸ã‚¢ã®æ°‘ä¿—ã¨æ´å², pp. 41-60, 2002.
- ↑ Morioka Hiroshi 森岡浩, Zenkoku MyÅji Jiten 全国åå—辞典, pp.333,
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dana Masayuki ç”°å真之, RyÅ«kyÅ« jinmei kÅ hoi ç‰çƒäººå考補éº, Okinawa kinsei shi no shosŠ沖縄近世å²ã®è«¸ç›¸, pp. 213-232, 1992.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Higashionna Kanjun æ±æ©ç´å¯›æƒ‡, RyÅ«kyÅ« jinmei kÅ ç‰çƒäººå考, Higashionna Kanjun zenshÅ« 6 æ±æ©ç´å¯›æƒ‡å…¨é›† 6, pp.357-478, 1979.
- 1 2 Higashionna Kanjun æ±æ©ç´å¯›æƒ‡, Shisei kÅ æ°å§“考, Higashionna Kanjun zenshÅ« 6 æ±æ©ç´å¯›æƒ‡å…¨é›† 6, pp.574-589, 1979.
- 1 2 Shuncho Higa, On Okinawan Surnames, Shunzo Sakamaki ed., Ryukyuan Names, pp. 31-50, 1964.
- ↑ Dana Masayuki ç”°å真之, RyÅ«kyÅ« kafu no seiritsu to sono igi ç‰çƒå®¶èœã®æˆç«‹ã¨ãã®æ„義, Okinawa kinsei shi no shosŠ沖縄近世å²ã®è«¸ç›¸, pp. 95-131, 1992.
- ↑ Shunzo Sakamaki, On Early Ryukyuan Names, Shunzo Sakamaki ed., Ryukyuan Names, pp. 11-30, 1964.
- ↑ Dana Masayuki ç”°å真之, Tamagusuku ChÅkun bo (Hentona ke bo) no hitobito 玉城æœè–«å¢“ (辺土å家墓) ã®äººã€…, Okinawa kinsei shi no shosŠ沖縄近世å²ã®è«¸ç›¸, pp. 233-256, 1992.
External links
- Okinawan family names, Center for Information Infrastructure, Shizuoka University (Japanese)