Uma language

Uma
Pipikoro
Native to Indonesia
Region Sulawesi
Native speakers
unknown (20,000 cited 1990)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 ppk
Glottolog umaa1242[2]

Uma (known natively as Pipikoro) is a language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant inventory
  Bilabial Alveolar Palato-
alveolar
Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t d             k g ʔ  
Prenasalized ᵐp   ⁿt   ⁿtʃ           ᵑk      
Affricate                          
Fricative   β s                   h  
Nasal   m   n           ɲ   ŋ    
Trill           ɲ                
Approximant           l   (m)   j        

Notes:

Orthographic notes:

Vowels

Vowel inventory
Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-Mid e o
Open a

Pronouns

Pronominals
  Free ABS ERG GEN
1P (SG) akuʔ   -a   ku-   -ku  
1P (PL.ex) kaiʔ   -kai   ki-   -kai  
1P (PL.in) kitaʔ   -ta   ta-   -ta  
2P (SG) iko   -ko   nu-   -nu  
2P (PL) koiʔ   -ki   ni-   -ni  
3P (SG) hiʔa   -i   na-   -na  
3P (PL) hiraʔ   -ra   ra-   -ra  

Notes:[4]

Numerals

The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:

  1. isaʔ
  2. dua
  3. tolu
  4. opoʔ
  5. lima
  6. ono
  7. pitu
  8. walu
  9. sio
  10. hampuluʔ

Classification of Uma varieties

Ethnologue 2013

Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.

Martens 2014

Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma,[5] noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.

Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the North Mamuju Regency.

Bibliography

Martens, Martha A.; Martens, Michael P. 1988. Some notes on the inelegant glottal: a problem in Uma phonology. In Papers in Western Austronesian linguistics 4. pages 279-81. (Pacific Linguistics A 79.) Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.

References

  1. Uma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Uma". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  3. Michael, Martens P. Notes on Uma verbs (Canberra: Australian National University, 1988), pp. 168.
  4. Michael, Martens P. Notes on Uma verbs (Canberra: Australian National University, 1988), pp. 168.
  5. Martens, Michael P. Uma dialect word lists (Sulawesi Language Alliance, 2014), pp. 1-2.
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