Kannada alphabet
Kannada Alphabet ಕನà³à²¨à²¡ ಲಿಪಿ | |
---|---|
Type | |
Languages |
Kannada Tulu Kodava Badaga Beary Sanketi |
Time period | 5th century–present[1] |
Parent systems |
Egyptian hieroglyphs[a] [2]
|
Sister systems |
Telugu Sinhala Mon |
Direction | Left-to-right |
ISO 15924 |
Knda, 345 |
Unicode alias | Kannada |
U+0C80–U+0CFF | |
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. | |
Brahmic scripts |
---|
The Brahmic script and its descendants |
Northern Brahmic
|
The Kannada alphabet (IAST: Kannaá¸a lipi) is an abugida of the Brahmic family,[3] used primarily to write the Kannada language, one of the Dravidian languages of South India especially in the state of Karnataka, Kannada script is widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Karnataka. Several minor languages, such as Tulu, Konkani, Kodava, Sanketi and Beary, also use alphabets based on the Kannada script.[4] The Kannada and Telugu scripts share high mutual intellegibility with each other, and are often considered to be regional variants of single script.
History
The Kannada script derives from the Old Kannada script,[5] which evolved around 10th century as the continuation of the Kadamba alphabet of the fourth century.[6] This evolved from the ancient Brahmi script of the third century BCE.
Evolution
Over the centuries some changes have been made to the Kannada script. These changes consist of:
- Modification of existing glyphs: In the early Kannada [Telugu-Kannada] script, no orthographic distinction was made between the short mid [e, o] ಎ, ಒ and long mid [eË, oË] à², ಓ. However, distinct signs were employed to denote the special consonants viz. the trill [r] ಱ the retroflex lateral [É] ಳ and the retroflex rhotic [ɺ] ೞ found only in South Indian languages, by 5th century.
- Introduction of new characters: Kannada script includes characters like [ç] ಶ, [Ê‚] ಷ, [rɨ] ಋ, [rɨË] à³ , [lɨ] à°Œ, [lɨË] ౡ, [eʲ] à², [oÊ·] ಔ, [am] ಅಂ, [ah] ಅಃ, and mahÄprÄṇa characters like [kÊ°] ಖ, [ɡʱ] ಘ, [tʃʰ] ಛ, [dʒʱ] à², [t̪ʰ] ಥ, [d̪ʱ] ಧ, [ʈʰ] ಠ, [ɖʱ] ಢ, [pÊ°] ಫ, [bʱ] à². The introduction was done so that Sanskrit (and loanwords into the Kannada language from the donor language Sanskrit) could be written using the Kannada script.
These changes have facilitated the use of the Kannada script for writing many of the literary Indic languages, including Sanskrit.
General
The Kannada script (Aksharmale or Varnamale) is a phonemic abugida of forty-nine letters, and is written from left to right. The character set is almost identical to that of other Brahmic scripts. Consonantal letters imply an inherent vowel. Letters representing consonants are combined to form digraphs (ottaksharas) when there is no intervening vowel. Otherwise, each letter corresponds to a syllable.
The letters are classified into three categories: swara (vowels), vyanjana (consonants), and yogavaahaka (part vowel, part consonant).
The Kannada words for a letter of the script are akshara, akkara, and varna. Each letter has its own form (ÄkÄra) and sound (shabda), providing the visible and audible representations, respectively. Kannada is written from left to right.[7]
Vowel letters
There are fourteen vowel letters (swaras).
Kannada | ISO notation |
---|---|
ಅ | a |
ಆ | Ä |
ಇ | i |
ಈ | ī |
ಉ | u |
ಊ | ū |
ಋ | ru |
ೠ| rū |
ಎ | e |
ಠ| ē |
ಠ| ai |
ಒ | o |
ಓ | Š|
ಔ | au |
When a vowel follows a consonant, it is written with a diacritic rather than as a separate letter.
