United States Senate elections, 2004

United States Senate elections, 2004

November 2, 2004

Class 3 (34 of the 100) seats in the United States Senate 51 seats needed for a majority   Majority party Minority party   Leader Bill Frist Tom Daschle Party Republican Democratic Leader's seat Tennessee South Dakota (defeated) Last election 51 seats 48 seats Seats before 51 48 Seats won 55 44 Seat change 4 4 Popular vote 39,920,562 44,754,618 Percentage 45.3% 50.8% Swing 4.2% 5.3% Seats up 15 19   Third party   Party Independent Last election 1 seat Seats before 1 Seats won 1^* Seat change Seats up 0

Democratic gain   Democratic hold   Republican hold   Republican gain *1 Independent caucused with the Democrats.

Majority Leader before election Bill Frist Republican Elected Majority Leader Bill Frist Republican

The United States Senate election, 2004 was an election for one-third of the seats in the United States Senate which coincided with the re-election of George W. Bush as president and the United States House election, as well as many state and local elections. Senators who were elected in 1998, known as Senate Class 3, were seeking reelection or retiring in 2004. This was the third consecutive election for Senate Class 3 where the Democrats failed to end up with a net gain.

Gains and losses

Republicans won six seats but lost two themselves, giving them a net gain of four seats: conservative Democrat Zell Miller of Georgia, who campaigned for President Bush, chose not to run for re-election and Republican Johnny Isakson won his seat; Democrat Fritz Hollings of South Carolina chose not to run for re-election and Republican Jim DeMint succeeded him; Democratic vice presidential nominee John Edwards did not run for re-election and Republican Richard Burr won his North Carolina seat; Democrat Bob Graham of Florida chose not to run for re-election, and his seat went to Republican Mel Martinez; Democrat John Breaux chose not to run for re-election and Republican David Vitter won his seat, and in South Dakota, Republican John Thune defeated the incumbent Senate minority leader Tom Daschle, the first time since 1952 that a sitting party leader lost re-election. Republican Senator Peter Fitzgerald of Illinois chose not to run for re-election and Democrat Barack Obama won in a landslide, becoming the Senate's only black member and only the third popularly elected since Reconstruction. Also, Republican Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell of Colorado chose not to run for re-election and Democrat Ken Salazar won the open seat.

Results summary

Summary of the United States Senate elections, 2004 results ^[]

Parties							Total
		Democratic	Republican	Independent	Libertarian	Others
Last election (2002)		48	51	1	—	—	100
Before this election		48	51	1	—	—	100
End of this Congress (two months later)		48	51	1	—	—	100
Not Up		29	36	1	—	—	66
Up		19	15	—	—	—	34
Incumbent retired	Held by same party	—	1	—	—	—	1
	Replaced by other party	2 Republicans replaced by 2 Democrats	5 Democrats replaced by 5 Republicans	—	—	—	7
Incumbent ran	Won re-election	13	12	—	—	—	25
	Lost re-election	1 Democrat replaced by 1 Republican		—	—	—	1
	Lost renomination, held by same party	—	—	—	—	—	0
	Lost renomination, and party lost	—	—	—	—	—	0
Total held		13	13	—	—	—	26
Total not held / gained		2	4	—	—	—	6
Total elected		15	19	—	—	—	34
Result		44	55	1	—	—	100
Popular vote	Votes	44,754,618	39,920,562	186,231	754,861	2,481,075	88,097,347
	Share	50.8%	45.3%	0.21%	0.86%	2.82%	100%

Sources:

• Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Elections
• United States Elections Project at George Mason University

Change in Senate composition

Before the elections

I1	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8	D9
D19	D18	D17	D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10
D20	D21	D22	D23	D24	D25	D26	D27	D28	D29
D39	D38	D37	D36	D35	D34	D33	D32	D31	D30
D40	D41	D42	D43	D44	D45	D46	D47	D48	R51
Majority →									R50
R41	R42	R43	R44	R45	R46	R47	R48	R49
R40	R39	R38	R37	R36	R35	R34	R33	R32	R31
R21	R22	R23	R24	R25	R26	R27	R28	R29	R30
R20	R19	R18	R17	R16	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11
R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8	R9	R10

