Terengganu Malay

Terengganu Malay
Base Tranung
Bahasa Melayu Terengganu
بهاس ترڠݢانو
Native to Malaysia
Region Terengganu, Mersing (Johor), Kuantan (Pahang)
Ethnicity Terengganuan Malays
Native speakers
 1.1 million (2010)
Dialects Coastal Terengganu
Inland Terengganu
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –
Linguist list
 zlm-coa (coastal)
  zlm-inl (inland)
Glottolog None

Terengganu Malay (Malay: Bahasa Melayu Terengganu, Terengganu Malay: Base Tranung/Ganu) is a Malayan language spoken in the state of Terengganu, Malaysia along the coastal areas of Terengganu all the way southward to coastal Pahang and Mersing, Johor and eastward towards Anambas Islands, Indonesia in the South China Sea. Highly localised Peranakan-like Chinese minority in Terengganu adopt Terengganuan as part of their mother tongues along with Hokkien. However, at the Terengganu–Kelantan border it is not the dominant language. For example, Kelantan Malay is more popular in the northern town of Besut, district of Terengganu. It is sometimes unintelligible to standard Malay speakers, although they share a lot of similarities. Terengganu Malay use the Latin alphabet and Jawi script - Arabic transliteration for its writing. Terengganu Malay is closely related to Kelantan-Pattani Malay and Pahang Malay due to its borders between these two states and more distantly related to Kedah Malay.

Terengganu Malay is used in many local television dramas and movies.[1] Radio stations such as Terengganu FM and Hot FM Terengganu mainly used Terengganu Malay in its broadcast along with standard Malaysian.

Names

The people of Terengganu usually referred to their language as Base/Bahse Tranung/Tghanung (/bahsɘ tɣanuŋ/) which means 'the language of Terengganu' or Cakak Tranung (/tʃakaʔ tɣanuŋ/) which means 'Speaking Terengganuan'. In Standard Malay it is known as Bahasa Terengganu or Bahasa Melayu Terengganu (Dialek/Loghat Terengganu which means 'Terengganu dialect' is also widely used). The people of outside Terengganu often misunderstood that Terengganuans usually called themselves and their language as Ganu, the word Ganu is actually how the Kelantanese and the people of Besut in northern Terengganu pronounce Terengganu and is rarely used by southern Terengganuans (Southern Setiu to Kemaman) themselves. Besides Tranung and Ganu, the people of Terengganu sometimes use Ganung, Teganu and Teganung as well.

Origin

There are several theories on the origin of the name 'Terengganu'. One theory attributes the name's origin to terang ganu, Malay for 'bright rainbow'. Another story, said to have been originally narrated by the ninth Sultan of Terengganu, Baginda Omar, tells of a party of hunters from Pahang roving and hunting in the area of what is now southern Terengganu. One of the hunters spotted a big animal fang lying on the ground. A fellow party member asked to which animal did the fang belong. The hunter, not knowing which animal, simply answered taring anu (Malay: 'fang of something'). The party later returned to Pahang with a rich hoard of game, fur and sandalwood, which impressed their neighbours. They asked the hunters where did they source their riches, to which they replied, from the land of taring anu, which later evolved into Terengganu. Terengganu was called Trangkanu (Thai: ตรังกานู) by the Siamese when it was under their influence.

Distribution

Terengganu Malay is natively spoken in most parts of Terengganu (exclude Besut), all the way down to Kuantan and Cherating in Pahang and Mersing in Johor. Terengganuan Malay dialects are still spoken on the Indonesian islands of Anambas off the coast of Pahang and Sarawak. The Anambas people are culturally and linguistically closer to Terengganuan[2] but with more influences from Sundanese, Javanese, Buginese and Johor-Riau Malays which came from various parts of Indonesia. Terengganuan Malay are also spoken in big cities like Kuala Lumpur where there is a large Terengganuan communities.

