United States Senate elections, 1794 and 1795

United States Senate elections, 1794 and 1795
United States
Dates vary by state

10 of the 30 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections
16 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Federalist Democratic-Republican
Last election 18 seats (62.1%)
(as Pro-Administration)
11 seats (37.9%)
(as Anti-Administration)
Seats before 15 (51.7%)
(as Pro-Administration)
14 (48.3%)
(as Anti-Administration)
Seats won 20 (66.7%) 10 (33.3%)
Seat change Increase 5 Decrease 4
Seats up 5 (as Pro-Administration) 5 (as Anti-Administration)

Majority faction before election

Pro-Administration

Majority party

Federalist

The United States Senate elections of 1794 and 1795 were elections that had the formation of organized political parties in the United States, with the Federalist Party emerging from the Pro Administration coalition, and the Democratic-Republican Party emerging from the Anti-Administration coalition.

As these elections were prior to ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment, Senators were chosen by State legislatures.

Results

4th Congress (1795–1797)

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

Note: There were no political parties in the 3rd Congress. Members are informally grouped here into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.[1]

A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 V1
Majority → P15
P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14
P5 P4 P3 P2 P1

Results of the elections

A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
A6 A7
Hold
A8
Hold
DR1
Gain
DR2
Gain
F9
Gain
F8
Gain
F7
Gain
F6
Gain
F5
Gain
Majority →
P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11
Hold
F1
Gain
F2
Gain
F3
Gain
F4
Gain
P5 P4 P3 P2 P1

Beginning of the next Congress

DR5 DR4 DR3 DR2 DR1
DR6 DR7 DR8 DR9 DR10 F20 F19 F18 F17 F16
Majority →
F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15
Gain
F5 F4 F3 F2 F1
Key:
A# = Anti-Administration
DR# = Democratic-Republican
F# = Federalist
P# = Pro-Administration
V# = Vacant

Race summaries

Bold states link to specific election articles.

Special elections during the 3rd Congress

In these special elections, the winner was seated before March 4, 1795; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Pennsylvania
(Special: Class 1)
Albert Gallatin Anti-Administration 1793 (Special) Incumbent had been elected December 2, 1793 to finish a vacant term, but the Senate rejected his qualifications and he was removed February 28, 1794.
Winner elected March 31, 1794 as Pro-Administration.
Winner became a Federalist in the next Congress.
Federalist gain
James Ross (Federalist) 51.72%
Robert Coleman (Unknown) 40.23%
Samuel Sitgreaves (Federalist) 1.15%
Not voting 6.7%
Virginia
(Special: Class 1)
James Monroe Anti-Administration 1790 (special) Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794 to become U.S. Minister to France.
Winner elected November 18, 1794 as Anti-Administration.
Winner became a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.
Democratic-Republican gain
Stevens Thomson Mason (Anti-Administration, later Democratic-Republican)
Virginia
(Special: Class 2)
John Taylor Anti-Administration 1792 (Special) Incumbent resigned May 11, 1794.
Winner elected November 18, 1794 as Anti-Administration.
Winner became a Democratic-Republican in the next Congress.
Democratic-Republican gain
Henry Tazewell (Anti-Administration, later Democratic-Republican)
Delaware
(Special: Class 1)
Vacant George Read (P) resigned September 18, 1793 to become Chief Justice of Delaware.
Winner was elected February 7, 1795 as Pro-Administration.
Winner became a Federalist in the next Congress.
Federalist gain
Henry Latimer (Pro-Administration, later Federalist)

Races leading to the 4th Congress

In these general elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1795; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Connecticut Stephen Mitchell Pro-Administration 1793 (Appointed) Incumbent appointee did not seek election to the full term.
Federalist gain
Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. (Federalist)
Georgia James Gunn Anti-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected to a new party.
Federalist gain
James Gunn (Federalist)
Kentucky John Edwards Anti-Administration 1792 (New state) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Federalist gain
Humphrey Marshall (Federalist)
Maryland John Henry Pro-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected to a new party.
Federalist gain
John Henry (Federalist)
New Hampshire John Langdon Anti-Administration 1788 Incumbent re-elected to a new party.
Democratic-Republican gain
John Langdon (Democratic-Republican)
New York Rufus King Pro-Administration 1789 Incumbent re-elected January 27, 1795 to a new party.
Federalist gain
Rufus King (Federalist)
North Carolina Benjamin Hawkins Anti-Administration 1789 [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Democratic-Republican gain
Timothy Bloodworth (Democratic-Republican)
Pennsylvania Robert Morris Pro-Administration 1788 Incumbent retired.
Winner elected in 1795
Federalist gain
William Bingham (Federalist)
South Carolina Ralph Izard Pro-Administration 1789 [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Federalist gain
Jacob Read (Federalist)
Vermont Stephen R. Bradley Anti-Administration 1791 (New state) [Data unknown/missing. You can help!]
Federalist gain
Elijah Paine (Federalist)

See also

References

  1. Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress.
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