Beginning of the next Congress

I1	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8	D9
D19	D18	D17	D16	D15	D14	D13	D12	D11	D10
D20	D21	D22	D23	D24	D25	D26	D27	D28	D29
D39√	D38√	D37√	D36√	D35√	D34√	D33√	D32√	D31√	D30√
D40√	D41√	D42√	D43+	D44+	R55+	R54+	R53+	R52+	R51+
Majority →									R50+
R41√	R42√	R43√	R44√	R45√	R46√	R47√	R48√	R49O
R40√	R39√	R38√	R37√	R36	R35	R34	R33	R32	R31
R21	R22	R23	R24	R25	R26	R27	R28	R29	R30
R20	R19	R18	R17	R16	R15	R14	R13	R12	R11
R1	R2	R3	R4	R5	R6	R7	R8	R9	R10

Key:	D# Democratic R# Republican I# Independent		√ Incumbent re-elected or appointee elected to finish term O Party hold: New senator elected from same party + Party gain: New senator elected from different party

Political parties

The Senate, as of the pre-election 108th Congress, was composed of 51 Republicans, 48 Democrats, and 1 independent. (The independent, Jim Jeffords of Vermont, was allied with the Democratic caucus and had voted with Democrats to give them the majority in the past.) The Democrats, therefore, needed to make a net gain of at least two seats from retiring or incumbent Republicans to gain control of the Senate (one seat if Kerry won the presidency). In the election, incumbent senators won reelection in all races but one (Democratic leader Tom Daschle, in South Dakota, lost to Republican John Thune). The seats of retiring senators were taken by the opposing party in Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina. In fact, the only retiring senator whose seat was taken by a member of his party was Republican Don Nickles of Oklahoma, who was succeeded by Tom Coburn.

Republicans gained four seats in the 2004 elections, and entered the 109th Congress with a 55-44-1 lead. While such a majority is formidable, it is still less than the 60 seats needed to override a filibuster and completely control the body's agenda and procedures.

Major parties

One Republican seat, that of retiring Senator Peter Fitzgerald in Illinois, was easily taken by Democrat Barack Obama, who would be elected President of the United States four years later. In Colorado, retiring Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell's seat was narrowly taken by Democrat Ken Salazar. In Alaska, Republican Lisa Murkowski won reelection in a tight race. In Oklahoma, Tom Coburn kept Don Nickles' seat in Republican hands, while in Kentucky, Republican Jim Bunning won a second term by a very narrow margin.

The Democrats' prospects were weakened by the fact that five of their six incumbent Senators in Southern states were retiring (the sixth, Blanche Lincoln of Arkansas, easily won reelection). Retiring Georgia Sen. Zell Miller's seat, contested by Denise Majette, was lost in a landslide, as was that of South Carolina Sen. Ernest Hollings. In North Carolina, Democrat Erskine Bowles lost John Edwards's seat to Republican Richard Burr. Especially close races in Florida, Louisiana, and South Dakota all resulted in turnovers to the Republicans.

Third and minor parties

The Libertarian, Constitution, and Green parties contested many of the seats. No candidate from any of these parties received sufficient support to achieve election, but some may have affected the outcome of the Alaska and Florida races by drawing votes away from the major party candidates. Of the 34 senate seats up for grabs, the Libertarians ran candidates in 20 of the races, the Constitutionalists ran 10 candidates, and the Greens ran 7 candidates.

Minor parties in a number of states contested one or more Senate seats. Examples include the America First Party, the Labor Party, the Peace and Freedom Party, and the Socialist Workers Party. None of these parties gained a seat in this election nor received a significant number of votes.