Dialects

Terengganu Malay has two major dialects that is Coastal (zlm-coa) and Inland (zlm-inl) . A dialect spoken in Kuala Terengganu district are the de facto standard dialect of Terengganu Malay.[1] However, the most distinct of all dialects is Inland Terengganu Malay, spoken in Hulu Terengganu district, the Inland dialect have a distinct phonology compared to Coastal dialect, the most prominent is the pronunciation of the end letter "e", Coastal Terengganu speakers tend to pronounce it as a schwa while Inland Terengganu speakers tend to pronounce it with strong "e" (as in red) similar to Perak Tengah dialect. People in Setiu mostly speak a mixed Kelantanese-Terengganuan Malay due to its border between Besut which predominantly use Kelantan-Pattani Malay[3][4] and Kuala Terengganu which use the more prestige form of Terengganu Malay. People in Dungun, Marang and Kemaman usually speak similar to those in Kuala Terengganu but with influences from Standard Malay and Pahang Malay as well. The people of coastal Pahang and the district of Mersing in Johor also use a Coastal variety of Terengganu Malay.

Comparison between Coastal and Inland dialects

Inland Terengganu Coastal Terengganu English
Ughaong/Ughang Oghang People
Kubo Kuba Buffalo
Balaik Balek Leave
Tubaik Tubek Out

Literature

Although essentially a spoken language with no standard orthography, Terengganu Malay is used in songs, poems, and also in media (such as local radio stations, dramas and movies). Ibrahim Taib, a famous Terengganu poet who was known for his usage of Inland Terengganu dialect in his poems such as "Mok, Aku Nok Tubaik" (Mom, I want to get out) and "Jadilah Awang" (enough Awang) can be considered a fine example of Terengganu Malay literature. The song Tranung/Ganu Kite by a famous Malaysian band Iklim was a major hit song at that time and is sung wholly in Terengganu Malay.

Pronunciation

Terengganu Malay has a distinct pronunciation and grammar compared to Standard Malay. The Grammatical order and Pronunciation is similar but distinct to those of the neighbouring Pahang and Kelantanese Malay.[1]

Pronunciation /a/ followed by a nasal consonant changes to /ŋ/ ayam ايم ('chicken') becomes ayang; makan ماكن (to eat) becomes makang

/a/ at the end of syllables changes to /ɔʔ/ minta مينتا ('to ask') becomes mitok

/ah/ changes /ɔh/ rumah رومه ('house') becomes rumoh

/a/ changes to /ə/ saya ساي ('I') becomes saye

/i/ changes to /iŋ/ sini سيني ('here') becomes sining

/ua/ changes to /ɔ/ buaya بوايا ('crocodile') becomes boye

/aj/ becomes /aː/ sungai سوڠاي ('river') becomes sunga

/aw/ becomes /a/ pisau ڤيساو ('knife') changes to pisa

/ia/ before a nasal vowel changes to = /ijaŋ/ siam سيام ('Siam') becomes siyang

/ia/ changes to /ɛ/ biasa بياسا ('once') becomes bese

/s/ and /f/ at the end of syllables changes to /h/ malas مالس ('lazy') changes to malah

/m/ and /n/ at the end of syllables changes to /ŋ/ hakim حاكيم (judge) changes to hakeng

/r/ changes to /ʀ/ orang اورڠ ('person') becomes oghang

final consonants are often only pronounced as a glottal stop. bukit بوكيت ('hill') becomes buke’ (bukiʔ) words are distinguished between lengthened initial consonant

final /l/ are silent. example: tinggal ('left') becomes tingga, tebal ('thick') becomes teba usually /l/ as in /lah/ are removed and became /ah/. example: Banyaklah ('so many') becomes banyok ah.

bulang ('moon') vs. bːulang ('many months'); katok ('to strike') vs. kːatok ('frog'); siku ('elbow') vs. sːiku ('hand tool')

Vocabulary

Several comparisons between Standard Malay and Terengganu Malay with English translations:

