Synovial sarcoma

Synovial sarcoma
Micrograph of a monophasic synovial sarcoma. The histologic appearance is non-specific and overlaps with MPNST and fibrosarcoma. H&E stain.
Classification and external resources
ICD-O	M9040/3-9043/3
OMIM	300813
DiseasesDB	34577
MeSH	D013584

A synovial sarcoma (also known as: malignant synovioma^[1]) is a rare form of cancer which usually occurs near to the joints of the arm, neck or leg. It is one of the soft tissue sarcomas. It is one of the rarest forms of soft tissue cancer in the world.

The name "synovial sarcoma" was coined early in the 20th century, as some researchers thought that the microscopic similarity of some tumors to synovium, and its propensity to arise adjacent to joints, indicated a synovial origin; however, the actual cells from which the tumor develops are unknown and not necessarily synovial.^[2]

Primary synovial sarcomas are most common in the soft tissue near the large joints of the arm and leg but have been documented in most human tissues and organs, including the brain, prostate, and heart.

Synovial sarcoma occurs most commonly in the young, representing about 8% of all soft tissue sarcomas^[3] but about 15-20% of cases in adolescents and young adults.^[4] The peak of incidence is before the 30th birthday and males are affected more often than females (ratio around 1.2:1).^[3]

Histopathology

Two cell types can be seen microscopically in synovial sarcoma. One fibrous type, known as a spindle or sarcomatous cell, is relatively small and uniform, and found in sheets. The other is epithelial in appearance. Classical synovial sarcoma has a biphasic appearance with both types present. Synovial sarcoma can also appear to be poorly differentiated or to be monophasic fibrous, consisting only of sheets of spindle cells. Some authorities^[2] state that, extremely rarely, there can be a monophasic epithelial form which causes difficulty in differential diagnosis.

Like other soft tissue sarcomas, there is no universal grading system for reporting histopathology results.^[5] In Europe, the Trojani or French system is gaining in popularity^[6] while the NCI grading system is more common in the United States. The Trojani system scores the sample, depending on tumour differentiation, mitotic index, and tumour necrosis, between 0 and 6 and then converts this into a grade of between 1 and 3, with 1 representing a less aggressive tumour.^[5] The NCI system is also a three-grade one, but takes a number of other factors into account.

Molecular biology

Most, and perhaps all, cases of synovial sarcoma are associated with a reciprocal translocation t(x;18)(p11.2;q11.2). There is some debate about whether the molecular observation itself is definitional of synovial sarcoma.^[7]

The diagnosis of synovial sarcoma is typically made based on histology and is confirmed by the presence of t(X;18).^[8] This translocation event between the SS18 gene on chromosome 18 and one of 3 SSX genes (SSX1, SSX2 and SSX4) on chromosome X causes the presence of a SS18-SSX fusion gene. The resulting fusion protein brings together the transcriptional activating domain of SS18 and the transcriptional repressor domains of SSX. It also incorporates into the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, a well known tumor suppressor.^[9] SS18-SSX is thought to underlie synovial sarcoma pathogenesis through dysregulation of gene expression.^[2]

There is some association between the SS18-SSX1 or SS18-SSX2 fusion type and both tumour morphology and five-year survival.^[10]

Symptoms

Synovial sarcoma usually presents with an otherwise asymptomatic swelling or mass, although general symptoms related to malignancies can be reported such as fatigue.

Treatment

Treatment is usually multimodal, involving surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy:^[11]

• Surgery, to remove the tumor and a safety margin of healthy tissue. This is the mainstay of synovial sarcoma treatment and is curative in approximately 20-70% of patients, depending on the particular study being quoted.^[12]
• Conventional chemotherapy, (for example, doxorubicin hydrochloride and ifosfamide), to reduce the number of remaining microscopic cancer cells.^[11] The benefit of chemotherapy in synovial sarcoma to overall survival remains unclear, although a recent study has shown that survival of patients with advanced, poorly differentiated disease marginally improves with doxorubicin/ifosfamide treatment.
• Radiotherapy to reduce the chance of local recurrence.^[11] The benefit of radiotherapy in this disease is less clear than for chemotherapy.

External links

• Ferrari and Collini Synovial Sarcoma ESUN (October 2012)
• humpath #1965 (Pathology images)

References

1. "Synovioma". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
2. Raphael E. Pollock, ed. (2002). Soft Tissue Sarcomas. American Cancer Society Atlas of Clinical Oncology. BC Decker. ISBN 155009128X.
3. Ferrari and Collini (2012). "Synovial Sarcoma". ESUN 9 (5).
4. Weiss SW, Goldblum J. Weiss SW, Goldblum JR, ed. "Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors". St Louis, Missouri: CV Mosby: 1483–1571. |chapter= ignored (help)
5. Coindre JM (2006). "Grading of soft tissue sarcomas: review and update". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 130 (10): 1448–53. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1448:GOSTSR]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17090186.
6. A. S. Paul; et al. (2003). "The management of soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities". Current Orthopaedics 17 (2): 124–133. doi:10.1054/cuor.2002.0314.
7. Pfeifer JD, Hill DA, O'Sullivan MJ, Dehner LP (2000). "Diagnostic gold standard for soft tissue tumours: morphology or molecular genetics?". Histopathology 37 (6): 485–500. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.01107.x. PMID 11122430.
   O'Sullivan MJ, Kyriakos M, Zhu X, et al. (2000). "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with t(X;18). A pathologic and molecular genetic study". Mod. Pathol. 13 (12): 1336–46. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880247. PMID 11144931.
   Coindre JM, Hostein I, Benhattar J, Lussan C, Rivel J, Guillou L (2002). "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are t(X;18)-negative sarcomas. Molecular analysis of 25 cases occurring in neurofibromatosis type 1 patients, using two different RT-PCR-based methods of detection". Mod. Pathol. 15 (6): 589–92. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880570. PMID 12065770.
8. Coindre JM, Pelmus M, Hostein I, Lussan C, Bui BN, Guillou L (2003). "Should molecular testing be required for diagnosing synovial sarcoma? A prospective study of 204 cases". Cancer 98 (12): 2700–7. doi:10.1002/cncr.11840. PMID 14669292.
9. Middeljans, E; Wan, X; Jansen, PW; Sharma, V; Stunnenberg, HG; Logie, C (2012). Freitag, Michael, ed. "SS18 together with animal-specific factors defines human BAF-type SWI/SNF complexes". PLOS ONE 7 (3): e33834. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033834. PMC 3307773. PMID 22442726.
10. Ladanyi M, Antonescu CR, Leung DH, et al. (2002). "Impact of SS18-SSX fusion type on the clinical behavior of synovial sarcoma: a multi-institutional retrospective study of 243 patients". Cancer Res. 62 (1): 135–40. PMID 11782370.
11. Thway, K.; Fisher, C. (2014). "Synovial sarcoma: defining features and diagnostic evolution". Annals of Diagnostic Pathology 18: 369–380. doi:10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2014.09.002.
12. Lewis JJ, Antonescu CR, Leung DH, et al. (2000). "Synovial sarcoma: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 112 patients with primary localized tumors of the extremity". J. Clin. Oncol. 18 (10): 2087–94. PMID 10811674.