Race summary

State	Incumbent	Party	Result	Candidates
Alabama	Richard Shelby	Republican	Re-elected	Richard Shelby (Republican) 68% Wayne Sowell (Democratic) 32%
Alaska	Lisa Murkowski	Republican	Appointee elected to full term	Lisa Murkowski (Republican) 48.6% Tony Knowles (Democratic) 45.5% Marc Millican (Independent) 2.9% Jerry Sanders (Alaskan Independence) 1.2% Jim Sykes (Green) 1% Scott Kohlhaas (Libertarian Party) 0.4%
Arizona	John McCain	Republican	Re-elected	John McCain (Republican) 76% Stuart Starky (Democratic) 21% Ernest Hancock (Libertarian) 3%
Arkansas	Blanche Lincoln	Democratic	Re-elected	Blanche Lincoln (Democratic) 56% Jim Holt (Republican) 44%
California	Barbara Boxer	Democratic	Re-elected	Barbara Boxer (Democratic) 57.7% Bill Jones (Republican) 37.8% Marsha Feinland (Peace and Freedom) 2% James P. Gray (Libertarian) 1.8% Don J. Grundmann (Constitution) 0.7%
Colorado	Ben Nighthorse Campbell	Republican	Retired Democratic gain	Ken Salazar (Democratic) 51.3% Pete Coors (Republican) 46.5% Doug Cambell (Constitution) 1% Richard Randall (Libertarian) 0.5% John Harris (Independent) 0.4% Victor Good (Reform Party) 0.3%
Connecticut	Chris Dodd	Democratic	Re-elected	Chris Dodd (Democratic) 66.4% Jack Orchulli (Republican) 32.1% Timothy Knibbs (C) 0.9% Lenny Rasch (L) 0.6%
Florida	Bob Graham	Democratic	Retired Republican gain	Mel Martinez (Republican) 49.5% Betty Castor (Democratic) 48.3% Dennis Bradley (Veterans) 2.2%
Georgia	Zell Miller	Democratic	Retired Republican gain	Johnny Isakson (Republican) 57.9% Denise Majette (Democratic) 40% Allen Buckley (Libertarian) 2.1%
Hawaii	Daniel Inouye	Democratic	Re-elected	Daniel Inouye (Democratic) 75.5% Campbell Cavasso (Republican) 21% James Brewer (Independent) 2.2% Lloyd Mallan (Libertarian) 1.3%
Idaho	Mike Crapo	Republican	Re-elected	Mike Crapo (Republican) 99%
Illinois	Peter Fitzgerald	Republican	Retired Democratic gain	Barack Obama (Democratic) 70% Alan Keyes (Republican) 27% Albert Franzen (Independent) 1.6% Jerry Kohn (Libertarian) 1.3%
Indiana	Evan Bayh	Democratic	Re-elected	Evan Bayh (Democratic) 62% Marvin Scott (Republican) 37% Albert Barger (Libertarian) 1%
Iowa	Chuck Grassley	Republican	Re-elected	Chuck Grassley (Republican) 70.1% Arthur Small (Democratic) 27.9% Christy Welty (Libertarian) 1% Daryl Northrop (Green) 0.8% Edwin Fruit (Socialist Workers) 0.1%
Kansas	Sam Brownback	Republican	Re-elected	Sam Brownback (Republican) 69% Lee Jones (Democratic) 28% Stephen A. Rosile (Libertarian) 2% George Cook (Reform) 1%
Kentucky	Jim Bunning	Republican	Re-elected	Jim Bunning (Republican) 51% Daniel Mongiardo (Democratic) 49%
Louisiana	John Breaux	Democratic	Retired Republican gain	David Vitter (Republican) 51% Chris John (Democratic) 29% John N. Kennedy (Democratic) 15% Arthur Morrell (Democratic) 3% Richard Fontanesi (Independent) 1% R.A. Galan (Independent) 1% Sam Melton (Democratic) 1%