Yogavaahakas
The Yogavaahakas (part-vowel, part consonant) include two letters:
Another two Yogavaahakas used in Sanskrit, but present in Kannada script, are known as Ardhavisarga:
- The Jihvamuliya: à³±
- The Upadhmaniya: à³²
Consonant letters
Two categories of consonant letters (vyanjana) are defined in Kannada: the structured consonants and the unstructured consonants. The structured consonants are classified according to where the tongue touches the palate of the mouth and are classified accordingly into five structured groups.
Structured consonants
These consonants are shown here with their IAST transcriptions.
voiceless | voiceless aspirate | voiced | voiced aspirate | nasal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Velars | ಕ (ka) | ಖ (kha) | ಗ (ga) | ಘ (gha) | ಙ (nga) |
Palatals | ಚ (cha) | ಛ (chha) | ಜ (ja) | ಠ(jha) | ಞ (ña) |
Retroflex | ಟ (á¹a) | ಠ(á¹ha) | ಡ (á¸a) | ಢ (á¸ha) | ಣ (ṇa) |
Dentals | ತ (ta) | ಥ (tha) | ದ (da) | ಧ (dha) | ನ (na) |
Labials | ಪ (pa) | ಫ (pha) | ಬ (ba) | ಠ(bha) | ಮ (ma) |
See place of articulation for more information on tongue positions.
Unstructured consonants
The unstructured consonants are consonants that do not fall into any of the above structures:
ಯ (ya), ರ (ra), ಱ (ṟa) (obsolete), ಲ (la), ವ (va), ಶ (śa), ಷ (ṣa), ಸ (sa), ಹ (ha), ಳ (ḷa), ೞ (ḻ) (obsolete).
Consonant Conjuncts
The Kannada script is rich in conjunct consonant clusters, with most consonants having a standard subjoined form and few true ligature clusters. A table of consonant conjuncts follows, although the forms of individual conjuncts may differ according to font.
