Madurese language

Madurese
Madhura, Basa Mathura, بَهاسَ مَدورا
Region Island of Madura, Sapudi Islands, northern coastal area of eastern Java, Singapore, Malaysia (as Boyanese)
Ethnicity Madurese
Native speakers
 15 million (2007)[1]
Dialects
Latin script
Carakan
Arabic script (Pegon alphabet)
Keia
Language codes
ISO 639-2 mad
ISO 639-3 Either:
mad – Madurese proper
kkv – Kangean
Glottolog madu1247[2]
Madurese in Javanese script

Madurese is a language of the Madurese people of Madura Island and eastern Java, Indonesia; it is also spoken on the neighbouring small Kangean Islands and Sapudi Islands, as well as from migrants to other parts of Indonesia, namely the Tapal Kuda ("horseshoe") area of neighbouring Java (comprising Pasuruan, Surabaya, Malang to Banyuwangi), the Masalembu Islands, and even some on Kalimantan. The Kangean dialect may be a separate language. It was traditionally written in the Javanese script, but the Latin script and the Pegon script (based on Arabic script) is now more commonly used. The number of speakers, though shrinking, is estimated to be 8–13 million, making it one of the most widely spoken language in the country. A variant of Madurese that is Bawean is also spoken by Baweanese (or Boyan) descendants in Malaysia and Singapore.

Madurese is a Malayo-Sumbawan language of the Malayo-Polynesian language family, a branch of the larger Austronesian language family. Thus, despite apparent geographic spread, Madurese is more related to Balinese, Malay, Sasak, and Sundanese, than it is to Javanese, the language right next door.

Links between Bali–Sasak languages and Madurese are more evident with the "low" form (common form). There are some common words between Madurese and Filipino languages as well as between Madurese and Banjar (a Malayic language).

Phonology

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i ꦆ ɨ ꦆ u ꦈ
Mid ɛ ꦌ ə ꦄꦼ ɤ ꦄꦼꦴ ɔ ꦎ
Open a ꦄ

Consonants

Labial Dental/
Alveolar		 Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m ꦩ n̪ ꦤ ɳ ꦟ ɲ ꦚ ŋ ꦔ
Plosive voiceless p ꦥ t̪ ꦠ ʈ ꦛ c ꦕ k ꦏ ʔ
voiced b ꦧ d̪ ꦢ ɖ ꦝ ɟ ꦗ ɡ ꦒ
aspirated pʰ ꦧ t̪ʰ ꦢ ʈʰ ꦝ cʰ ꦗ kʰ ꦒ
Fricative ʂ ꦱ h ꦲ
Trill ɲ ꦧ
Approximant central j ꦪ w ꦮ
lateral l ꦭ

Madurese has more consonants than its neighboring languages due to it having voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated, and voiced sounds. Similar to Javanese, it has a contrast between dental and alveolar (even retroflex) stops .[3]

Grammar

Madurese nouns are not inflected for gender and are pluralized via reduplication. Its basic word order is SVO. Negation is expressed by putting a negative particle before the verb, adjective or noun phrase. As with other similar languages there are different negative particles for different kinds of negation.

Common words

Madurese Indonesian English
lalake laki-laki male
babine perempuan female
iya iya yes
enja tidak no
aeng air water
are matahari sun
matah mata eye
engko aku/saya I/me
be'na kamu/engkau you

Numerals

Madurese Indonesian English
settong satu one
dhue' dua two
tello tiga three
empa' empat four
lema' lima five
enem enam six
petto' tujuh seven
bellu' delapan eight
sanga' sembilan nine
sapolo sepuluh ten

Sample text

From the Article 1 of the Declaration of Human Rights.

Sadajana oreng lahir mardika e sarenge drajat klaban hak-hak se dha-padha. Sadajana eparenge akal sareng nurani ban kodu areng-sareng akanca kadi taretan.

All Human Beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, they are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

References

  1. ↑ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
  2. ↑ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Madurese". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
  3. ↑ Stevens, Alan (2001) "Madurese", in Facts About the World's Languages, Jane Garry (ed.) & Carl Rubino (ed.), New York: H. W. Wilson

Bibliography

Madurese language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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