Maryland	Barbara Mikulski	Democratic	Re-elected	Barbara Mikulski (Democratic) 64.8% E. J. Pipkin (Republican) 33.7% Maria Allwine (Green) 1.1% Thomas Trump (Constitution) 0.4%
Missouri	Kit Bond	Republican	Re-elected	Kit Bond (Republican) 56% Nancy Farmer (Democratic) 42.8% Kevin Tull (Libertarian) 0.7% Don Griffin (Constitution) 0.4%
Nevada	Harry Reid	Democratic	Re-elected	Harry Reid (Democratic) 61.1% Richard Ziser (Republican) 35.1% None of These Candidates 1.6% Tomas Hurst (Libertarian) 1.2% David Schumann (Constitution) 0.7% Gary Marinch (Natural Law) 0.3%
New Hampshire	Judd Gregg	Republican	Re-elected	Judd Gregg (Republican) 66% Doris Haddock (Democratic) 34%
New York	Chuck Schumer	Democratic	Re-elected	Chuck Schumer (Democratic) 71.16% Howard Mills III (Republican) 24.24% Marilyn O'Grady (Conservative) 3% David McReynolds (Green) 0.5% Donald Silberger (Libertarian) 0.3% Abraham Hirschfeld (Builders Party) 0.2% Martin Koppel (Socialist Workers) 0.2%
North Carolina	John Edwards	Democratic	Retired Republican gain	Richard Burr (Republican) 52% Erskine Bowles (Democratic) 47% Tom Bailey (Libertarian) 1%
North Dakota	Byron Dorgan	Democratic-NPL	Re-elected	Byron Dorgan (Democratic-NPL) 68% Mike Liffrig (Republican) 32%
Ohio	George Voinovich	Republican	Re-elected	George Voinovich (Republican) 63.9% Eric Fingerhut (Democratic) 36.1%
Oklahoma	Don Nickles	Republican	Retired Republican hold	Tom Coburn (Republican) 52.8% Brad Carson (Democratic) 41.2% Sheila Bilyeu (Independent) 6%
Oregon	Ron Wyden	Democratic	Re-elected	Ron Wyden (Democratic) 63.4% Al King (Republican) 31.8% Teresa Keane (Pacific Green) 2.4% Dan Fitzgerald (Libertarian-Oregon) 1.7% David Brownlow (Constitution-Oregon) 0.7%
Pennsylvania	Arlen Specter	Republican	Re-elected	Arlen Specter (Republican) 52.6% Joe Hoeffel (Democratic) 42% Jim Clymer (Constitution) 4% Betsy Summers (Libertarian) 1.4%
South Carolina	Fritz Hollings	Democratic	Retired Republican gain	Jim DeMint (Republican) 53.7% Inez Tenenbaum (Democratic) 44.1% Patrick Tyndall (Constitution) 0.8% Rebekah Sutherland (Libertarian) 0.7% Tee Ferguson (United Citizens Party) 0.4% Efia Nwangaza (Green) 0.3%
South Dakota	Tom Daschle	Democratic	Lost re-election Republican gain	John Thune (Republican) 50.5% Tom Daschle (Democratic) 49.4%
Utah	Robert Foster Bennett	Republican	Re-elected	Robert Foster Bennett (Republican) 68.7% Paul Van Dam (Democratic) 28.4% Gary R. Van Horn (Constitution) 1.9% Joe Labonte (Personal Choice) 1%
Vermont	Patrick Leahy	Democratic	Re-elected	Patrick Leahy (Democratic) 70.6% Jack McMullen (Republican) 24.5% Cris Ericson (Marijuana) 2.1% Craig Hill (Green) 1.3% Keith Stern (independent) 1.1% Ben Mitchell (Liberty Union) 0.3%
Washington	Patty Murray	Democratic	Re-elected	Patty Murray (Democratic) 55% George Nethercutt (Republican) 42.7% J. Mills (Libertarian) 1.2% Mark Wilson (Green) 1.1%
Wisconsin	Russ Feingold	Democratic	Re-elected	Russ Feingold (Democratic) 55.4% Tim Michels (Republican) 44.1% Arif Khan (Libertarian) 0.3% Eugene A. Hem (Independent) 0.2%