ಕ | ಖ | ಗ | ಘ | ಙ | ಚ | ಛ | ಜ | ಠ| ಞ | ಟ | ಠ| ಡ | ಢ | ಣ | ತ | ಥ | ದ | ಧ | ನ | ಪ | ಫ | ಬ | ಠ| ಮ | ಯ | ರ | ಱ | ಲ | ವ | ಶ | ಷ | ಸ | ಹ | ಳ | ೞ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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ಳ | ಳà³à²• | ಳà³à²– | ಳà³à²— | ಳà³à²˜ | ಳà³à²™ | ಳà³à²š | ಳà³à²› | ಳà³à²œ | ಳà³à² | ಳà³à²ž | ಳà³à²Ÿ | ಳà³à² | ಳà³à²¡ | ಳà³à²¢ | ಳà³à²£ | ಳà³à²¤ | ಳà³à²¥ | ಳà³à²¦ | ಳà³à²§ | ಳà³à²¨ | ಳà³à²ª | ಳà³à²« | ಳà³à²¬ | ಳà³à² | ಳà³à²® | ಳà³à²¯ | ಳà³à²° | ಳà³à²± | ಳà³à²² | ಳà³à²µ | ಳà³à²¶ | ಳà³à²· | ಳà³à²¸ | ಳà³à²¹ | ಳà³à²³ | ಳà³à³ž |
ೞ | ೞà³à²• | ೞà³à²– | ೞà³à²— | ೞà³à²˜ | ೞà³à²™ | ೞà³à²š | ೞà³à²› | ೞà³à²œ | ೞà³à² | ೞà³à²ž | ೞà³à²Ÿ | ೞà³à² | ೞà³à²¡ | ೞà³à²¢ | ೞà³à²£ | ೞà³à²¤ | ೞà³à²¥ | ೞà³à²¦ | ೞà³à²§ | ೞà³à²¨ | ೞà³à²ª | ೞà³à²« | ೞà³à²¬ | ೞà³à² | ೞà³à²® | ೞà³à²¯ | ೞà³à²° | ೞà³à²± | ೞà³à²² | ೞà³à²µ | ೞà³à²¶ | ೞà³à²· | ೞà³à²¸ | ೞà³à²¹ | ೞà³à²³ | ೞà³à³ž |
Numerals
The decimal numerals in the script are:
Kannada numerals | English numerals | ||
---|---|---|---|
numeral | name | numeral | name |
೦ | sonne (ಸೊನà³à²¨à³†) | 0 | Zero |
೧ | ondu (ಒಂದà³) | 1 | One |
೨ | eraá¸u (ಎರಡà³) | 2 | Two |
೩ | mÅ«ru (ಮೂರà³) | 3 | Three |
೪ | nÄlku (ನಾಲà³à²•à³) | 4 | Four |
೫ | aidu (à²à²¦à³) | 5 | Five |
೬ | Äru (ಆರà³) | 6 | Six |
à³ | ēḷu (à²à²³à³) | 7 | Seven |
à³® | ená¹u (ಎಂಟà³) | 8 | Eight |
೯ | oṃbattu (ಒಂಬತà³à²¤à³) | 9 | Nine |
Akshara
Written Kannada is composed of akshara or kagunita, corresponding to syllables. The letters for consonants combine with diacitics for vowels. The consonant letter without any diacritic, such as ಕ ka, has the inherent vowel a ಅ. This is called deergha ದೀರà³à²˜. A consonant without a vowel is marked with a 'killer' stroke, as ಕೠk. This is known as hrasva ಹà³à²°à²¸à³à²µ.
Diacritic | Vowel letter | d with vowel diacritic | pronunciation |
---|---|---|---|
– | (ಅ, a) | ದ | da |
ೠ| – | ದೠ| d |