Standard Malay Terengganu Malay English
Saya Ambe/aku/saye/kite/oghang I/me
Anda/Kamu Mung/Deme/Awok You
Siapa Piye Who
Suka Brehi Like/interest
Ketawa Suke/Gelekek Laugh
Juga Ghetek/Jugok (often shorten it to just 'gok') Also
Kandang Gok Cage
Yang Hok That
Beritahu Kabo/Royak To tell
Tak nak Tak Mboh Do not want
Tidur Tido/Jeretoh Sleep
Apa Nape/Mende/Gape What
Degil Babey/Gong Stubborn
Selalu Sokmo Always
Duit/Wang Pitih/Yya/Ghiya Money
Kenapa Bakpe Why
Tidak Dok No
Ya Ho/Ye Yes
Jambatan Getok Bridge
Garang Bekeng Pugnacious
Apa Khabar Ape Kabo/Guane Gamok How are you?
Tangkap Tagak/Igak Catch
Ejek Nyenyeh/Nganjing Insulting
Naik angin Mmusang Angry
Dia Ye/Nye They
Leka Ghalik Preoccupied
Letih Dok ghok Tired
Beg Plastik Supik/Jabir Plastic Bag
Kawan Saing Friend
Sempat Dang Make it
Berani Tebeng Brave
Kerap Keghek Many times
Azan Bang Adhan (Islamic call to prayer)
Jangan Doksoh/Soh Beng Do not
Kedekut Kupik Stingy
Biar Lok Let
Cuba Ce/Tra Try
Sekarang Lening Today
Keluar Tubek Out
Ais Ping Ice (refers to ice cubes in water)
Tolong Tulong Help
Letak Letok/Skung Put
Buang Tohok Throw away
Panjat Khabak/Kabak Climb
Lempar Lepo/Plekong/Petong Throw
Sampai Sapa Arrive
Nanti Kekgi Later

Intensifier

Standard Malay Terengganu Malay English
Sangat Putih Puteh Lepuk/Sepuk Very White
Sangat Hitam Itang Beletung/Belegang Very Dark
Sangat Merah Meroh Nyale/Merang Very Red
Sangat Kuning Kuning Sio Very Yellow
Sangat Busuk Busuk Kohong/Hapok Very Smelly
Sangat Hancing Hacing Pering Very Stenchy
Sangat Hanyir Hanyir Mekok Very Fishy
Sangat Wangi Wangi Mekok Very Fragant
Sangat Tengik Tengik Bango Very Rancid
Sangat Masin Masing Pekok/Rebing Very Salty
Sangat Manis Manih Letting Very Sweet
Sangat Tawar Tawo Hebe Very Tasteless
Sangat Pahit Pahik Lepang Very Bitter
Sangat Masam Masang Rebang Very Sour

Numerals

Numerals in Terengganu Malay is closely related to those of neighbouring Kelantanese Malay, however it differs in terms of pronunciation especially the end letter.

Standard Malay Terengganu Malay English
Satu Se One
Dua Duwe Two
Tiga Tige Three
Empat Pak Four
Lima Lime Five
Enam Nang Six
Tujuh Tujoh Seven
Lapan Lapang Eight
Sembilan Smilang/Mmilang Nine
Sepuluh Spuloh/Ppuloh Ten
Seratus Sratoh One Hundred
Seribu Sribu One Thousand
Sejuta Sjuta One Million

Animals

Terengganu Malay also had distinct words for some animals, mostly in terms of pronunciation.

Standard Malay Terengganu Malay English
Ayam Ayang Chicken
Buaya Boye Crocodile
Ikan Tongkol Ikang Aye Euthynnus affinis
Ikan Cencaru Ikang Kerah Ekor Torpedo scad
Ikan Pelaga Ikang Sekila/Skila Fighting Fish
Labah-labah Llabe Spider
Lintah Litoh Slug
Ketam Ketang Crab
Kerbau Kuba/Kubo (in Inland Terengganu) Buffalo
Kumbang Kkabo Beetle
Semut Merah Semuk Gata Fire Ant
Ular Ulo Snake

Some notable Terengganuan phrases

"starang baroh" means "really"... a popular phrase used when you want to show or express something that is really serious or true.

Example:
Ambe dok tau starang baroh

As opposed to Standard Malay or West coast Malay dialects:-

Saya memang tak tahu langsung

Another famous Terengganuan Malay phrases that have been used by Terengganu people is "Senyung sokmo" which mean "Senyum selalu" in standard Malay and "Smile always" in English. It is widely used by Terengganu people to wish other people well and to brighten their days.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Kajian dialek TRENGGANU". Slideshare.net. 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  2. ↑ "Kepulauan Natuna: 'Bergeografikan Malaysia' Berdaulatkan Indonesia - Rencana". mStar.com.my. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  3. ↑ Rencana (2013-07-14). "Orang Besut: Anak Terengganu, Kelantan Pelihara? - Mohd Izzuddin Ramli". The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
  4. ↑ "Profil Daerah : JPS Daerah Besut" (PDF). Apps.water.gov.my. Retrieved 2016-02-10.

External links

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