Complete list of races

Senate composition following the 2004 elections.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Alaska

Tony Knowles lost by nearly 3% after staying in a statistical dead heat with incumbent Lisa Murkowski in opinion polling throughout the summer. Despite Alaska being a heavily Republican state, popular opinion had swung against the Murkowski family because of a tax increase passed by Lisa's father, Governor Frank Murkowski. Moreover, many voters disapproved of the manner in which Lisa Murkowski entered the Senate: she was appointed by her father to the seat he vacated after he was elected governor. Knowles, who preceded the elder Murkowski as governor, had enlisted extensive out-of-state support for his bid to oust the younger Murkowski.

Colorado

Democratic Colorado Attorney General Ken Salazar maintained a small lead in polls over Republican brewing executive Pete Coors through the campaign, and ultimately prevailed. Salazar may have benefitted from an extended (and, by many descriptions, extraordinarily negative) Republican primary campaign between Coors and U.S. Representative Bob Schaffer.

Florida

After a heated primary race on both sides following Bob Graham's retirement, the Florida race was considered to be a tossup, with Democrat Betty Castor leading Republican Mel Martinez in statewide polls by a very slight margin. High Republican turnout, indicated by an unexpectedly large victory in Florida for President Bush, brought Martinez to victory.

Georgia

Zell Miller's seat was contested as fiercely as Graham's into the primary elections on July 20. Rep. Johnny Isakson won the Republican nomination; Rep. Denise Majette defeated her closest rival, Cliff Oxford, in a runoff for the Democratic nomination on August 10. Isakson, as predicted, won the general election by a comfortable margin.

Illinois

Democratic candidate Barack Obama, a widely popular state legislator, ran without serious opposition following the withdrawal of Republican candidate Jack Ryan. After a long search that saw Republicans considering numerous substitutes for Ryan, including former Chicago Bears coach Mike Ditka, former governors, and state senators, perennial candidate and Maryland resident Alan Keyes accepted the nomination on August 8. Obama remained a heavy favorite, and won with a margin of more than 40%.

Louisiana

John Breaux's seat was widely viewed as a tossup, although Louisiana's open primary system made it difficult to gauge who had the lead in the race. Only one Republican, Rep. David Vitter, was in the running; he was challenged by three major Democratic candidates, foremost among them Rep. Chris John. Although the Democrats' combined vote totalled 47%, Vitter won the absolute majority needed to avert a runoff election, becoming the first Republican Senator from Louisiana since Reconstruction (133 years). Louisiana was the last state to elect a Republican Senator since the passage of the 17th Amendment in 1913.

Kentucky

While Kentucky, like Alaska and Oklahoma, was a very conservative state, one-term incumbent Jim Bunning's increasingly erratic behavior brought long-shot Democrat Daniel Mongiardo into a dead heat in October, and the lead fluctuated as returns were reported on Election Night.

North Carolina

Richard Burr in North Carolina faced Democrat Erskine Bowles for the seat John Edwards vacated for his 2004 vice-presidential bid. Early polling showed Bowles leading Burr by approximately 50% to 40%, largely due to Bowles' wider name recognition from his 2002 Senate run, but his lead evaporated in the weeks before the election. Burr unleashed a massive ad buy with six weeks until the election criticizing Bowles (a chief of staff to former President Clinton) for supporting NAFTA, which has been blamed for job losses in North Carolina. Burr pulled even in polls by Election Day, and won 52%–47%, which some election watchers attributed to President Bush's high vote total in North Carolina.

South Carolina

Although GOP confidence was supported by early polls showing Republican Rep. Jim DeMint to be several points ahead of Democratic nominee Inez Tenenbaum, the race tightened in late September. A factor in the tightening was DeMint's support of a proposal to replace the income tax with a national sales tax, which Tenenbaum heavily criticized. Nevertheless, DeMint won, 54%-44%.

South Dakota

Tom Daschle, then the Democratic floor leader, was challenged by John Thune. Daschle was a prime target for Republicans in Washington because he was the federal government's highest-ranking Democrat and because he was perceived to be obstructing President Bush's legislative proposals and judicial nominees. Polls showed a very tight race, with the lead fluctuating. The state's tendency toward conservatism in federal elections, as well as the Republicans' drive, made Daschle's race for reelection more difficult than most incumbents'. When Daschle indeed lost by a very narrow margin, he became the first Senate party leader to do so in more than a half century. (Democratic floor leader Ernest McFarland was defeated by Republican Barry Goldwater in the 1952 Senate elections.) The South Dakota race was the most expensive senatorial campaign in the country, with Daschle and Thune together raising more than $33 million.

External links

• List of the most expensive senatorial races, via Opensecrets.org
• Election results, via CNN.com
• United States Election 2004 Web Archive from the U.S. Library of Congress