ಾ | (ಆ, aË) | ದಾ | daË |
ಿ | (ಇ, i) | ದಿ* | di |
à³€ | (ಈ, iË) | ದೀ | diË |
ೠ| (ಉ, u) | ದೠ| du |
ೂ | (ಊ, uË) | ದೂ | duË |
ೃ | (ಋ, r<) | ದೃ | dr̩ |
ೆ | (ಎ, e) | ದೆ | de |
ೇ | (à², e:) | ದೇ | deË |
ೈ | (à², ai) | ದೈ | dai |
ೊ | (ಒ, o) | ದೊ | do |
ೋ | (ಓ, o:) | ದೋ | doË |
ೌ | (ಔ, au) | ದೌ | dau |
ಂ | (ಅಂ, aṃ) | ದಂ | dã |
ಃ | (ಅಃ, aḥ) | ದ: | dah |
* This diacritic has the form ಿ when combined with other consonant letters.
ಅ | ಆ | ಇ | ಈ | ಉ | ಊ | ಋ | ಎ | ಠ| ಠ| ಒ | ಓ | ಔ | ಅಂ | ಅಃ | — |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ಕ | ಕಾ | ಕಿ | ಕೀ | ಕೠ| ಕೂ | ಕೃ | ಕೆ | ಕೇ | ಕೈ | ಕೊ | ಕೋ | ಕೌ | ಕಂ | ಕಃ | ಕೠ|
ಖ | ಖಾ | ಖಿ | ಖೀ | ಖೠ| ಖೂ | ಖೃ | ಖೆ | ಖೇ | ಖೈ | ಖೊ | ಖೋ | ಖೌ | ಖಂ | ಖಃ | ಖೠ|
ಗ | ಗಾ | ಗಿ | ಗೀ | ಗೠ| ಗೂ | ಗೃ | ಗೆ | ಗೇ | ಗೈ | ಗೊ | ಗೋ | ಗೌ | ಗಂ | ಗಃ | ಗೠ|
ಘ | ಘಾ | ಘಿ | ಘೀ | ಘೠ| ಘೂ | ಘೃ | ಘೆ | ಘೇ | ಘೈ | ಘೊ | ಘೋ | ಘೌ | ಘಂ | ಘಃ | ಘೠ|
ಙ | ಙಾ | ಙಿ | ಙೀ | ಙೠ| ಙೂ | ಙೃ | ಙೆ | ಙೇ | ಙೈ | ಙೊ | ಙೋ | ಙೌ | ಙಂ | ಙಃ | ಙೠ|
ಚ | ಚಾ | ಚಿ | ಚೀ | ಚೠ| ಚೂ | ಚೃ | ಚೆ | ಚೇ | ಚೈ | ಚೊ | ಚೋ | ಚೌ | ಚಂ | ಚಃ | ಚೠ|
ಛ | ಛಾ | ಛಿ | ಛೀ | ಛೠ| ಛೂ | ಛೃ | ಛೆ | ಛೇ | ಛೈ | ಛೊ | ಛೋ | ಛೌ | ಛಂ | ಛಃ | ಛೠ|
ಜ | ಜಾ | ಜಿ | ಜೀ | ಜೠ| ಜೂ | ಜೃ | ಜೆ | ಜೇ | ಜೈ | ಜೊ | ಜೋ | ಜೌ | ಜಂ | ಜಃ | ಜೠ|
ಠ| à²à²¾ | à²à²¿ | à²à³€ | à²à³ | à²à³‚ | à²à³ƒ | à²à³† | à²à³‡ | à²à³ˆ | à²à³Š | à²à³‹ | à²à³Œ | à²à²‚ | à²à²ƒ | à²à³ |
ಞ | ಞಾ | ಞಿ | ಞೀ | ಞೠ| ಞೂ | ಞೃ | ಞೆ | ಞೇ | ಞೈ | ಞೊ | ಞೋ | ಞೌ | ಞಂ | ಞಃ | ಞೠ|
ಟ | ಟಾ | ಟಿ | ಟೀ | ಟೠ| ಟೂ | ಟೃ | ಟೆ | ಟೇ | ಟೈ | ಟೊ | ಟೋ | ಟೌ | ಟಂ | ಟಃ | ಟೠ|
ಠ| ಠಾ | ಠಿ | ಠೀ | ಠೠ| ಠೂ | ಠೃ | ಠೆ | ಠೇ | ಠೈ | ಠೊ | ಠೋ | ಠೌ | ಠಂ | ಠಃ | ಠೠ|
ಡ | ಡಾ | ಡಿ | ಡೀ | ಡೠ| ಡೂ | ಡೃ | ಡೆ | ಡೇ | ಡೈ | ಡೊ | ಡೋ | ಡೌ | ಡಂ | ಡಃ | ಡೠ|
ಢ | ಢಾ | ಢಿ | ಢೀ | ಢೠ| ಢೂ | ಢೃ | ಢೆ | ಢೇ | ಢೈ | ಢೊ | ಢೋ | ಢೌ | ಢಂ | ಢಃ | ಢೠ|
ಣ | ಣಾ | ಣಿ | ಣೀ | ಣೠ| ಣೂ | ಣೃ | ಣೆ | ಣೇ | ಣೈ | ಣೊ | ಣೋ | ಣೌ | ಣಂ | ಣಃ | ಣೠ|
ತ | ತಾ | ತಿ | ತೀ | ತೠ| ತೂ | ತೃ | ತೆ | ತೇ | ತೈ | ತೊ | ತೋ | ತೌ | ತಂ | ತಃ | ತೠ|
ಥ | ಥಾ | ಥಿ | ಥೀ | ಥೠ| ಥೂ | ಥೃ | ಥೆ | ಥೇ | ಥೈ | ಥೊ | ಥೋ | ಥೌ | ಥಂ | ಥಃ | ಥೠ|
ದ | ದಾ | ದಿ | ದೀ | ದೠ| ದೂ | ದೃ | ದೆ | ದೇ | ದೈ | ದೊ | ದೋ | ದೌ | ದಂ | ದಃ | ದೠ|
ಧ | ಧಾ | ಧಿ | ಧೀ | ಧೠ| ಧೂ | ಧೃ | ಧೆ | ಧೇ | ಧೈ | ಧೊ | ಧೋ | ಧೌ | ಧಂ | ಧಃ | ಧೠ|
ನ | ನಾ | ನಿ | ನೀ | ನೠ| ನೂ | ನೃ | ನೆ | ನೇ | ನೈ | ನೊ | ನೋ | ನೌ | ನಂ | ನಃ | ನೠ|
ಪ | ಪಾ | ಪಿ | ಪೀ | ಪೠ| ಪೂ | ಪೃ | ಪೆ | ಪೇ | ಪೈ | ಪೊ | ಪೋ | ಪೌ | ಪಂ | ಪಃ | ಪೠ|
ಫ | ಫಾ | ಫಿ | ಫೀ | ಫೠ| ಫೂ | ಫೃ | ಫೆ | ಫೇ | ಫೈ | ಫೊ | ಫೋ | ಫೌ | ಫಂ | ಫಃ | ಫೠ|
ಬ | ಬಾ | ಬಿ | ಬೀ | ಬೠ| ಬೂ | ಬೃ | ಬೆ | ಬೇ | ಬೈ | ಬೊ | ಬೋ | ಬೌ | ಬಂ | ಬಃ | ಬೠ|
ಠ| à²à²¾ | à²à²¿ | à²à³€ | à²à³ | à²à³‚ | à²à³ƒ | à²à³† | à²à³‡ | à²à³ˆ | à²à³Š | à²à³‹ | à²à³Œ | à²à²‚ | à²à²ƒ | à²à³ |
ಮ | ಮಾ | ಮಿ | ಮೀ | ಮೠ| ಮೂ | ಮೃ | ಮೆ | ಮೇ | ಮೈ | ಮೊ | ಮೋ | ಮೌ | ಮಂ | ಮಃ | ಮೠ|
ಯ | ಯಾ | ಯಿ | ಯೀ | ಯೠ| ಯೂ | ಯೃ | ಯೆ | ಯೇ | ಯೈ | ಯೊ | ಯೋ | ಯೌ | ಯಂ | ಯಃ | ಯೠ|
ರ | ರಾ | ರಿ | ರೀ | ರೠ| ರೂ | ರೃ | ರೆ | ರೇ | ರೈ | ರೊ | ರೋ | ರೌ | ರಂ | ರಃ | ರೠ|
ಱ | ಱಾ | ಱಿ | ಱೀ | ಱೠ| ಱೂ | ಱೃ | ಱೆ | ಱೇ | ಱೈ | ಱೊ | ಱೋ | ಱೌ | ಱಂ | ಱಃ | ಱೠ|
ಲ | ಲಾ | ಲಿ | ಲೀ | ಲೠ| ಲೂ | ಲೃ | ಲೆ | ಲೇ | ಲೈ | ಲೊ | ಲೋ | ಲೌ | ಲಂ | ಲಃ | ಲೠ|
ವ | ವಾ | ವಿ | ವೀ | ವೠ| ವೂ | ವೃ | ವೆ | ವೇ | ವೈ | ವೊ | ವೋ | ವೌ | ವಂ | ವಃ | ವೠ|
ಶ | ಶಾ | ಶಿ | ಶೀ | ಶೠ| ಶೂ | ಶೃ | ಶೆ | ಶೇ | ಶೈ | ಶೊ | ಶೋ | ಶೌ | ಶಂ | ಶಃ | ಶೠ|
ಷ | ಷಾ | ಷಿ | ಷೀ | ಷೠ| ಷೂ | ಷೃ | ಷೆ | ಷೇ | ಷೈ | ಷೊ | ಷೋ | ಷೌ | ಷಂ | ಷಃ | ಷೠ|
ಸ | ಸಾ | ಸಿ | ಸೀ | ಸೠ| ಸೂ | ಸೃ | ಸೆ | ಸೇ | ಸೈ | ಸೊ | ಸೋ | ಸೌ | ಸಂ | ಸಃ | ಸೠ|
ಹ | ಹಾ | ಹಿ | ಹೀ | ಹೠ| ಹೂ | ಹೃ | ಹೆ | ಹೇ | ಹೈ | ಹೊ | ಹೋ | ಹೌ | ಹಂ | ಹಃ | ಹೠ|
ಳ | ಳಾ | ಳಿ | ಳೀ | ಳೠ| ಳೂ | ಳೃ | ಳೆ | ಳೇ | ಳೈ | ಳೊ | ಳೋ | ಳೌ | ಳಂ | ಳಃ | ಳೠ|
ೞ | ೞಾ | ೞಿ | ೞೀ | ೞೠ| ೞೂ | ೞೃ | ೞೆ | ೞೇ | ೞೈ | ೞೊ | ೞೋ | ೞೌ | ೞಂ | ೞಃ | ೞೠ|
The formations shown bold above are seldom used in the normal course of the language.
Kannada alphabet equivalent given in English & Devanagari (Hindi) script.
Script similarities
Telugu script is closely related to the Kannada script.
Scripts which are close to Kannada script other than Telugu script are Sinhala script[8] (which included some elements from the Kadamba script[9]), and old Peguan script (used in Burma).[10]
Look of Disapproval
Due to its resemblance to an eye and an eyebrow, the Kannada letter ಠis used in a popular emoticon called the look of disapproval, which is displayed as ಠ_ಠ. It is used to convey disapproval or contempt.[11] Similarly, the akshara ರೃ has been used in an emoticon to represent a monocle.
Unicode
Kannada[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+0C8x | ಠ| ಂ | ಃ | ಅ | ಆ | ಇ | ಈ | ಉ | ಊ | ಋ | ಌ | ಎ | ಠ| |||
U+0C9x | ಠ| ಒ | ಓ | ಔ | ಕ | ಖ | ಗ | ಘ | ಙ | ಚ | ಛ | ಜ | ಠ| ಞ | ಟ | |
U+0CAx | ಠ| ಡ | ಢ | ಣ | ತ | ಥ | ದ | ಧ | ನ | ಪ | ಫ | ಬ | ಠ| ಮ | ಯ | |
U+0CBx | ರ | ಱ | ಲ | ಳ | ವ | ಶ | ಷ | ಸ | ಹ | ಼ | ಽ | ಾ | ಿ | |||
U+0CCx | ೀ | ೠ| ೂ | ೃ | ೄ | ೆ | ೇ | ೈ | ೊ | ೋ | ೌ | ೠ| ||||
U+0CDx | ೕ | ೖ | ೞ | |||||||||||||
U+0CEx | ೠ| ೡ | ೢ | ೣ | ೦ | ೧ | ೨ | ೩ | ೪ | ೫ | ೬ | ೠ| ೮ | ೯ | ||
U+0CFx | à³± | à³² | ||||||||||||||
Notes |
See also
- Pyu script
- Goykanadi
- Bhattiprolu script
- Kadamba script
- Kannada Braille
- Kannada grammar
- Kannada literature
- Kannada poetry
- Lari
- Official script
References
- ↑ "Kannada, Stone inscriptions". Retrieved 2014-07-03.
- ↑ Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (Jan./Feb. 2000): 21.
- ↑ Campbell, George L. (1997-11-06). Handbook of scripts and alphabets (1st ed.). Routledge, New York. pp. 84–5. ISBN 978-0-415-13715-7. OCLC 34473667.
- ↑ Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 804, 805. ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5.
- ↑ "Old Kannada". Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ↑ "Kadamba". Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ↑ A Grammar of the Kannada Language. F. Kittel (1993), p. 5
- ↑ "Romanization, Sinhala (Sinhalese) Script" (PDF). KAMALAKAR. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2010. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ↑ "Ancient scripts, hala". Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ↑ "Telugu & Sinhalese script similarities". Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ↑ "Browser Extension of the Week: Look of Disapproval". Maximum PC. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
External links
- The Unicode Book: Chapter 9 PDF (634 KB) — South and Southeast Asian Scripts
- The Unicode Standard 5.0 — Kannada Code Chart PDF (111 KB)
- Kannada alphabet — From Omniglot
- Kannada lessons, alphabet worksheet — Kannada library
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